China: Cartels

The Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) provides clear and detailed provisions for cartels. In the meantime, The Price Law, The Law on Tendering and Bidding and other laws are also applicable to special types of cartel. The Law on Tendering and Bidding stipulates criminal acts such as collusive bidding. Prior to 2017, The Anti-Unfair Competition Law also contained provisions relating to cartels, but these provisions were deleted in the 2017 revision.

The four Anti-Monopoly Guidelines on the Automobile Industry, on the Abuses of Intellectual Property Rights, on the Leniency System and on the Commitment drafted by the Anti-Monopoly Commission (AMC) of the State Council have completed internal procedures and will be announced in 2020. These guidelines contain a large number of cartel’s new regulatory policy. In addition, on June 26^th, 2019, the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) published Interim Provisions on Prohibiting Monopoly Agreement (Interim Provisions), and it has came into force on Sep 1^st, 2019 .

The AML stipulates that ‘monopoly agreement refers to an agreement, decision or other coordinated action that eliminates or restricts competition.’ According to previous cases, AML enforcement authorities (AMEA) tend to consider any conduct listed in Article 13 and Article 14 of the AML causes damage to the market and is illegal per se, but at the same time allows it to be exempted if it meets certain conditions presented in Article 15. However, in view of the definition of a monopoly agreement (cartel) in the AML, the courts tend to analyze the illegality of cartel, i.e., whether it has the effect of eliminating or restricting the competition case by case.

In 2019, in the retrial ruling for the case between Hainan Yutai Technology Feed Company and Hainan Price Bureau in respect of the administrative penalty towards  RPM, the Supreme Court finally supported the decision of Hainan Price Bureau , which hold that the AMEAs currently do not need to bear the burden of proof for the effect of eliminating or restricting competition in RPM cases in the enforcement activity considering the efficiency of AML enforcement. But the Supreme court also emphasized that the court system should follow the standard of taking into consideration the effect of eliminating or restricting competition of the vertical monopoly agreement in civil cases.

Article 2 of the AML stipulates jurisdiction over extraterritorial monopolistic conducts, but only if it eliminates or restricts the market competition within China. In the past decade, there have been a large number of cases showing that despite the conducts happened outside the territory of China, it is still subject to the regulation of Chinese AMEA.

Before 2018, NDRC and SAIC took charge of price-related cartels and non-price-related cartels respectively. After the implementation of the Chinese government’s institutional reform in 2018, SAMR is responsible for AML enforcement, which is specifically assumed by its anti-monopoly bureau.

At the local level, according to Interim Provisions, provincial Administrations for Market Regulation (AMRs) are authorized to take charge of the AML enforcement work within their administrative regions and deal with it in the name of their own authority. The Notice also requires that the provincial AMRs to report to SAMR within 7 working days after a case is filed. Before the decisions made in regard of case cancellation, prior notice of administrative penalty (Statement of Objection), final decision, suspension of an investigation (Commitment decision), resumption of an investigation, termination of an investigation, provincial AMRs shall accept the guidance and supervision of SAMR. They shall submit the relevant documents to SAMR within 7 working days after making the final decision, suspending and terminating the investigation decision. SAMR and provincial AMRs shall simultaneously announce law enforcement information to the public.

SAMR may entrust provincial AMRs to conduct case investigations. Similarly, provincial AMRs may also commission other provincial or subordinate AMRs to conduct case investigations. The commissioned authorities can only conduct investigations in the name of the commissioning authority, and cannot investigate and handle the case in its own name.

The investigation of a cartel case mainly includes steps as finding clues, filing a case, investigating, making preliminary conclusions, and making final conclusions.

Firstly, an AMEA searches for clues of the monopolistic conduct ex officio, through people’s reports, assignment by higher authorities or case transferring from other agencies. After necessary investigation, it will decide whether to file the case.

Secondly, the AMEA conducts investigations according to law, and the investigated parties have the obligation to cooperate with the investigation.

Thirdly, the AMEA makes a preliminary conclusion based on the evidence obtained from the investigation, and issues an Administrative Penalty Prior Notice (Statement of Objection) to the investigated party. The investigated party has the right to state opinions, make defenses, and apply for a public hearing if necessary.

Lastly, after considering the facts of the case and the opinions of the investigated party, the AMEA makes a final punishment decision and issues an Administrative Punishment Decision (Final Decision) to the investigated party.

According to Article 39 of the AML, the AMEA have following investigative powers:

1. conducting on-premise inspections of the place of business of the investigated undertakings or other relevant places;
2. questioning the undertakings, interested parties or other relevant entities or individuals, and asking for information about the situation;
3. inspecting and duplicating related documents, contracts, account books, business correspondences, electronic data and other relevant documents or materials of the undertakings, interested parties or other relevant entities or individuals under investigation;
4. sealing up and detaining relevant evidence;
5. enquiring bank accounts of the undertakings.

In case the investigated party refuses to provide relevant materials, information, or provide false materials, information, or conceal, destroy, transfer evidence, or other refusing or obstructing conduct with respect to the investigation conducted by the AMEA, the AMEA may require corrections, and impose a fine up to 20,000 yuan to individuals and up to 200,000 yuan to entities. In case of serious circumstance, the individual shall be fined not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan, and an entity shall be fined no less than 200,000 yuan but no more than 1 million yuan; if criminal violation occurs, they would be subject to investigation and prosecution according to law.

The investigated party has a duty to cooperate with the AMEA, unless the AMEA have procedural defects in the investigation process, such as less than two law enforcement officers are presented, or the law enforcement officer cannot verify his identity. In addition, the investigated party may require registering and copying documents obtained by the AMEA. For some documents that are not suitable for submission, they have the right to submit legitimate copies or request the AMEA to return the pieces when necessary.

According to Interim Provisions, the undertakings who aim to be exempted from penalty must: (1) proactively provide the relevant information on the monopoly agreement; (2) provide important evidence. Evidence is important if it is essential in initiating the investigation by the AMEA or essential in determining the monopoly conduct, including the identities of other involved undertakings, the scope of goods involved, the content of such an agreement, the method of reaching the agreement, specific implementation status of the agreement and so on.

According to Interim Provisions, for the undertaking with the first proactive report on the relevant situation of the monopoly agreement and who provides important evidence, the penalty may be mitigated from 80% to 100%; for the second reporter who provides the relevant situation of the monopoly agreement and provides important evidence, the penalty can be reduced from 30% to 50%; for the third reporter, the penalty can be reduced from 20% to 30%.

At present, the AMEA have not yet established the clear and transparent marker system. However, it is said that the forthcoming Guidelines on the Application of the Leniency Program would make clearer provisions on the marker system.

The Guideline on the Application of the Leniency Program in Horizontal Monopoly Agreements (Draft for Comment), drafted and published by NDRC stated that undertakings must cooperate with inspections from the AMEA in a prompt, continuous, comprehensive and sincere manner. After the undertaking submits the preliminary report, if the AMEA believe supplemental materials are necessary, the undertaking shall submit the requested materials within 30 days, and within 60 days in special circumstances. Failure to supplement, it will be deemed as no lenient application has been filed. The Guideline also stipulates that applicants may not disclose any information regarding the application without consent of AMEA. In addition, the AMEA may also impose other possible confidentiality obligations on applicants on the ground of the cooperation requirements. More specific criteria have yet to be determined after the official publication of the Guideline.

The AML does not provide criminal liability (neither individuals nor undertakings) for cartels, so there is no criminal exemption for related individuals.

According to relevant law and previous cases, there is no ‘amnesty plus’ programme.

In China, there is no settlement or plea-bargaining system equivalent to those in European Union and the United States. However, under the PRC law, the AMEA may suspend the investigation upon acceptance of commitments of the undertaking under investigation, and may thereafter terminate the investigation after the undertaking fulfilled the commitments.

Article 45 of the AML provided legal basis for acceptance of commitments. In addition, it should be noted that although it may be applied to both monopoly agreements and abuse of dominant market position, the commitment system, in practice, is mainly used in cases of abuse of dominant market position. In this respect, the draft of the Guidelines for Commitments of Undertakings in Anti-Monopoly Cases (Draft Guidelines on Commitments), published by the NDRC for soliciting comments on February 3^rd 2016, expressly provides that in cases of horizontal monopoly agreements to fix or change prices, limit volumes of production or sales, or divide sales markets or the raw material procurement markets, the AMEA shall not accept commitments.

To date, the vast majority of measures committed are behavioral measures, while it cannot be ruled out that the AMEA may require the structural measures to be committed in the future. The Draft Guidelines on Commitments stipulates that ‘The measures can be behavioral measures, structural measures or a hybrid of the two. Behavioral measures include opening up infrastructure such as networks or platforms, licensing patent, technical secrets or other intellectual property rights, and terminating exclusive agreements. Structural measures include divest tangible assets, intangible assets including intellectual property rights, or related rights and interests.’

Finally, the decisions of suspension and termination of investigation do not require approvals from courts. Accordingly, the said decisions may not impede other undertakings or consumers from filing civil suits upon the suspected monopoly conducts, and should not serve as evidence to demonstrate the existence of monopoly conducts. This is also stipulated in the Article 3 of the Draft Guidelines on Commitments.

The benefits for undertakings to voluntarily makes commitments to the AMEA include:

1.  avoiding administrative penalties: the decision on suspension of investigation is not an administrative penalty decision, so the undertaking under investigation can temporarily avoid the economic penalty stipulated in the Article 46 of the AML ( See Question 6.1 below). If the undertaking fulfils its commitments, the AMEA may decide to terminate the investigation, and the undertaking will thus avoid administrative penalty definitely.
2.  ending the investigation procedure as quickly as possible: in cases where it is controversial as to the existence of monopolistic conducts and the consequence caused by such conducts, commitments made by the undertaking may suspend and terminate the investigation procedure soon, so as to reduce the uncertainty and avoid the continuous impact on the operation and management of the undertaking, or even its contemplating mergers and acquisitions or capital market operation.
3.  tailoring to undertakings’ own capabilities: the committed measures are proposed by the undertaking itself according to its own conditions, which would be more practicable.

Depending on the circumstances of individual cases, the possible disadvantages may include:

1.  the application for suspension of investigation and the decision to suspend the investigation shall set forth the facts of suspected monopoly conducts and the possible effects thereof. Notwithstanding Article 3 of the Draft Guidelines for Commitment intends to clarify that none of the decisions to suspend or terminate investigation serves as the determination on whether or not the conducts of undertaking constitute monopolistic conducts nor be taken as evidence for making such a determination, the commitment, in which the undertaking admit the existence of suspected monopoly conducts, may trigger or inspire other undertakings or consumers to lodge a civil lawsuit.
2.  the AMEA’s acceptance of the commitments and decisions to suspend and terminate the investigation shall not serve as the determination on whether or not the conducts of undertaking constitute monopolistic conducts. The AMEA may conduct investigations as to other similar conducts of the undertakings and impose administrative penalties according to law.
3.  the application for suspending the investigation is voluntarily submitted by the undertaking. Therefore, the undertaking cannot apply for administrative reconsideration or file administrative litigation against the specific measures it proposed in the application and committed thereafter.
4.  the decision to suspend the investigation, including the contents of the commitment, will be made public. The undertaking will thus be subject to public supervision in addition to the supervision of the AMEA.

(1) Inter-agency cooperation

The AMEA may cooperate with other government agencies. In general, other government agencies which find clues or receive materials about suspected monopoly conducts should transfer the clues or materials to the AMEA, and evidence and materials collected by the other government agencies can be used by the AMEA as evidence. For example, in 2012 the Public Security Bureau of Wuxi County transferred clues of a suspected monopoly conduct to the AIC of Wuxi County. The latter then reported to the AIC of the Chongqing Municipality, which, after having been authorized by the SAIC, conducted the investigation and finally made an administrative punishment decision.

During the process of investigations, the AMEA may seek opinions from relevant authorities in charge of the industry concerned, such as the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Transportation, People’s Bank of China, Sino Intellectual Property Office, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission.

(2) Cooperation with other investigating authorities from other jurisdictions

Since the entry into force of the AML in 2008, China has entered into more than 50 cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding (‘MOUs’) with competition authorities of about 30 countries and regions, including the US, the EU, the UK, Korea and Australia. For example, NDRC, SAIC and MOFCOM signed MOUs with U.S. Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice in July 27, 2011.

Article 2 of the AML stipulates that ‘this Law shall apply to monopolistic acts outside the People’s Republic of China that have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition in the domestic market.’ The AMEA investigates and punishes monopoly conducts independently from foreign authorities. An undertaking who has submitted leniency applications or reached settlement agreements outside China would not automatically be exempted from investigations or punishment in China. It should submit leniency applications or propose to make commitments to the AMEA separately.

Article 46 of the AML, the first paragraph, provides ‘where an undertaking, in violation of the provisions of this Law, concludes and implements a monopoly agreement, the authority for enforcement of the AML shall order it to discontinue the violation, confiscate its unlawful gains, and, in addition, impose on it a fine of not less than 1% but not more than 10% of its sales achieved in the previous year. If such monopoly agreement has not been implemented, it may be fined no more than 500,000 yuan.’ The above administrative penalties all target the undertaking under investigation rather than the management team or the persons directly responsible for the conclusion and/or implementation of monopoly agreements.

It should be noted that monopoly agreements which are concluded by collusion bidding would also be subject to sanctions under the Law on Tendering and Bidding and the Criminal Law. Specifically, according to Article 53 of the Law on Tendering and Bidding, the collusion bidder shall be fined not less than 0.5% but not more than 1% of the value of the bid it won, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible shall be fined not less than 5% but not more than 10% of the fine imposed on the bidder. In serious situations, the bidder may be disqualified for one to two years from taking part in bidding for projects for which bid invitation is required by law, and its business license may even be revoked. Further, according to Article 223 of the Criminal Law, bidders who act in collusion with one another may be sentenced to a fixed-term of imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention. They may also be fined only or together with the foresaid imprisonment or criminal detention.

As mentioned above, whether the monopoly agreement has been implemented would significantly impact the amount of fine. If the monopoly agreement has been implemented, the undertaking may be fined not less than 1% but not more than 10% of its sales achieved in the previous year. If such monopoly agreement has not been implemented, it may be fined not more than 500,000 yuan. At the same time, the AMEA will consider the duration, degree and nature of the illegal conduct when determining the amount of fine. NDRC published a draft of Guidelines on Calculation of Illegal Gains and Penalties for Monopoly Conducts (Draft Guidelines on Calculation) in June 2016, with an aim to provide specific guidance on how to determine the amount of fine. It is, however, reported that the legislative process of the Draft Guidelines on Calculation has been slow given the existence of certain divergence.

In 2018, three pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturers of Acetic Acid have been punished by SAMR. With consideration of the extent of the violation and its duration，the three companies were fined 4% of their annual sales, 12.83 million yuan in total.

The highest percentage of sales that has been imposed as fine for monopoly agreement cases is 9%, in a case where eight international ro-ro cargo shipping companies implemented a monopoly agreement by collusion bidding in 2015. Considering, inter alia, that the monopoly agreement lasted for a long time (no less than four years), and resulted in a wide range of influence (covering various main ship routes including North America-China, Europe-China and South America-China), NDRC imposed fines ranging from 4% to 9% of the sales of international shipping services of ro-ro cargo related to the Chinese market in 2014, i.e. 407 million yuan in total.

In another case involving domestic companies, the Allopurinol case in 2016, Chongqing Qingyang and its affiliated company Chongqing Datong were fined 8% of their sales in the previous year, while the other companies were fined 5% of their sales in the previous year.

The RPM cases of Changan Ford and Toyota were the key cases of AML  enforcement in 2019. The written decision of administrative penalty of Changan Ford is not published on the internet, but according to the information is known, the company was fined 4% of sales in Chongqing, 162.8 million in total. As for Toyota, after nearly two years of investigation and evidence collection, the case was end up in a fine of 87.61 million yuan, 2% of annual sales in Jiangsu.

No law expressly requires that a parent company shall be jointly and severally liable for the monopoly conducts of its subsidiary, nor there has been any case where a parent company was so hold liable for the monopoly conducts of its subsidiary.

Article 19 of the Draft Guidelines on Calculation provides that, ‘although as a rule the AMEA shall impose punishment against the undertaking that directly carries out monopolistic acts, it may punish the parent company of the undertaking if the parent company has a decisive influence on the implementation of monopolistic acts by the undertaking’. It remains unclear whether the foregoing provisions will be maintained in the final text.

It is provided in Article 50 of the AML that the undertakings which commit cartels and cause losses to others shall bear civil liability according to law. According to the Regulations of the Supreme People’s Court Concerning the Application of Several Legal on Civil Disputes Relating to Monopoly Conducts (Judicial Interpretation Concerning Monopoly Disputes), a natural person, corporation, or other organization, which suffers from losses caused by monopoly acts or is involved in disputes related to the AML breaches arising from contracts, the articles of associations of industrial associations, may bring a civil law suit in court.

In 2014, Shuangjing branch of Carrefour Beijing Co., Ltd. and Abbott Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. were suspected of being involved in monopoly agreement conspiracy, against which Tian Junwei, as a customer, initiated a legal proceeding. In 2018, Wuhan Hanyang Sunshine Trading Co., Ltd. brought a lawsuit against Shanghai Hantai Tyre Selling Co., Ltd. for a suspected monopoly agreement and market dominance abuses. Plaintiffs fail in both cases.

The Representative Action System of China stipulated in the Civil Procedure Law of China is relatively similar to the class action in the United States of American. However, there are great differences between the two systems in terms of appointment and scope of authorization of the representative of litigants, and whether or not the judgment rendered by courts is binding on the parties.

According to the Civil Procedure Law in China that institutions and relevant organizations appointed by law may initiate legal actions in court when environmental pollution, customers’ rights infringement or harms to public interests occurs. While the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers also provides that China Consumers Association and its branches at provincial level may file a lawsuit at court against the conducts which harm mass consumers’ legitimate interests and rights.

Yet, no anti-monopoly class action lawsuit has been brought up in China.

According to article 50 of the AML and Judicial Interpretation Concerning Monopoly Disputes, for the defendant who commits monopoly conducts and cause losses to the plaintiff, the court may make judgement, ordering the defendant to assume civil liabilities such as ceasing the infringing act and making compensation on the basis of the claims made by the plaintiff. Accordingly, the AML formulates a supplementary damage compensation system. No law nor regulation empowers the infringed party with legal rights to claim a reward beyond its actual damage.

According to Judicial Interpretation Concerning Monopoly Disputes, courts may credit the reasonable costs arising from investigation and prevention of monopoly conducts to the scope of indemnification. For example, the court of Shanghai second instance trialed a dispute over vertical monopoly agreement between Beijing Ruibang Yonghe Technology & Trade Co., Ltd. (Rui Bang) and Johnson & Johnson Medical (China) Co., Ltd. (Johnson & Johnson) in 2013, and held that Johnson & Johnson to compensate Rui Bang the economic losses directly arising from the monopoly agreement.

According to the AML, where a party challenges the administrative penalty decision made by the AMEA concerning monopoly agreement, he may apply administrative reconsideration or file an administrative litigation. However, implementation of the administrative penalty decision shall continue during the period of administrative reconsideration or administrative litigation.

As for administrative reconsideration, a party shall submit an administrative reconsideration application within 60 days after receiving the administrative penalty decision rendered by the AMEA. The administrative reconsideration authority must render decisions within 60 days after accepting the application. The term of hearing may be extended up to 30 days upon approval. The party still has the opportunity to file an administrative litigation if it is unsatisfied with the decision made by administrative reconsideration authority.

The party challenging an administrative penalty decision made by SAMR must submit the application for administrative reconsideration to SAMR, which shall act as the administrative reconsideration authority. If the challenged administrative penalty decision is made by provincial AMRs, the application for administrative reconsideration may be submitted to the provincial government or to SAMR, subject to the discretion of the applicant.

In 2016, Shanxi Price Bureau made administrative penalties to Shanxi Vehicle Inspection Association and more than 30 vehicle inspection agencies for monopoly conspiracy and implementation pricing monopoly agreement. Some of the agencies involved challenged the decision and made application for administrative reconsideration to Shanxi government. The administrative reconsideration authority heard the case and decided to uphold the original administrative penalty decisions.

As for administrative litigations, the party may file an administrative suit in court within six months after receiving the administrative penalty decision. If the party apply for administrative reconsideration at first but disagrees with the administrative reconsideration decision, the party may file a suit in court within 15 days after receiving the decision. In case the administrative reconsideration authority affirms the original administrative penalty decision, the party may bring a lawsuit, listing the AMEA making the previous penalty decision concerning monopoly agreement and the administrative reconsideration authority as co-defendants.

When applying ordinary procedures to hear an administrative case at first instance, the court must make judgment within six months after case acceptance. If the time limit for case hearing shall be extended under special circumstances, an approval must be obtained from the High Court. Time limit extension for hearing first-instance administrative case by the High Court is subject to the approval from the Supreme Court. Where the court hears a first-instance administrative case by applying summary procedure, the case shall be closed within 45 days after the acceptance of the case. Time limit for hearing case in summary procedure shall not be extended.

When challenging the first instance judgment rendered by court which has not come into force, the party shall appeal to the upper level court within 15 days after receiving the judgment; and the time limit for appealing to the upper level court against a first instance decision made by court which has not become effective shall be 10 days after receiving the written verdict. According to Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues concerning the Intellectual Property Tribunal, cases on appeals filed against the judgements of first-instance administrative cases involving the administrative penalty imposed on monopoly will all be tried by the Intellectual Property Tribunal of The Supreme People’s Court. when hearing second-instance administrative case, the court shall make final judgment within three months after receiving the appeal, which is also extendable similar to the above procedures under special circumstances.

In March 2018, the duties of the three former AMEA (SAIC, NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce) were integrated into the newly established SAMR. In August 2018, SAMR established a new anti-monopoly bureau.

At the end of December 2018, SAMR authorized its provincial branches to take charge of AML enforcement within their respective administrative region.

Public utilities, medicines (especially drug substances), building materials, day-to-day consumer goods, and other areas which affect people’s livelihood and national economy, remain as the focus of AML enforcement.

In 2019, Automobile industry is the focus of AML enforcement. Besides of the foresaid RPM cases of Changan Ford and Toyota, Hubei provincial administration for market regulation imposed a penalty of 1.1942 million yuan on three institutions focused on motor vehicle safety technology testing, for they reached and implemented monopoly agreements in Xianning City.

Besides, building material is another important sector of SAMR enforcement. For example, ten concrete enterprises in Yanan were punished for rising prices jointly, with a total fine of 4.9 million yuan. And five concrete enterprises in Shanxi were punished for reaching monopoly agreements of fixing prices(not yet implemented) and be fined of 250 thousand yuan. What’s more, nine building material companies in Chongqing were punished for reaching and implementing monopoly agreements of rising prices jointly, with a total fine of 3.87 million yuan.

Amendment of the AML

According to the Draft Revisions of AML for Public Comment (Draft AML) published by SAMR on Jan. 2^nd 2020, the deterrence of anti-monopoly law will be greatly enhanced, the cost of violating the anti-monopoly law will be greatly increased, and enterprises will face unprecedented pressure of compliance. For example, it is mentioned in Article 53 of Draft AML that if the undertaking has no sales achieved in the previous year or the monopoly agreement has not been implemented, it may be fined not more than 50 million yuan, and if the undertakings organize or assist other undertakings in reaching a monopoly agreement, to the the former, the penalty provision towards the latter will be applied.

Adoption of four anti-monopoly guidelines

In addition to the published Guidelines on the Definition of Relevant Markets, the AMC of the State Council seem to adopt four anti-monopoly guidelines, namely, the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines on the Abuses of Intellectual Property Rights, Anti-Monopoly Guidelines on the Automobile Industry, Guidelines on the Commitment of Undertakings in Anti-Monopoly Cases and Guidelines on the Application of the Leniency Program in Horizontal Monopoly Agreements. The guidelines, which are expected to be formally promulgated and become effective in 2020, will provide more guidance for enterprises to comply with the AML, and will also make law enforcement procedures clearer.

Amendment of procedural regulations

On April 1, 2019, the Interim Provisions on Procedures for Administrative Penalties Regarding Market Supervision and Administration and the Interim Measures for Hearings of Administrative Penalties Regarding Market Supervision and Administration promulgated by SAMR was formally implemented. In the future, special provisions will be issued for the administrative penalty procedure of the AML to provide more specific guidance. The above-mentioned provisions and measures provide a guarantee for the unification and standardization of anti-monopoly administrative investigation and punishment procedures, and for enhancing the openness and transparency of AML enforcement.

Enforcement of the AML will be further tightened.

In 2020, SAMR will continue focusing on public utilities, drug substances, building materials, day-to-day consumer goods and other areas relating to the people’s livelihood, and intensify efforts to investigate and punish monopoly agreements and abuse of market dominance.

Currently, 34 provincial AMRs have been listed and established, while local market supervision departments have also been clearly granted the power of AML enforcement within their jurisdictions. Chinese AMEA, especially at provincial level, will be more active in investigating and dealing with monopoly agreements.