While banking businesses are highly regulated in Taiwan, laws and regulations enable non-banks to provide a variety of payment services. Among others, the Act Governing the Management of Electronic Payment Institutions and its enforcement rules (collectively, “E-Payment Act”), which took effect in May 2015, allow non-banks to offer the electronic payment services (as further described in 2(1) below; collectively, “E-Payment Services”) approved by the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC), the government agency in charge of securities and futures products. The enactment of the E-Payment Act contributes to the growth of E-Payment Services in Taiwan. Currently, there are five non-banks exclusively operating E-Payment Services. In addition, the Financial Technology Development and Innovative Experimentation Act (“Fintech Innovation Act”) also offers a regulatory sandbox for applicants to test Fintech in a safe environment.

Yes; generally speaking, payment services can be provided by the following non-banks:

1. electronic payment institutions approved by the FSC for operating any of the following businesses:

   (a) provision of third-party payment and collection services for actual transactions;
   (b) collection of deposits for stored value;
   (c) transfer of funds between electronic payment accounts; and
   (d) any other businesses approved by the FSC;

2. any company which conducts business (a) above only; if the total amount of payments that it collects does not exceed the threshold prescribed by the FSC (currently, NT$1 billion per day), and it is not involved in any cross-border transaction, such company is not required to obtain any special permit for acting as a payment and collection agent for online or offline transactions; and
3. any company that issues electronic stored value cards for making payments to various merchants and is approved by the FSC pursuant to the Act Governing the Issuance of Electronic Stored Value Cards (“E-Card Act”). Taiwan government is planning to amend the E-Payment Act by expanding the scope of payment services that non-banks may provide and by incorporating the E-Card Act into the E-Payment Act.

Credit card payments remain the most popular payment method in Taiwan; however, the number of retail sellers offering, as well as consumers using, mobile payments is on the increase, and people in Taiwan (especially the younger generations) are getting used to purchasing goods and services not using cash or credit cards. Some of the mobile payments use QR code system or other means to incorporate credit card functions into smartphones, while some of the mobile payments are offered based on digital wallet services offered by the electronic payment institutions licensed by the FSC. The Taiwan government also provides various incentives to promote mobile payments. For instance, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) provides a tax incentive to small businesses by allowing them to continue paying 1% in business tax (compared to the regular rate of 5%) so long as they offer mobile payment options to consumers.

Open Banking in Taiwan is developing at a tremendous speed. In July 2019, the FSC determined to adopt Hong Kong’s approach to Open Banking, i.e., not mandating banks to make their customer information accessible to third-party service providers (“TSP”) but encouraging banks to cooperate with TSPs and develop self-regulations.  The FSC aims to achieve Open Banking through three stages: releasing product/service information, customer information and transaction information step by step. In the first stage, banks share the “publicly available information” of their banking products so that consumers may easily access the product information of different banks. Consumers may check exchange rates of foreign currencies, interest rates of mortgage, terms and conditions of credit cards, etc. offered by different banks and easily compare products offered by different banks. At the second stage, banks may share “customer information” with customers’ consent. At such time, consumers will be able to view and check their account information held by different banks via one platform without the need to access to each bank’s system. At the third stage, banks may share “transaction information” and consumers will be able to easily conduct inter-bank transactions on one platform, such as wire transfers and bill payments. As requested by the FSC, the Bankers Association has stipulated the self-regulation guidelines for banks to co-work with TSPs, and Financial Information Service Co., Ltd. (“FISC”), which was founded by the MOF and 42 public and private-owned financial institutions in 1998 to promote sharing of resources and exchange of information among financial institutions, has established an open API platform and formulated common API and IT security standards. The first stage was completed in 2019 and the FSC plans to move to the second stage by the end of 2020.

The Personal Data Protection Act (“PDPA”) is the general law regulating the collection, processing and use of personal data in Taiwan.  Under the PDPA, a data controller may collect and process personal data only if (i) the data is necessary for serving a specific purpose, and (ii) such collection or processing is based on a statutory ground (e.g., a contractual relationship exists between the data controller and the data subject, or informed consent is granted by the data subject).  Moreover, the use of personal data shall not go beyond the necessary extent of the purpose(s) for which the data was collected; otherwise, an additional statutory ground for such use would be required (e.g., a separate consent is granted by the data subject).

In addition to the PDPA, the processing of customer information by banks is subject to the Banking Act. The Banking Act requires all banks to keep their customer information in confidence, unless otherwise specified by the law or there is any exceptional circumstance as prescribed by the FSC. A bank shall not transfer customer information to any third party, unless the bank engages such third party to process customer information on its behalf and for its benefits after it obtains the FSC’s approval.

On the other hand, the current laws and regulations allow a financial holding company and its subsidiaries to share customer information for joint marketing purposes, and the FSC has designated the Fintech industry as one of the specific industries in which a financial holding company may invest after it obtains the FSC’s approval. Nonetheless, the customer information other than names and mailing addresses is only allowed to be disclosed, transferred, or jointly used after written consent from the customers has been obtained (i.e., an “opt-in” consent is required). With the trend of Open Banking, the FSC plans to loosen the relevant laws and regulations so as to allow a financial holding company and its subsidiaries to share customers’ risk information.

The FSC has taken several initiatives to encourage the developments of fintechs.

The Fintech Innovation Act was promulgated on January 31, 2018 and took effect on April 30, 2018. The Fintech Innovation Act aims to establish a secured environment for innovations and experiments in financial technology while protecting financial consumers (the so-called sandbox). The regulatory sandbox allows approved applicants to be exempt from certain laws and regulations during a specific period and within certain scope, and henceforth fosters flexibility for innovative experiments.

According to the FSC’s public announcement of February 2020, the number of innovative experiments that have passed the review and have been approved by the FSC has reached seven. The FSC established the first fintech village in Taiwan, “FinTech Space”, jointly with Taiwan Financial Service Roundtable (“TFSR”; the private wing of the FSC), with the aim of fostering developments in the local fintech ecosystem and accelerating innovation.

FinTech Space provides programs such as “co-working space”, “entrepreneurship mentoring”, “digital sandbox” and “global cooperation”. 44 teams are currently working at the space, including international start-ups. On October 28 and 29, the forum, “FinTech Taipei 2020”, was held under the instruction of the FSC, in order to demonstrate Taiwan’s potential in the area of fintech developments. Many international speakers were invited to share their insights and experiences and interact with the local players.

To further liberalize the regulations of traditional banking, the FSC granted the license for of the so-called “Internet-only” banks to three consortiums, one is led by Chunghwa Telecom, another is led by Line, and the other one is led by Rakuten. The three consortiums expect to launch their “Internet-only” banking services by the end of 2020. Meanwhile, the FSC continues its efforts to encourage the use of e-payment tools in the Taiwan market.

The development of the fintech market in Taiwan made progress rapidly in 2019, although the actual consumer application and implementation are not as popular as those in the other economies in Asia. The major obstacle to the development of the fintech market in Taiwan is still the strict regulations on the financial industry. Another practical obstacle would be the user habit. Consumers in Taiwan have been used to make payment by credit cards and collect the items that they ordered on-line at “convenience stores”.  While the business operation in Taiwan generally remains uninterrupted by COVID-19 in 2020, the development of the fintech market in Taiwan still slightly slowed down due to the global economic development.

In general, companies and limited partnerships in Taiwan making investments may enjoy the general research and development (R&D) tax benefits, including tax credit of certain income tax liability for expenses incurred for R&D, and deduction of certain taxable income against R&D expenses. In order to encourage fintech investment, the FSC also promulgated internal guidelines with regard to the applications by the financial institutions for the aforementioned tax benefits.

The first fintech project entering the sandbox is a collaboration between a commercial bank and the largest mobile carrier in Taiwan, which allows the bank to levy the comprehensive and up-to-date credit record database owned by the mobile carrier and thereby simplify the account opening process. The second sandbox fintech project provides cross-border wiring services.

Other fintech investments in Taiwan also involve

1. internet banking,
2. providing financial advice through algorithms or even AI or robots, for either discretionary or nondiscretionary advice,
3. blockchain application in various fields, such as cryptocurrency, mobile wallet or alternative payment system, and
4. peer-to-peer lending platforms.

Many fintech investments in Taiwan are launched by existing financial institution players, such as banks or insurance companies. The development of other fintech investment projects generally reaches the stage of minimum viable products or product market fit after their Series A or Series B financing, and a few fintech companies are considered established players.

After the legislation of the Fintech Innovation Act in 2018, the FSC generally holds a more open attitude than that before the legislation. Since fintech projects usually involve new and un- or under-regulated practices and constantly trigger compliance concerns of a fintech entrepreneur, the sandbox mechanism in Taiwan can significantly reduce the compliance risk for a fintech entrepreneur, thereby taking the place of an early market player.

To protect domestic employment, Taiwan has developed very restrictive immigration rules. Foreigners are not permitted to work in Taiwan unless their Taiwanese employer obtains a work permit for them. The permit does not belong to the individual, but is issued to the employer for hiring a foreigner for a certain job. As a result, a foreigner with a work permit has very limited ability to change his/her employer. Moreover, in principle, foreign workers are only allowed to be employed to engage in specific types of jobs as prescribed by law, and the maximum period of work permit allowed for foreign white-collar workers is three years. To eliminate hurdles that employers may face in accessing foreign talents, a new law took effect on February 8, 2018. The new law stipulates that a foreign white-collar worker who needs a longer period to seek employment in Taiwan may apply for a six-month visitor visa for multiple entry. In addition, if a foreign professional possesses special expertise that Taiwan needs in the fields of science and technology, economics, education, culture, arts, sports, etc., as announced by the central competent authorities, the maximum period of his/her work permit could be extended to 5 years.

Pursuant to the new law that took effect on February 8, 2018, the central competent authorities may announce that Taiwan is in need of special expertise in a particular area, and then prescribe the eligibility and required supporting documents for a foreign professional with such special expertise. Foreign professionals with special expertise are entitled to apply for a four-in-one Employment Golden Card, which combines work permit, resident visa, alien resident certificate (ARC) and re-entry permit. The Employment Golden Card allows foreign professionals to freely seek employment and change employer in Taiwan, and grants tax preferences to them. In order to attract financial sector professionals, the FSC has promulgated the requirements for foreign special professionals with financial expertise, including financial professionals in the fields of fintech, e-commerce, digital economy, technology management, green energy technologies, etc. In order to attract financial talent leaving Hong Kong due to the new national security law, the FSC plans to significantly loosen the eligibility requirements for foreign finance professionals.

Under Taiwan law, the software developed in relation to fintech can be protected by intellectual property rights such as patent, copyright or trade secret. For patent, the subject of a patent right is ‘invention’ and an invention means the creation of technical ideas, and utilizing the laws of nature. An inventor may file an application with Taiwan’s Intellectual Property Office, and the patent right will be obtained once the application is approved. For copyrights and trade secrets, there are no such registration or filing requirements in order to be protected by law. However, a copyright or trade secret is subject to certain features and qualifications; such as, ‘originality’ and ‘expression’ for copyright, and ‘economic valuable’ and ‘adoption of reasonable protection measures’ for trade secrets.

As this is a relatively niche market in Taiwan, there are no specific laws or regulations on cryptocurrencies thus far. According to the FSC’s press releases, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are deemed as a type of “virtual commodities” unless they have any features that render them as “securities” as defined under the Taiwan Securities and Exchange Act (“SEA”). The definition of the term “securities” is relatively broad (thereby creating a certain level of ambiguity) under Taiwan law. Specifically, “securities” referred to under Article 6 of the SEA cover government bonds, corporate stocks, corporate bonds, and other securities approved by the competent authority, as well as stock warrant certificates, certificates of entitlement to new shares, and certificates of payment or documents of title representing any of the above securities. Given the above, whether cryptocurrencies should be deemed as securities under the SEA would be decided on a case-by-case basis.

Thus far, there is no law or regulation specifically dealing with initial coin or token offerings (“ICO”) or other investment activities involving cryptocurrencies in Taiwan. The FSC expressed the following view on ICO through several press releases. An ICO refers to the issuance of “virtual commodities” and the sale thereof to investors to raise funds. Whether the tokens in an ICO would be deemed “securities” under the SEA would depend on the facts of each individual case. In the event that an ICO involves any offering and issuance of “securities”, it should be subject to the SEA. In this regard, the FSC issued a ruling on July 3, 2019 to officially define security tokens (i.e., virtual currencies with the nature of securities) as a type of securities under the SEA, and further issued a ruling on January 15, 2020 to exempt STO of no more than NTD30 million from the filing obligation under Paragraph 1, Article 22 of the SEA. The Taipei Exchange also stipulated the relevant rules such as the Taipei Exchange Rules Governing the Operation by Securities Firms of the Business of Proprietary Trading of Security Tokens which apply to STO of no more than NTD30 million. As for a STO of more than NT$30 million, it still needs to be conducted via a sandbox experiment pursuant to the Fintech Innovation Act.

In Taiwan, in addition to the cryptocurrency and fintech sectors, blockchain technologies are currently used in the healthcare and food manufacture sectors in more developed forms beyond proof of concept.

For example, a hospital in Taiwan launched a medical record system ‘phrOS’ using smart contract and blockchain technology in 2017, which allows patients to access and manage his/her own medical records, and authorise access to other medical professionals such as local clinic doctors. ‘OwlChain’ is a food provenance system launched in 2017. It allows food manufacturers and farmers to disclose food origin information and aims to prevent fraudulence through blockchain technology.

Cathay Financial Holdings also expects to launch its own IoV (internet of vehicles) platform providing one-stop electric car insurance and financing services by 2020. While the private sector continues to develop blockchain projects, the Taiwan government made the first move to embrace blockchain technology.

In Taiwan, artificial intelligence (AI) is already being used in the financial sector. For example, compared to expensive financial advisors, robo-advisors are expected to replace humans in some roles and offer low-cost alternatives to manage people’s money. On August 10, 2017, the FSC introduced new deregulatory measures that allow securities investment trust and consulting enterprises to offer automatic rebalancing services by using robo-advisors. In March 2019, a local bank was approved by the FSC to cooperate with an English robo-advisor firm to offer an investment service allowing users to invest in offshore exchange-traded funds (ETFs). In response to the increasing use of robo-advisors, the FSC also announced in July 2019 that the inspections of financial institutions would cover the robo-advisory services offered by securities investment trust and consulting enterprises. Notwithstanding the foregoing, to speak frankly, it is necessary for Taiwan to loosen the relevant laws and regulations so as to encourage further use of AI in the financial sector.

The development of insurtech in Taiwan generally started from the issuance of electronic insurance policy, of which the relevant processes shall meet the requirements and technology standards prescribed under the regulations. It has been further developed to utilize AI technologies to facilitate underwriting process (including detecting fraud cases) and to simplify the claim approval process for certain types of simple claims, by designing different models based on historical data. Some insurers also engage financial robot services to assist in telephone customer services. Starting from 2014, the FSC started relaxing the restrictions applicable for on-line application of insurance policies by policyholders. For example, the access to on-line application no longer restricts to existing customers if other identification verification mechanism is in place; the restriction that the policyholder and the insured must be the same person has been lifted; the types of product that can be available for on-line purchase have been gradually relaxed through several phases of amendment to the applicable regulations.  In early 2020, Nan Shan Life Insurance launched new UBI insurance policies covering motor bikes by adopting the big data collected by Gogoro, the largest electronic motor bike company in Taiwan.  Meanwhile, in summer 2020, the local insurance association launched a test run on adopting blockchain technology to consolidate information of the customers of insurance companies for the purposes of renovating insurance policies and handling insurance claims for medical insurance.

The major market players in Taiwan have been devoting in the improvement of customer experiences by deploying big data, AI and insurance technologies in the fintech industry. Two Taiwan insurance companies were awarded by the Asia Insurance Technology Awards as the 2018 winners of the field of ‘digital and omnichannel technologies’. For example, the industry first introduced in 2018 the ‘video-based due diligence service’ (of which the patent right application has been approved), which has the advantage of simplifying the insurance underwriting process, improving the operational efficiency and reducing waiting time. This innovation was further expanded into ‘video-based claims service’ whereby it becomes feasible for an insurer to acquire ‘proof of survival’ from the policyholder by arranging a video conference session between the policyholder and the insurer’s medical personnel on the agreed payment date using mobile device. As compared with past practice whereby the insurer is required to conduct on-site due diligence, the approval processes have been expedited through the launch of the relevant technologies and services.

The fintech development model in Taiwan should be deemed as “collaborative” rather than “disruptive”. The incumbent financial institutions are collaborating with fintech companies to enhance their services. According to a local survey, more than 60% of the incumbent financial institutions are willing to collaborate with fintechs to offer new types of services or to improve their current service skills. Some of the incumbents purchased services or products from fintechs and a few of them made investments in fintechs or even established their own fintech companies. Incumbents, such as banks, are working with universities and incubators for talent mining as well. Many competitions were held to encourage colleague/graduate school students to develop innovative business models and technologies. There has not been any disruptive “force” or “development” in the area of fintech in Taiwan.

Taiwan banks and financial institutions have been embracing fintech, either through technology or business model, and devoting many efforts and resources in adopting new technologies, although the developments are not as apparent or prominent as in other jurisdictions, such as China or Singapore. The main reason for this is that banks and the other financial institutions are subject to strict regulatory scrutiny. In Taiwan, financial institutions are required to obtain prior approvals for almost all of their business activities, including adopting new technology or engaging services providers. Another reason may be that the traditional financial products and services have been well developed in Taiwan and hence, consumers do not seem to be particularly enthusiastic about using new financial products or services. Currently, many banks already allow their customers to access their accounts via the Internet, including offering on-line ATM service. Many financial institutions also launched “Robo-Advisor” services. In the near future, the three winders of the “Internet-only” banking licenses will launch their “Internet-only” banking services and re-shape the local banking market and change the user habit, especially the young generation.

There has not been any strong “disruptive” force in the fintech market in Taiwan. Given that offering of financial services is subject to strict scrutiny by the regulators of the financial industries as well as our central bank, many fintechs have been struggling in trying to find ways to sustain their operations. For example, before the FSC allowed e-payment services, local players had fought really hard against the foreign exchange regulation and the traditional banking system. Although the new e-payment law was finally promulgated, none of the new players granted with the required licenses have reached the “critical mass” thus far. P2P lending and crowd-funding may be two other areas where a few players have made their presence on the market, but the scale of their operations is still small.