Switzerland is a civil law jurisdiction.

The key statutory obligations relevant to construction and engineering projects result from both private and public law. Under private law, the Swiss Code of Obligations contains rules applicable to contractor agreements (articles 363 to 379) as well as to agency agreements (articles 394 to 406). Under public law, relevant provisions can be found in the following areas: zoning/planning laws, construction laws, housing laws, energy laws, environmental laws, labour laws, health and safety laws, etc. These provisions may be edicted at federal, cantonal and/or municipal level, depending on the area of law and on the localization of the relevant asset(s).

Contrary to the public law provisions, private law provisions are mainly of dispositive nature and may be amended by contract between the parties. The SIA rules, a body of private regulations issued by the Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (“SIA”) concerning technical and legal standards for planning and construction, are often voluntarily included by the parties in their agreements to form an integral part of their contractual relationship. In that case, these regulations will be considered as standard market practice (see question 8).

(a) health and safety;

In terms of health and safety, at the federal level, Swiss labour law as well as Swiss administrative and environmental laws set numerous regulations regarding the protection of workers (equipment, working hours, etc.) and the use, elimination and/or storage on the worksite of toxic materials, asbestos, PCB, leaded paint, chemicals, etc. Specific local regulations should also be taken into account.

For older buildings (in particular those built before 1990), building permits are subject to an asbestos-analysis, and in some Cantons, to a PCB/leaded-paint analysis. In case the building contains asbestos (or PCB/leaded-paints), special requirements for workers must be complied with by the contractor (duty to report, paper trail, special equipment to be used by the workers, etc.). Furthermore, materials considered as hazardous must imperatively be eliminated in authorized waste disposal areas.

Since January 1, 2020, the limitation period for claims for compensation in case of illness or injury due to a breach of health and safety regulations was extended from one year to three years. The dies a quo of the limitation period corresponds to the day on which the injured party became aware of the damage and of the person liable for compensation. With respect to the absolute limitation period, claims for damages or satisfaction in cases of illness or injury are now time-barred after a period of twenty (instead of ten years) from the day on which the harmful conduct occurred or ceased.

(b) environmental issues;

Specific federal and/or cantonal regulations apply where the existence of hazardous material and/or pollution of soils is revealed. These rules namely apply to the removal of the polluted materials and to waste management and treatment throughout the construction process. If a plot is registered as a polluted site, the seller must obtain a special authorization in order for the transfer of property to be registered in the Land register.

(c) planning;

Any construction project must comply with the local (cantonal and/or municipal) planning and zoning regulations. In particular, it must be in line with the permitted use and the construction regulation of the area, which are set out in legal acts and/or in zoning or neighbourhood plans.

(d) employment; and

Swiss law contains provisions in the fields of labour and public law whose objective is the protection of workers and the preservation of their health and safety. Construction sites are regularly inspected by the cantonal authorities, in particular to prevent undeclared work. In the event of a breach, the competent authority can shut down the construction site with immediate effect and impose administrative fines. Constructors must be aware that they may also be liable for violations committed by their subcontractors.

In this context, the employer has to comply with general principles such as the non-discrimination and equity of treatment principles. It is common in practice that collective labour schemes set minimum standards for workers and have to be followed by the employer. There are also mandatory declarations that have to be made in the context of public procure¬ments. In the event of a non-compliance the contractor might be blacklisted.

(e) anti-corruption and bribery.

The standard anti-corruption and bribery regulations of the criminal code apply. There is no dedicated set of rules applicable specifically to the construction sector.

As a rule, construction works can only be initiated after the entry into force of the relevant permits (i.e. building/transformation permit, demolition permit, tree cutting permit, etc.). The necessary permits are governed by local rules and are usually issued by the cantonal or municipal authorities.

During the works, a complementary construction permit may be required if amendments are made to the initial project. Special authorization will also be required to derogate from the applicable administrative or labour-law related regulations (i.e. extension of the working schedules, night-time or week-end work, etc.).

Depending on the applicable regulations in the relevant canton/municipality and on the type of building constructed, a formal declaration of acceptance by the competent authority, the issuing of an occupancy permit and/or the certification of the work by an architect may be required after the completion of the work.

In the event that the construction does not comply with the construction permit or its specific conditions, the main risk is that the non-compliant part of the work has to be removed and/or altered. The responsible party (be it the employer, the constructor or the architect) may also be sanctioned with a fine.

Yes, under Swiss law there are several provisions that provide for indemnification obligations without any contractual relationship between the parties involved, as for example the liability for tort (art. 41 CO) and the liability of the property owner the for any damage caused by defects in its construction or design or by inadequate maintenance (art. 58 CO).

• The employer
• Architect(s) and other agents involved in planning
• Engineers, if necessary according to the characteristics of the project
• One or several contractor(s) depending on whether the employer decides to have the work performed a general / total contractor or not
  Construction managers/representatives of the employer
• In some cases, the owner of the plot of land on which the construction is planned to be erected

The architect agreement and the general or total contractor agreements are the most popular methods of procurement.

In Swiss construction and design contracts, the standard terms issued by SIA are widely used. There are different rules for different types of work. For instance, the SIA rule 118 is relevant for construction contracts, whereas SIA regulations 102 and 103 are used for contracts with architects respectively with construction engineers.

In the context of public procurement, the KBOB (the Co-ordination Conference of the responsible federal and cantonal clients and owners) issued a standard form for general and total contractor agreements. However, it is more and more common for KBOB contracts to be concluded in relation to private projects.

In the international context, the various sets of conditions issued by FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) are the most common standard forms.

The parties have to expressly include those regulations in their contract if they want them to be applicable. It is not uncommon that they amend these regulations in order to tailor them to their specific needs, in order to fit the actual construction project or to balance-out standard clauses that may be deemed too favourable to one party.

With respect to public construction projects, public bodies are subject to the strict regime of public procurements laws and to other special rules.

The larger the construction project, the more common it is that the employer appoints a third party as project manager, whose task is to assist it with respect to the construction works, to follow and supervise the progress of the work and to represent the employer towards the contractor(s) and other parties involved (architect, engineers).

The agreement concluded between the principal and the consultant is usually qualified as an agency contract (mandate) within the meaning of articles 394 to 406 CO.

Yes. Pursuant to article 364 para. 2 CO, subcontracting is permitted if the nature of the work does not require the personal involvement of the contractor, which is generally the case with respect to construction works. The parties remain however free to exclude or limit the contractor’s right to hire subcontractors. Restrictive clauses commonly found in construction contracts usually concern the right of the employer to propose or impose certain subcontractors (usually associated with an exclusion of liability on the part of the contractor) or the right to refuse certain subcontractors (namely if they don’t fulfil certain specific criteria).

Projects itself are typically financed by construction loans granted by a bank. After the construction is finished, the bank usually converts the entire loan into a mortgage.

Financing by way of mortgages on real estate, usually in the form of mortgage certificates, is also possible. Depending on the type of asset, up to 80 per cent of the real estate’s value may be financed by Swiss banks through mortgages. However, banks generally apply a conservative approach when assessing the value of the real estate.

Often a combination of a construction loan with a mortgage is seen these days as well. This way, large amounts, such as the purchase of the real property, can be financed with a mortgage while smaller amounts can be settled through a construction loan.

Contractor’s securities serve to secure the performance of the contract, down payments or advance payments as well as the contractor’s liability for defects. There are generally two types of securities:

Performance: The Contractor usually has to provide a performance guarantee securing its performance obligations under the contract to the employer. The performance guarantee is typically valid until a few months after the final acceptance of the work performed by the contractor.

Warranty: Security for liability for defects. It is usually a bank or insurance guarantee (abstract, irrevocable, payment on first demand without any further justification). The warranty usually replaces the retention on progress payments to secure the performance of the contract after the acceptance of the work, which is generally agreed on. It basically entitles the contractor to demand monthly partial payments amounting to 90% of its services. The retention of 10% serves as security for the employer should, for example, defects come to light.

The exposure can be limited with a time period within which performance can be improved and reassessed or by requesting back-to-back warranty guarantees to be provided by subcontractors.

No, there is no specific legislation relating to payment in the industry. However, due to anti-money-laundering rules, the payments made in performance of engineering or construction contracts are usually made via wire transfers through the banks of the parties and are subject to compliance verifications.

Although “pay-when-paid” clauses are permitted, they are rarely used in practice. It should be noted in this respect that the employer bears an important risk because a subcontractor which has not been paid by the contractor can request the registration of a legal lien on the plot(s) where the construction is erected. For this reason, it is common for important construction projects to provide for a dedicated construction account subject to the control of the employer.

Retention provisions are common when SIA rules apply, as they provide for a retention amount of 10% of each invoice. The remaining 10% must be paid at the end of the construction (or following a certain period in order to await the expiration of the contractor’s right to request the registration of a legal lien (within four months of the completion of the work)). Other types of guarantees can also be provided in the contractual agreement.

Liquidated delay damages provisions are common in important construction projects. However, they are often difficult to enforce, firstly because according to the law or to the relevant applicable regulations (namely the SIA 118 rules), many circumstances allow for an extension of the contractually agreed deadlines. Such provisions may be reduced by the courts if they are deemed excessive.

Parties may exclude their liability for slight negligence, subject to certain exceptions. On the other hand, it should be noted that any agreement purporting to exclude liability for unlawful intent or gross negligence in advance is void.

Under the rules of the Swiss Code of Obligations – which can however be amended by the parties – the possibilities for the parties to terminate the contract before completion of the works are limited. In particular, the contractor may usually only terminate the contract if the completion of the work is rendered impossible because of the customer.

As for force majeure, in the absence of a specific “force majeure clause” in the contract, it will often be risky to terminate a contract based on the allegation that an event constitutes force majeure. Specific clauses should therefore be drafted very carefully.

Except under special circumstances, Swiss law does not recognize any protective effect for third parties which are not party to a contract. Therefore, no rights are commonly granted to third parties in a construction contract. However, the parties to such a contract remain free to conclude a separate agreement with any relevant third party in order to grant them certain rights in the construction process (namely the right to ask for modifications of the project, the right to participate in the final reception of the works, etc.).

The SIA rules, which are very often included by reference in the parties’ agreements regarding construction projects, provide for strict provisions governing notification of claims for additional time and money. If the contractor fails to notify the employer accordingly, he will lose any corresponding claims against the employer unless he can prove that the employer had knowledge of such circumstances. It should also be noted that according to the general rules of the Swiss Code of Obligations (which apply if no specific regulations have been adopted by the parties), the contractor must inform the employer immediately of any circumstance which might compromise the correct or timely performance of the works, failing which he himself will be liable for any adverse consequences.

Contractors mainly must hold a civil liability insurance, whose minimum coverage is often defined in the contract. The customer on the other hand must also have a civil liability insurance. At the end of the construction, he is usually responsible for taking up the required insurance coverage for the building itself. It is furthermore common to take up a “construction work” insurance to cover potential damages to the work itself, the premiums for which are often shared equally between the customer and the contractor.

The parties can freely define the mechanism for dispute reso¬lution. The most commonly used formal dispute resolution mechanism is State court litigation or, more rarely, domestic arbitration, while international contracts often provide for inter¬national institutional (SCAI, ICC) or ad hoc arbitration.

Arbitration clauses are relatively uncommon in contractor agreements, at least when the project involves local actors. Therefore, the local (Swiss) courts are relatively inexperienced when it comes to enforcing construction-related arbitration awards, unless the award simply tends to confirm a financial claim of one of the parties. Due to the territorial jurisdiction of the local courts, provisional measures (injunctive relief) relating to an ongoing construction project (e.g. to establish an expert opinion in the context of future evidence proceedings) will necessarily have to be ordered by the local supporting judge (“juge d’appui“).

The general rules of the Swiss Code of Obligations pertaining to the statute of limitations apply to claims which could be raised by a party to a construction contract. Unless otherwise provided by law, contractual claims are time-barred after ten years. On the other hand, claims of the employer regarding defects of an immovable work (warranty claims) against the contractor or any architect or engineer who rendered services in connection with such work are time-barred five years after completion of the work. The limitation exception must however be actively raised by the defendant since it is not examined ex officio by the courts.

It should further be noted that the admissibility of warranty claims requires that the rules applying to the notification of the relevant defects (namely in terms of deadlines) have been strictly followed. Such rules are stringent under the general principles of the Swiss Code of Obligations, although the parties may provide for diverging notice requirements or warranty periods in their contracts. Under the SIA rule 118, the employer benefits from more flexibility to announce the relevant defects (anytime within two years from the final reception of the works; after this period, the employer must on the other hand announce any hidden defects immediately).

Multi-party disputes are common in relation to construction projects since such projects often involve several parties. It is therefore important to ensure that the respective contracts provide for the same forum and/or dispute resolution mechanism. If several parties can be held liable towards another party (either on the same or on different grounds), the liability of each of them for the damage will be examined in the light of their individual responsibility under the circumstances and under the contractually agreed rules. Compensation payments are allowed with due regard to the circumstances and the degree of culpability of the corresponding party. Net contribution clauses are not recognised as such by the Swiss Courts, but it should be noted that according to the general rules of the Swiss Code of Obligations, the court may under some specific circumstances reduce the amount of the compensation awarded to the innocent party.

In addition to the constant price war (too many interfaces and cumbersome processes make building projects expensive), sustainability is both a challenge and an opportunity for the future. There is an increasing expectation towards sustainable construction. In order to reach these expectations, it should be taken advantage of the transformation of digitization in the construction industry – which also entails a challenge, however. Tackling sustainability and digitalization in an innovative way may be interesting for companies as both these trends will have a long lasting economic impact.

Residential properties and infrastructure are and will likely remain very important areas for investment even after Covid-19.

While the negative trend in certain asset classes (in particular retail spaces) and regions will continue, there will be opportunities in other markets such as logistics properties.

The use of digital technologies and tools has started years ago, be it in communication, submissions or drawing of plans and will become more and more important. One model that is increasingly talked about, and which will certainly be needed more in the future, is BIM (Building Information Modeling) – a new working technology for the construction industry. BIM is the geometric representation in 3D of a building on a computer in order to analyse, steer and simulate specific patterns of behaviour. With this method, the data and information provided by the parties involved in planning a construction project (architects, engineers, technicians, etc) are captured digitally in order to create a single virtual 3D model. BIM is therefore a structured collection of information about an existing or planned building. This establishes a system of data management that offers a high degree of transparency, efficiency and quality, as well as cost and time control across the entire life cycle of a building, until demolition and reuse, recycling, or energy retrieval from its components.

However, the digitalisation of the construction industry is giving rise to many challenges. This method is not very well established in Switzerland yet, and there is no specific legal framework for it at the moment.

While high construction activity in the rental apartment segment according to standards and costs similar to those of owner-occupied housing constructions is expected to continue and the demand for quality housing is about to increase, investors are still avoiding retail properties and hotels. However, Covid-19 will have an influence on the market for office space as many companies are considering carrying the home office trend into the future, which could reduce the need for office space. Nonetheless, it is still open what this will mean in the longer run with respect to space needed for office work and, in particular, what office space will look like in the future. It is thus possible that the Covid-19 pandemic will develop into a game changer for office-related real estate, including the reduction of rents and pressure on office building prices. However, it is also possible that demand for office space will not decline because Covid-19 will also have the effect that more office space per person will be needed in the future.