The Ministry of General Affairs and Finance is the competent governmental authority relevant for financial regulation in Liechtenstein and is officially headed by the Prime Minister.

The relevant supervisory authority of Banks is the Financial Market Authority Liechtenstein (FMA). The legal mandate of the FMA is to ensure the stability of the Liechtenstein financial market, the protection of clients, the prevention of abuses and the implementation of and compliance with the recognized international standards (Financial Market Supervision Act). The FMA ensures client protection by, inter alia, continuously verifying the liquidity and capital of banks, the appropriateness of risk distribution, and the professional and personal qualifications of persons serving on boards of directors and management.

Liechtenstein banks and investment firms are regulated by the Liechtenstein Banking Act (BA) and the Banking Ordinance (BO). Under the BA the following activities trigger the requirement of a banking license:

1. the acceptance of deposits and other repayable funds;
2. the lending of third-party funds to an indeterminate group of borrowers;
3. the custody business;
4. the provision of investment services and ancillary services and the performance of other off-balance-sheet banking transactions;
5. the provision of payment services within the meaning of the Payment Services Act (Disbursement transactions, deposit transactions, funds transfer transactions, account information services, payment initiation services);
6. the issuance of electronic money;
7. the assumption of guarantees, warranties and other liabilities for others, insofar as the assumed obligation is for monetary benefits;
8. the trading in foreign currencies for own account or for the account of a third party.

Liechtenstein has implemented the rules and regulations according to EU standards. Reference is made to the guidelines of the European Banking Authority (EBA).

The Banking Act distinguishes between banks and investment firms and therefore, different licenses are available.

Banks require a licence from the FMA Liechtenstein to commence bank business activities. Banking business includes, for example, the acceptance of deposits and other repayable funds, the lending of third-party funds to an unspecified group of borrowers, the assumption of sureties, guarantees and other liabilities for others provided that they are denominated in money, or trading in foreign currencies for their own account or for the account of third parties. However, banks may also provide investment services and ancillary services.

Investment firms are companies that provide investment services and ancillary services and therefore, investment firms may only carry out part of the business that banks do. Thus, lower regulatory requirements and approval standards apply.

Under the BA each application for a licence shall be accompanied by a business plan indicating in particular the type of business envisaged and the organizational structure of the bank. The license issued by the FMA is based on the defined specific business model and scope of services of the business plan and does not automatically cover all bank activities.

In the past, many EU rules and regulations have been implemented in Liechtenstein so that special licenses are required for Liechtenstein banks for payment services, issuance of e-money and many other aspects in the area of financial market business. A bank with a full banking license may engage in all of these activities without additional licenses as long as it provides the necessary knowledge and organization to carry out these activities.

Within the scope of the BA, there is no specific sandbox model or licensing light, except for the different licences as explained above. However, there are specific laws for other financial services such as e-money or payment institutes. Furthermore, Liechtenstein is well known for its “blockchain law”, regulating the registration and ad-hoc supervision of ten categories of service providers which provide their services on TT systems (e.g. blockchain). Accordingly, the FMA has established a FinTech competence centre (fintech[at]fma-li.li) and is known to support and accompany FinTechs during the licensing process as well for its constructive exchange with innovative financial service providers.

As already mentioned above, Liechtenstein is quite known as a crypto and FinTech friendly jurisdiction. The research and development of crypto-based business models and financial solutions are welcome and supported by politics and the FMA.

With the creation of the so called “Blockchain-law” (i.e. the Law on Tokens and TT Service Providers (TVTG)), the registration and ad-hoc supervision of ten categories of service providers which provide their services on TT systems (e.g. blockchain) has been regulated. The law also implements the FATF recommendations, which provide for supervision under the Due Diligence Act (DDA) for such services.

Transactions in crypto-currencies or other tokens may be subject to licensing requirements, as far as they fall within the scope of existing financial markets regulation, e.g. if the respective currency qualifies as financial instrument or security under Liechtenstein law. Crypto-currencies do not constitute an official currency, but, depending on the specific design of the token or coin, may qualify as security, financial instrument or other forms of asset as the case may be. Therefore, sales or the issuance of token, which qualify as security under Liechtenstein law, has to comply with the respective legal framework for a public offering of securities. Other potentially applicable rules or regulations depend on the individual circumstances, business activity and instruments involved.

The Law on Deposit Guarantee and Investor Compensation at Banks and Securities Companies defines the term “deposit” and refers to BA. According to this definition, crypto assets do not qualify as deposits. This definition corresponds to Directive 2014/49/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on deposit-guarantee schemes. As crypto assets are not qualified as deposits, they are not covered by the deposit insurance.

As mentioned before the CRR is directly applicable in Liechtenstein. For the regulatory classification of assets and therefore also crypto-assets, Art. 24 No. 1 CRR refers to the “applicable accounting framework”. According to Art. 4 para. 1 No. 77 CRR, a distinction must be made in regard to the “applicable accounting framework” as to whether an institution is subject to the IAS Regulation (Regulation (EC) No. 1606/2002) or the Bank Accounts Directive (Directive 86/635/EEC). This means that a distinction must be made between banks that prepare their accounts in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and banks that prepare their accounts in accordance with the nationally implemented provisions of the Bank Accounts Directive (BAD), namely the Banking Act (BA) and the Banking Ordinance (BO). If accounting is carried out according to the IFRS accounting standard, then the investments in cryptocurrencies must be shown in the balance sheet as intangible assets in the sense of IAS 38. For Liechtenstein banks that prepare their balance sheets in accordance with the BAD, investments in crypto are to be qualified as intangible fixed assets as described in Annex 3 III. B. No. 20 sub-item 3 BO.

Art. 92 para. 1 lit. a CRR stipulates that institutions must have a Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) of 4.5%. Art. 36 para. 1 lit. b CRR states, that “intangible assets” are to be deducted from CET1. According to Art. 4 para. 1 no. 115 CRR the term “intangible assets” has the same meaning in the CRR regime as under the applicable accounting framework. Therefore, both – intangible assets in the sense of IAS 38 as well as intangible fixed assets within the meaning of the Banking Ordinance – are to be recognised as “intangible assets”. Hence, also assets held in crypto qualify as “intangible assets” and need to be deducted from CET1 according to Art. 36 para. 1 lit. b CRR. In both cases, crypto assets are to be deducted from own funds in the balance sheet of the individual banks.

Licence applications must be submitted to the FMA, which subsequently assesses the applications to a comprehensive legal and financial review.

The FMA offers a voluntary and preliminary informal review process. Before submitting the application to the FMA, it may receive an application for preliminary review (draft of the definitive licence application) without original documents. The application for preliminary review must be structured in the same way and contain the same information and documents as the definitive application. But only significant partial aspects are checked for “red flags” in the preliminary informal review. Upon receipt of the final license application, the FMA issues an acknowledgement of receipt confirmation. The licence to operate a bank is only granted if all the legal requirements according to the BA (including legal form, registered office, guarantee of proper business activity, articles of association and organization) are met. If the licence is granted, the FMA issues a corresponding decree.

The duration of the approval procedure depends primarily on the conclusiveness and completeness of the information and documents provided within the application. Any refusal must be notified to the applicant within six months of receipt of the application or, if the application is incomplete, within six months of the submission of the required information. In any case, the FMA must decide within twelve months after the receipt of the application. The public fee levied by the FMA for the granting of a licence amounts to CHF 100.000.00 for a bank and CHF 30.000.00 for an investment firm.

As a member of the EEA, Liechtenstein participates in the four economic freedoms (services, capital, persons, goods) within the EU. As a result, European law heavily influences financial regulation in Liechtenstein. As such, Liechtenstein has a European passport for its financial market companies as well as for its financial market products.

The first-time cross-border activity of an EEA bank in Liechtenstein by way of free movement of services is possible and requires notification to the FMA by the competent home country authority (“passporting”). The FMA closely cooperates with the competent authorities of the other EEA member states within the scope of its supervision.

However, the Liechtenstein Banking Act does not provide for cross-border licenses for banks from non-EEA countries and a general MIFID II third-country passport is currently not available for such firms. Banks from non-EEA countries must therefore establish a branch in Liechtenstein and obtain a corresponding licence. Branches of a non-EEA bank operating with a branch licence within the EEA may not provide cross-border services.

Under Liechtenstein law (Banking Act) banks and investment firms may only be established in the legal form of a stock company (AG) or a European company (SE). Under certain circumstances, the FMA can allow exceptions of other legal forms.

In general, banks must have a proper internal organization, whereas organizational requirements for banks are related to the size of the bank, the nature of the business activities and the services provided.

Pursuant to the BA, banks must be organised according to their scope of business and require:

1. a board of directors consisting of at least 3 members for the overall management, supervision and control;
2. a management board responsible for the operational business consisting of at least two members who are jointly responsible for their activities and who may not be members of the board of directors at the same time;
3. an internal audit department reporting directly to the board of directors;
4. a permanent and effective independent compliance function, which monitors the persons responsible for the provision of services with respect to compliance with the law;
5. a risk management system independent of operations;
6. appropriate procedures via which employees can report violations of the BA and CRR.

Key personnel must be fit and proper and sufficiently qualified in terms of education and experience in the sector and must be of good repute.

To the extent appropriate to the type, scope or complexity of the business activity, the FMA can oblige a bank to establish an independent risk management system. In addition, banks that are of significant importance due to their size, internal organisation and the nature, scope and complexity of their business shall establish a risk committee, a nomination committee and an audit committee.

Under Liechtenstein law, the registered head office of a bank must be located in Liechtenstein. Banks must be organised in a permitted legal form, thus as a stock company (AG) or European company (Societas Europea – SE). The minimum initial capital of a bank amounts to at least CHF 10 million and must be fully paid up by the time the business activity commences. The business plan must show that the initial capital, including initial expenses, will not be fallen short of (minimum capital). It should be noted that the FMA may prescribe a different initial capital in justified cases depending on the type and scope of the business. Furthermore, there is a requirement to have an investor compensation scheme in place as well as appropriate procedures for employees to report violations of the Banking Act and the CRR.

Shareholders with qualifying holdings must comply with the interest of ensuring the sound and prudent management of the Bank. Further details regarding the bank’s organization are provided by law and regulatory guidelines. Lower regulatory requirements and approval standards may apply, if not a full banking license, but an investment firm license with only a limited spectrum of services is obtained.

The CRD IV/CRR provisions on remuneration are applicable, covering the remuneration of certain employee categories and high-income personnel, fixed and variable remuneration as well as organizational aspects.

Liechtenstein, being part of the EEA, has implemented and fully complies with the CRD IV/CRR framework, which reflects the Basel III standards. The CRD has been transposed into national law and the CRR (EU) No 575/2013 as well as the associated implementing and delegated acts are legally binding and applied accordingly. As part of the EEA, EU legislation that has been included into the EEA Acquis, is either directly applicable or is transposed into Liechtenstein law. Further, the FMA regularly follows guidance by European regulators (such as the European securities and markets authority ESMA or the European banking authority EBA).

Compare the answer above under section 12.

See the answer above under section 12.

Yes, banks have to prepare and publish an annual report, annual disclosure report and, if applicable a consolidated annual report and a cash flow statement. Banks and investment firms with a balance sheet total of at least CHF 100 million must also prepare interim financial statements every six months.

Yes. The provisions of the CRD-IV-package and MIFID II framework apply as well as the provisions on financial conglomerates.

The BA provides for specific licensing requirements. The FMA applies them in accordance with the Joint Guidelines on the Supervisory Assessment of Acquisitions and Increases of qualifying holdings in the financial sector (JC/GL/2016/01) of 20 December 2016, which were adopted by the European Supervisory Authorities, the European Banking Authority (EBA), the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) and the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA).

Any intended direct or indirect acquisition of a qualifying holding in a bank must be notified to the FMA in writing by the person interested in the acquisition. Further, any intended direct or indirect increase of a qualified participation must be notified if, as a result of the increase, the thresholds of 20%, 30% or 50% of the capital or voting rights of the bank are reached or exceeded, or the bank would become a subsidiary of an acquirer.

The shareholder who holds a qualifying holding must comply with the interest of ensuring the sound and prudent management of the bank. Therefore, the FMA examines the suitability and financial soundness of an interested acquirer in a qualifying holding, taking into account also the likely influence of the interested acquirer on the bank. The FMA may object, if the influence of the acquirer could impair the prudent and sound management of the bank. If a shareholding is acquired or increased despite the objection of the FMA, the voting right of the acquirer may not be exercised until the objection has been amended or revoked by appeal or the objection has been withdrawn by the FMA. A vote cast despite an objection shall be null and void.

If shares of the bank are admitted to trading on a regulated market, the bank shall inform the FMA at least annually about the identity of the qualifying shareholders known to it and the amount of such holdings.

Yes. The FMA examines the suitability and financial soundness of an interested acquirer in a qualifying holding according the process described above. The examination includes inter alia the following aspects:

1. the identity of the proposed acquirer;
2. the shareholder structure and beneficial owners;
3. the good repute and experience of the proposed acquirer;
4. the financial soundness of any person who, as a result of the acquisition or increase, will direct the bank;
5. the potential risks with regard to compliance with regulatory requirements and effectiveness of supervision and exchange of information with competent authorities;
6. the potential risks with regard to money laundering or terrorist financing.

See the answers 17 and 18. No additional specific restrictions apply.

See our answer above under section 12.

In case of violation of banking regulations, the FMA as the competent authority is obliged and authorised by law to issue orders and to impose sanctions, which can lead to the revocation, expiry and withdrawal of the licence and dissolution of a bank.

Further sanctions, such as fines and imprisonment of up to three years, depend on the type of violation and are imposed by the FMA or the Liechtenstein Princely Court of Justice.

Liechtenstein has implemented and transposed the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive 2014/59/EU (BRRD) into national law. On January 1st, 2017, the Law on Recovery and Resolution of Banks and Investment Firms (Sanierungs- und Abwicklungsgesetz/”SAG”) came into effect.

In accordance with EU directives, Art. 7 of the Liechtenstein Banking Act contains provisions on the guarantee of bank deposits and the protection of investors. The law requires banks and other financial service providers to ensure adequate protection of deposits and investments with supervised financial service providers by establishing separate organisations or by participating in foreign protection schemes.

In 2001, the Liechtenstein Bankers Association (LBA) decided to implement an autonomous solution and established the Deposit Guarantee and Investor Protection Foundation of the Liechtenstein Bankers Association (EAS), later reorganised and renamed as Deposit Guarantee and Investor Compensation Foundation PCC (Einlagensicherungs- und Anlegerentschädigungsstiftung SV, EAS), after the institution had been extended to also cover other financial intermediaries. The majority of regulated financial institutes in Liechtenstein has joined the EAS.

Yes. Liechtenstein has transposed the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive 2014/59/EU (BRRD) into national law (cp. question 22 above), which inter alia encompasses a bail-in tool as possible resolution mechanism.

The resolution authority may use according to Article 55 SAG the bail-in tool for any of the following purposes:

1. to recapitalize a qualifying institution or entity referred to in Article 2 para. 1 lit. b, c or d to an extent sufficient to restore it to compliance with the conditions for authorization (to the extent those conditions apply to the entity) and to carry on the activities for which it is authorized under Directive 2013/36/EU or Directive 2014/65/EU (to the extent the entity is authorized under those Directives) and to maintain sufficient market confidence in the institution or entity; or
2. to convert into equity – or reduce the nominal value – of the receivables or debt instruments being transferred:
   1. to a bridge institution for the purpose of providing capital to the bridge institution; or
   2. under the instrument of sale of business or the instrument of spin-off of assets.

The legal consequences of a liquidity shortfall, on the other hand, are governed by Article 414 CRR resp. Article 35c BankG, according to which the FMA has special powers in such cases. In contrast, there is no provision for resolution, which is why the bail-in instructions do not apply in the event of a liquidity shortage.

As already mentioned, Liechtenstein has transposed the CRD IV/CRR framework as well as the BRRD, which include the TLAC standard, into national law.

The TLAC is a capital requirement to be met by global systemically important institutions (G-SRIs) to ensure their loss absorbency. According to Art. 3a para. 1 No. 15a, globally systemically important institutions are G-SIIs as defined in Art. 4 para. 1 No. 133 of Regulation (EU) No. 575/2013. The MREL pursues the same objectives as the TLAC standard, but is broader in scope in that it also applies to CRR credit institutions and investment firms, not just to G-SIIs and thus to systemically important institutions.

The trends in bank regulation are generally and mainly influenced by the respective EU-legislation which is or will be implemented in the EEA-Acquis and therefore must be transposed into national law in Liechtenstein.

Despite Liechtenstein’s limited geographic dimension, the financial centre has always had an international orientation. Clearly, the globalisation has already and will further influence bank regulation, since Liechtenstein is committed to international standards. On the other hand, Liechtenstein’s banking sector more or less is focused on private banking, which of course has an influence on the FMA’s actual supervisory activity.

In addition, and as already mentioned in our answer to question 6 above, FinTech and digitalisation in general remain topical matters.

Because of its small size, one of Liechtenstein’s biggest challenges in recent years has been the rapid regulatory development. Although Liechtenstein was able to manage this task and at the same time to maintain or even improve its high-level service quality and flexibility, this is highly dependent on qualified workforce. In order to cope with this situation and to remain competitive with financial centres all over the world, Liechtenstein is in constant demand and especially dependent on the ability to attract qualified workforce.