M&A in Indonesia is generally under the authority of the Ministry of Law and the Ministry of Investment (formerly known as the Investment Coordinating Board). However, other government institutions can also be involved depending on the status and business activities of the target company. If the target company is a listed company, then the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan / OJK) would also be involved.

The key regulations for M&A in Indonesia are:

A. Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies, including its amendment, Law No. 6 of 2023 (“Indonesian Company Law”);

B. Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment, including its amendment, and its relevant and applicable BKPM Regulations;

C. Law No. 8 of 1995 on the Capital Markets, including its amendment and other related regulations issued by the OJK, among others:

1. OJK Regulation No. 54/POJK.04/2015 on Voluntary Tender Offers (“POJK No. 54/2015”);
2. OJK regulation No. 74/POJK.04/2016 on Mergers and Acquisitions of Public Companies, as partially revoked by OJK Regulation No. 58/POJK.04/2017 on Electronic Submission of Registration or Submission of Corporate Action;
3. OJK Regulation No. 9/POJK.04/2018 on Acquisition of Public Companies (“POJK No. 9/2018”);
4. OJK Regulation No. 17/POJK.04/2020 on Material Transactions and Alteration of Business Activities;
5. OJK Regulation No. 31/POJK.04/2015 on Disclosure of Material Information or Facts by Issuers or Public Companies, as partially revoked by OJK Regulation No. 45 of 2024 on Development and Strengthening of Issuers and Public Companies (“POJK 31/2015”); and
6. OJK Regulation No. 29/POJK.04/2015 on Issuers and Public Companies Exempted from Reporting and Disclosure Requirements;

D. Law No. 5 of 1999 on Prohibition of Monopoly and Unfair Business Competition, including its amendment;

E. Other specific regulations depend on the nature of the target company’s business.

During the last few years, the Indonesian government has been issuing many regulations which aim to ease licensing procedures in Indonesia and attract more investors. The first one is the infamous Omnibus Law that was issued in 2020 and deemed a major amendment to Indonesian laws and regulations. This seems to bring a positive impact on Indonesia’s investment progress, including the investment made through an acquisition transaction. Following the Omnibus Law, the Indonesian government issued many other regulations which also aim for the unification and legal certainty for the publics and business actors, among others Law No. 4 of 2023 on Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector, as completed by the relevant Constitutional Court decision (“Law No. 4/2023”) and Law No. 7 of 2021 on the Unification of Tax regulations as lastly amended by Law No. 6 of 2023.

Additionally, the government has enacted the Presidential Regulation No. 12 of 2025 on the Mid-Term National Development Plan for the Year of 2025 – 2029 (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional – RPJMN) (“Presidential Regulation 12/2025”) which serves as a guiding framework for the government’s development initiatives in Indonesia, which will necessitate the participation of business actors. Pursuant to the Presidential Regulation 12/2025, the government has several initiatives for the development of Indonesia, which essentially encompass: (i) development towards green economy; (ii) digital access fulfilment through all Indonesia; and (iii) development outside the Java island. In light of that, business actors may consider and utilize the RPJMN as a factor in their business decisions, including in the context of M&A transactions.

Nevertheless, the recent uncertainty in global economics may influence the decisions of business players in completing mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions. The market may experience a temporary halt as it awaits the economic development. Consequently, we do not anticipate a significant number of M&A transactions in the first quarter (Q1), except for specific business sectors such as peer-to-peer lending, where the issuance of new licenses is temporarily suspended by the Financial Services Authority.

As the fintech industry getting more popular in recent years, M&A transactions was revolving around this sector. However, due to the winter tech that affects the tech companies and start up all over the world, there is less M&A transactions involving tech companies. The business players tend to move back to the old fashion business.

Concerns and awareness regarding environmental protection and sustainable development have garnered increasing attention from various stakeholders, including governments, financial institutions, and society. These factors have influenced the policies implemented and enforced by the Indonesian government, including any incentives that investors may benefit from. In response to the recent ESG initiative, certain environmentally friendly industries, such as electric vehicles, experienced significant popularity. Consequently, the renewable and non-renewable energy sectors also garnered considerable traction. One noteworthy aspect concerning the renewable and non-renewable energy sectors is that the Indonesian government mandates that any proceeds generated from the exportation of natural resource commodities (devisa hasil ekspor dari barang ekspor sumber daya alam) (“DHE SDA”) be deposited in either the Indonesian Export Financing Agency or Indonesian Foreign Exchange Banks (“Indonesian Financial System”). Currently, the DHE SDA must be deposited in a special account designated for DHE SDA within the Indonesian Financial System, with a minimum deposit of 30% of the total amount for a period of at least three months as of the deposit date. However, there is information indicating that the threshold will be increased, requiring exporters to deposit 100% of their foreign exchange revenue from exporting natural resource commodities within Indonesia for a minimum of one year .

1. Global Uncertainties

Geopolitical issues have emerged as the primary concerns, with significant economic repercussions for nations worldwide. These concerns are likely to impact the appetite of business players to engage in M&A transactions. Consequently, there may be a tendency for companies to prioritize fund preservation to ensure their long-term sustainability, rather than expanding their business operations despite the uncertainties.

2. Establishment of Indonesian Sovereign Wealthfund (Danantara)

In 2025, the Indonesian government established a new sovereign wealth fund named “Danantara.” Danantara is authorized to undertake investment activities and aspires to emerge as a capital orchestrator, facilitating investment in strategic sectors with guaranteed efficiency. Consequently, Danantara may also assume the role of a new player actively engaged in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions within Indonesia.

3. Legal Certainty

Legal certainty has emerged as a pivotal factor in attracting investment, particularly from foreign investors. To foster trust among foreign investors, the Indonesian government must prioritize the establishment of legal certainty within the Indonesian market and business practices. Once the Indonesian government successfully builds trust with foreign investors, it is anticipated that numerous investment opportunities through M&A transactions will arise. This is attributed to Indonesia’s promising market potential, characterized by its abundant renewable energy resources and substantial population.

Control over a publicly listed company can be gained by either acquiring existing shares or subscribing to new shares by purchasing offered rights.

Shares acquisition in a publicly traded company will trigger a mandatory tender offer if there is a change of control. The regulation defines control as (i) having more than 50% of the issued shares in the company with voting rights, or (ii) having less than 50% of shares in the company but having the power to determine (either directly or indirectly) the management or policies of the company.

The POJK No. 9/2018 elaborates certain conditions in which the shares control will not trigger a mandatory tender offer, among others: (i) the acquisition resulted from marriage or inheritance; (ii) the acquisition resulted from court decision that are final and binding; (iii) the acquisition resulted from the private placement in order to improve the financial position of the target company as regulated under the relevant OJK regulation; (iv) the acquisition results from a rights issue, where the shareholders obtain shares by exercising their rights in proportion to their shareholding, or (v) the acquisition results from an increase of capital without pre-emptive rights in the context of debt restructuring where the public company is in financial distress.

For private target companies, the publicly available information would be limited to (i) the corporate information of the company which can be obtained from the Minister of Law system and (ii) the litigation information of the target, if any, as published in the online registers of the courts having jurisdiction over the target’s domicile (the Case Search Information System or locally known as Surat Informasi Penelusuran Perkara). However, there are a few downsides to using this publicly available information as there is a possibility that the information contained on the website is not updated.

For listed target companies, in addition to the general information that is available as stipulated above, the following information/documents are also available for the public:

• the appointment of a corporate secretary;
• allocations of securities;
• any disclosure that must be announced to the public;
• public disclosures concerning certain shareholders;
• reports concerning conflict of interest transactions;
• report concerning material transactions;
• announcement and disclosure of bonus shares;
• resolution of the general meeting of the shareholders; and/or
• audited financial statement and annual report of the target.

Listed target companies are subject to stricter information disclosure requirements. For instance, POJK 31/2015 requires a public company to disclose any material facts or information to the public and OJK within the prescribed timeframe.

Investors usually carry out due diligence on legal, finance, and tax matters of the target company for M&A transactions. Some technical due diligence might be required if the target company involves certain specific activities. For example, if the target company involves in the IT industry, the investors may require additional due diligence on the IT system and personal data protection policy of the target company.

For the legal due diligence in Indonesian M&A transactions, full-blown due diligence covering corporate documents, licenses, manpower, material agreements, assets, insurance, environmental compliance, litigation and court searches are usually required.

The organs of an Indonesian limited liability company consist of (i) a general meeting of shareholders, (ii) the board of directors, and (iii) the board of commissioners. The general meeting of shareholders is the highest organ in which the Indonesian Company Law regulates that certain actions of the company must be approved by the general meeting of shareholders. Some of the matters that require approval from the general meeting of the shareholders, according to the Indonesian Company Law are:

• Shares buyback;
• Amendment of the company’s authorized and issued capital;
• Amendment of the company’s articles of association;
• Merger, consolidation, acquisition, division (spin-off);
• Filing for the company’s bankruptcy
• Extension of the company’s duration;
• Dissolution; and
• Transfer or encumber the company’s assets having a value of more than 50% of the total asset of the company.

On the other hand, the board of directors and the board of commissioners are part of the management of the company. The Indonesian Company Law regulates a two-tier management system consisting of the Board of Directors (BOD) and the Board of Commissioners (BOC). The BOD is fully responsible for the management of the company, having the authority to represent the company and to perform the day-to-day management of the company. The BOC is mandated to supervise the BOD in performing its duty and to provide advice to the BOD.

See the elaboration in question number 8. In general, the directors of the company are responsible for the operation of the target company. As for the controlling shareholders, their vote would be required to fulfill the quorum requirement for certain actions that need to be determined by the general meeting of shareholders, as required under the Indonesian Company Law.

Specific to an M&A transaction, the Indonesian Company law protects the rights of the employees and the minority shareholders. For employees, Indonesian Company Law requires the company to inform the employees before the occurrence of an M&A transaction. The purpose is to ensure that the employees can request termination (with payment of their severance payment package) if they do not agree to work under the new management following the M&A transaction.

As for the minority shareholders, the Indonesian Company Law specifically regulates that the company must consider the interest of a minority shareholder in undertaking M&A transactions. The Indonesian Company Law even regulates that the company is required to purchase the shares of dissenting minority shareholders in an M&A transaction.

It is common for M&A transactions in Indonesia to have a conditionality clause. If the target company’s activities require approval from a specific government institution for the completion of the M&A transaction (for example banks, fintech companies, and finance companies would need the OJK’s approval), the approval would be stated as the condition for completion. Other than that, the parties usually include the required target company’s shareholders’ approval, the result of their negotiation and the due diligence issues as the conditions for the completion of the transaction.

Further, certain approval from stakeholders such as lender and main business partners may also be relevant. Due to this reason, under the Indonesian Company Law, the company which conducts M&A must make an announcement in newspaper, both prior and post M&A by the virtue of notifying stakeholders. Particular for certain industries or pre-Initial Public Offering (IPO) target which are subject to lock up, the parties may consider certain transition form of instrument before the entire steps of transaction could be completed.

As such, the parties to the M&A transactions usually execute the so-called conditional shares sale and purchase agreement. Under the so-called conditional shares sale and purchase agreement, various indemnities clauses and also representations and warranties will have major impact towards the transaction. Further in various events, if the previous shareholders sell 100% of their shares, they will also be requested to various undertaking which hold them to conduct the same business for certain period of times and to solicit certain members of key persons.

Further, in the event that the M&A will result the joint venture between the existing shareholder and the new shareholder/investor, the investor usually will stipulate provision regarding lock-up period for the founder of the company as an addition obligation towards the various matters of indemnities clauses. After the completion, they will execute a deed of restatement of shareholders (in which approving the acquisition) and the deed of acquisition before the notary, as required by Indonesian Company Law. For the acquisition, the company will need to obtain approval of Ministry of Law or Receipt of Notification. Later, the company will also conduct post-acquisition announcement within 30 days as of the Ministry of Law Receipt of Notification / Approval (to the extent applicable).

It would be up to the negotiation between the parties. The common effort to secure deal exclusivity in Indonesia is to insert exclusivity and break-up clauses in the agreement. The exclusivity clause would clearly regulate that the sellers are prohibited to hold any negotiation with other parties concerning the acquisition of the target company starting from the signing of the term sheet up to a certain deadline as agreed between the parties. To ensure that the sellers would abide by the exclusivity clause, the acquirer sometimes also adds a break-up clause in the agreement, which requires the sellers to pay for certain fees if they decide to not pursue the transactions after the signing of the term sheet or the conditional shares sale and purchase agreement.

See the response in question 12 concerning the break-up clause in the agreement.

Cash is the most common consideration used between the parties in an M&A transaction in Indonesia. Aside from cash, the consideration may also be in the form of new shares issued by the acquirer for the seller as method of the payment or the combination of cash and new shares. In practice, M&A transactions in Indonesia, the acquirer may also give earn out to provides protection for both parties due to the uncertainty of any potential future but not proven yet upside affecting the agreed valuation.

For a general acquisition transaction, the Indonesian Company Law requires the company to announce the acquisition plan in a daily newspaper 30-day before the shareholders approve the transaction (either via a general meeting of shareholders or a circular resolution of shareholders). If the target company is a publicly listed company, additional public disclosure would be required. For an acquisition of listed companies transaction that requires a Mandatory Tender Offer (MTO), an announcement of the MTO plan must be made in: (i) at least one daily newspaper or (ii) the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) website, within two business days after obtaining an announcement approval from the OJK. On the other hand, for a Voluntary Tender Offer (VTO) transaction, the offeror must submit a VTO statement to OJK and publish it in at least two daily newspapers on the same day as the submission day to the OJK.

For a non-acquisition transaction (acquiring a minority stake in a target company), no mandatory public disclosure is required if the target is a private company. On the other hand, if the target company is a publicly listed company, public disclosure should be made if the purchase of shares involves at least 5% shares in the company. OJK Regulation No. 4 of 2024 on Reports on Ownership of or Any Ownership Changes in Public Company Shares and Reports on Activities of Encumbering Public Company Shares requires any party to report to OJK upon the changes of ownership for the minimum of 5% or more paid-up shares in the public company, either directly or indirectly.

Recently, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has proposed a plan to require public disclosure where the purchase of shares involves at least 1% of the shares in a publicly listed company. However, as of the date of this article, no regulation governing this requirement has been issued.

If the target is a private company, there is no requirement to make a public disclosure concerning the negotiation between the parties. On the other hand, if the target is a publicly listed company, the bidder may (but is not obliged) to make a public disclosure that it is in a negotiation with the seller. The announcement can be made in a national newspaper or on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) website. If the bidder decides to make the announcement, it must:

A. also submit the announcement to (i) the target company, (ii) OJK, and (iii) the stock exchange where the target company is listed on the same day as the announcement date ; and

B. update the information concerning the negotiation via the national newspaper or the stock exchange’s website.

In the event that the bidder decides to not announce the negotiation, the regulation requires all parties to keep the confidentiality of the negotiation process.

One of the bidder’s reasoning to make a public disclosure concerning the negotiation is if it anticipates an increase in the price of the target’s shares which may affect the minimum consideration price of the MTO (see further elaboration in Question number 19). If an announcement is made, the calculation formulas to determine the minimum price of MTO would kick in once the negotiation is announced.

The laws do not set a hard deadline for the period of negotiations or due diligence between the parties. Therefore, it would be up to the commercial discussion and agreement between the parties.

Generally, there is no maximum time period between the announcement of a transaction and completion of a transaction. Further, generally, there are no obligations under the Indonesian law to announce any ongoing transaction.

While there is no time period between the announcement of a transaction and completion of a transaction, there are a few things worth noting:

a. For public companies, POJK No. 9/2018 governs a provision relating to the announcement of an ongoing transaction. Under POJK No. 9/2018, the regulation does not oblige any party to announce the negotiation process. It only governs the rights of the parties to announce the negotiation process of an acquisition of a public company, in order to calculate the Average Trading Price (as defined below) of a public company. See the response in question 19 for further elaboration on this matter.

b. For both public company and private company, under the Indonesian Company Law, the Board of Directors of the surviving company, the Board of Directors of the Company resulting from consolidation and/or the Board of Directors of the Company which shares are acquired (“Transaction”), are required to publish the result of the Transaction within at the latest by 30 (thirty) days as of the effective date of the Transaction in 1 (one) or more newspaper.

For both a private target company and a public target company, the parties are generally free to decide the price of the transaction due to the freedom of contract principle that is adopted by Indonesian law.

However, if the target company is a publicly listed company, an MTO obligation is required to be conducted by the new controlling shareholder. The regulations set certain formulas to determine the consideration price in an MTO. As the calculation formula would vary in accordance with POJK No. 9/2018, usually the price of the MTO would depend on: (i) the average price of the highest daily trading price on the Indonesian Stock Exchange within a period of last 90 days (“Average Trading Price”); or (ii) the price of the acquisition.

The bidder is required to make an MTO with the highest price among the Average Trading Price of the price of the acquisition. For example, if the Average Trading Price of PT A Tbk is Rp. 1,000, and the price of the acquisition if Rp. 2,000, the bidder is required to conduct an MTO for PT A Tbk at Rp. 2,000 since the price of the acquisition is higher than the Average Trading Price. Vise versa, if the Average Trading Price of PT A Tbk is Rp. 2,000, and the price of the acquisition is Rp. 1,000, the bidder is required to conduct an MTO for PT A Tbk at Rp. 2,000 since the Average Trading Price is higher than the price of the acquisition.

If the bidder decided to make a public disclosure regarding its negotiation with the seller, the 90 days period will be counted before the public disclosure regarding the negotiation. However, if the bidder decided not to make any disclosure regarding the negotiation, the 90 days period will be counted before the announcement of acquisition.

While there is no minimum price may be set for the shares of a company, parties in a transaction must consider the tax aspect when conducting a sale and purchase of shares. According to Minister of Finance Regulation No. 79 of 2023 on Appraisal Procedures for Tax Purposes (“MoF No. 79/2023”), the directorate general of tax may conduct an appraisal to determine the value of, among others, intangible assets and business. The appraisal to determine the value of an intangible assets and business may be conducted for the implementation of supervision, examination, transfer price agreements, and others. The appraisal result shall be used as, among other things: (i) basis for calculating payable tax and (ii) basis for determining a fair transfer price. Therefore, parties in a transaction cannot agree to an unreasonable low price to avoid their tax obligations.

It is not common for the target companies to provide financial assistance to the acquirer in purchasing shares in the company as this would not be in the interest of the company. It can also be challenged that the financing is deemed as a furtherance of the objects of the company (or the Ultra Vires Doctrine) considering that the target company would not obtain any commercial benefit from the transaction. However, it is possible that certain target companies may provide financial assistance for the acquirer with the note that the financial assistance shall be structured properly by the target companies.

Indonesian law acknowledges the concept of freedom of contract. Under the freedom of contract principle, parties are free to choose the governing law applicable to their contracts – they may choose whichever law they prefer as long as there is a connection point between the selected law with the matter and the subject of the contract. If the parties to the transaction are all Indonesian parties, they usually choose Indonesian law as the governing law. However, if there are foreign parties, the foreign parties usually choose either Singapore Law or English Law to be used as the governing law of the contract.

If the buyer (the bidder) decides to make public disclosure concerning the negotiation process for the purchase of shares in a publicly listed company (as referred to in Question 16), it must provide among others the following information:

A. Name of the target company to be acquired;
B. The estimated number of shares to be acquired;
C. Its identity (e.g., name, address, contact number, business activities);
D. The number of existing shares owned by the bidder in the target company, (if any);
E. The purposes of the acquisition and the acquisition plan;
F. The cooperation plan, agreement, or decision between the Organized Group Parties if the acquisition is carried out by the Organized Group Parties;
G. The means and process of the negotiation; and
H. The negotiation material.

If the transfer of shares would result in an acquisition transaction, the transfer of shares agreement must be made in a notarial deed, as regulated under the Indonesian Company Law. Otherwise, a privately executed agreement would be sufficient to govern the transaction between the parties.

The parties to the transaction should also observe and comply with the Indonesian Language Law requirement which requires the Indonesian version of an agreement made with Indonesian parties. The Indonesian Language Law requirement further regulates that if the agreement is made between Indonesian parties, the agreement must be made in the Indonesian language. Otherwise, if there is a foreign party to the agreement, the agreement can be signed in a foreign language and Indonesian language (with the foreign language as the governing language).

Unlike other countries which require stamp duty charges for an acquisition transaction, Indonesian law does not require such charges. Indonesian law only requires the party to affix a duty stamp sticker (for IDR 10,000,-) on the signatory page of the transfer agreement. In addition to this, the selling shareholders would be subject to income tax regulation should there is any profit being made as a result of the acquisition transaction.

For the listed shares of a public company, transfer of shares is effectively completed upon the crossing mechanism in the stock exchange via the appointed securities companies. The transferred shares would then be recorded in the Indonesia Central Securities Depository (Kustodian Sentral Efek Indonesia / KSEI).

Foreign taxpayers that sold their shares in Indonesia are subject to Article 238 Minister of Finance Regulation No. 81 of 2024 on Taxation Provisions for the Implementation of the Core Tax Administration System, as lastly amended by Minister of Finance Regulation No. 1 of 2026 on Fourth Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 81 of 2024 on Taxation Provisions for the Implementation of the Core Tax Administration System (“MoF No. 81/2024”) which states that the income from a sale of company shares obtained by foreign taxpayers (other than permanent establishment) will be subject to a tax of 5% of the selling price (“Income Tax”). The company may only record the deed of transfer of rights to shares if the foreign taxpayer has proven that the Income Tax has been paid in full by a submission of a copy of the proof of withholding or collection of Income Tax.

Further, the Minister of Finance also governs regarding the sale or transfer of shares in a special purpose company or conduit company (“SPV”) as reflected under Minister of Finance Regulation No. 258/PMK.03/2008 of 2008 on Withholding of Article 26 Income Tax on Income from the Sale or Transfer of Shares as Referred to in Article 18 paragraph 3C of Income Tax Law Received or Obtained by Foreign Taxpayers (“MoF No. 258/2008”). MoF No. 258/2008 governs that a party may choose to establish an SPV for the purpose of selling or transferring company shares established or domiciled in a tax haven country which has a special relationship with an entity established or domiciled in Indonesia or a permanent establishment in Indonesia. The sale or transfer of shares in an SPV shall be subject to an income tax of 20% of the estimated net income and the estimated net income shall be 25% of the selling price. Thus, the income tax shall be 5% of the selling price.

No, hostile acquisition is not formally recognized under Indonesian law.

Generally, Indonesian Company Law provides certain level of protective procedures for acquisition. Indonesian Company Law requires that the quorum to conduct a general meeting of shareholders to approve (i) a merger must be at least ¾; and (ii) acquisition must be at least ¾, of the votes casted in the meeting. If general meeting of shareholders will convey its decision through a circular resolution, 100% of the shareholders must provide their approval to the acquisition. This criteria creates certain level of protection over the minority shareholders of the Indonesian Company.

Indonesian law also obliges the company which will undergo acquisition to conduct announcements in newspapers, prior and after the acquisition process, to ensure that all related parties (including shareholders, creditor, and employee) to be aware of the acquisition and may deliver any objections if the acquisition is deemed to cause harm to their interests.

Although hostile acquisition is not recognized under Indonesian law, there are other method which may resemble hostile acquisition, namely VTO method for public listed companies.

VTO method in Indonesia is govern under POJK No. 54/2015, where VTO is defined as a voluntary offer by a party to acquire equity securities issued by the target company by the way of purchasing or by exchanging with other securities through mass media. To conduct voluntary tender offer, the acquirer shall submit the voluntary tender offer statement to the stock exchange, target company, and other party which has announced voluntary tender offer (if any). The voluntary tender offer in Indonesia may be conducted within or outside stock exchange.

Generally, the directors would simply implement his / her obligations under the company law where any director shall uphold fiduciary duty and protect the best interest of the Company when the hostile approach appears. It is not clear on whether these principles should be interpreted in what extent to prevent the hostile takeover. However, Director shall take into account various issues (e.g. employees, lenders, etc) for any acquisition in any communication and discussion during the hostile process.

See the response in question 5 concerning the trigger of a mandatory tender offer in a publicly listed company.

In addition to the general rights of a shareholder as regulated by the Indonesian Company Law, i.e., the rights of casting votes and receiving dividends (or liquidation proceeds of the company), the Indonesian Company Law also provides additional rights to the minority shareholders, among others:

A. The right to stop “detrimental actions” – the Indonesian Company Law regulates that any shareholders have the right to file a lawsuit against the company to the court for any damage caused by the acts of the company which is considered to be unfair and unreasonable resulting from any decisions of the General Meeting of Shareholders, the Board of Directors and/or the Commissioners.

B. The right to sell its shares in a dissenting opinion in a General Meeting of Shareholders – the Indonesian Company Law states that if a shareholder does not approve the actions of the company in (i) amending the articles of association, (ii) transfer or encumbrance of the assets of the company or (iii) merger, consolidation, acquisition or division of the company, such shareholder may require the company to purchase its/his/her shares “at a reasonable price”.

C. The right to call for a shareholders’ meeting – at the request of one or more shareholders who together represent at least 1/10 of the total number of issued shares with valid voting rights (or any smaller amount as provided for in the articles of association), a general meeting of shareholders must be conducted.

D. The right to commence court proceedings against Directors or Commissioners – the Indonesian Company Law regulates that shareholder(s) representing at least 1/10 of the total number of issued shares with valid voting rights may, on behalf of the company, file a lawsuit to the district court against a member of the Board of Directors and/or the Board of Commissioners, whose fault or negligence has caused loss to the company.

E. The right to apply for a judicial inspection of a company, a director and/or a commissioner – the Indonesian Company Law states that shareholder(s) representing at least 1/10 of the total number of issued shares with valid voting rights has/have the right to request the district court to investigate the company, a Director and/or a Commissioner, if such shareholder believes that the company or the respective Director/Commissioner has committed an unlawful act that has caused losses to the company, the shareholders, or a third party.

F. The right to seek dissolution of the company – the Indonesian Company Law regulates that one or more shareholders representing at least 1/10 of the total number of issued shares with valid voting rights have the right to submit a request to the GMS to dissolve the company.
G. Pre-emptive rights – the Indonesian Company Law states that any shareholder (including minority shareholders) shall have pre-emptive rights to subscribe for newly issued shares by the company except for certain conditions .

Lastly, the shareholders of a company may also regulate their rights and obligations in a shareholders’ agreement. The content and level of protection would depend on the commercial discussion between the parties. As we observed, we note that the common additional protections requested by minority shareholders in a shareholders agreement are among others (i) reserved matters – so that the majority shareholders would still require approval from the minority shareholders for certain important matters, (ii) tag-along right – so that the minority shareholders would have an option to tag along once the majority shareholders sell their shares to a third party, (iii) right of first offer or refusal – so that the minority shareholders would get an offer first once the majority shareholders decide to sell its shares in the company.

Under a shareholders agreements, there may be a tag-along rights which may be exercised by the minority shareholders where the majority shareholder wish to sell their shares. The minority shareholders may request tag along to sell their shares altogether when the majority sells to the new party. Conversely, if there is a drag-along clause in a shareholder agreement between the selling shareholders and the minority shareholders, the selling shareholders can request the minority shareholders to sell their shares in the target company.

Apart from the above, under the Indonesian Company Law, if a shareholder rejects certain major agenda in the shareholders meeting and such shareholder has shares representing 10% or more voting rights, he/she/it may request for the Company to buy back their shares at the fair market price.

Minority shareholders owned by the public person in a public company (“Public Shareholders”) usually do not have any shareholders agreement arrangement with the controller of the public company. The Public Shareholders are protected under several regulations, such as the Indonesian Company Law and POJK 9/2018. Under POJK 9/2018, an MTO obligation is required to be conducted by the new controlling shareholder. An MTO is an offer to purchase the remaining shares of a public company that must be made by the new controller. The Public Shareholders are given the rights (not an obligation) by the new controlling shareholders of a public company to sell their shares at a given price. This mechanism is a protection for Public Shareholders that disagree with the change of control in a public company.

See the response in question 15 concerning the public disclosure of an MTO and question 19 concerning the Price of the MTO.