Outstanding full-service IP giant Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP houses one of the most well-rounded practices in the market. The firm covers a wide range of sectors, and has an excellent track record of performances in the major US venues, including the PTAB, the ITC and the Federal Circuit. A Washington DC trio comprised of managing partner Anand Sharma, chair Mark Sweet and litigation practice chair Frank DeCosta sits at the helm of the practice, which continues to be renowned for its experience handling Hatch-Waxman litigation, but also offers a powerful disputes practice for technology, semiconductor and electronics clients. John Livingstone, who heads the Atlanta office; Robert Shaffer, whose expertise includes medical device, biologics, cutting-edge consumer products, and gaming; and Danielle Duszczyszyn, like Shaffer based in Washington DC and  is particularly well-versed in patent cases related to biological products and those arising from the filing of ANDAs, are additional key contacts.

Kirkland & Ellis LLP houses a stellar bench of experienced trial lawyers, including the New York-based Gregory Arovas, Robert Appleby, Joseph Loy, and Todd Friedman; James Hurst, Amanda Hollis, and Bryan Hales in Chicago; Michael De Vries and Ellisen Turner in Los Angeles; Adam Alper in San Francisco; Gregg LoCascio and John O’Quinn in Washington DC; and Jeannie Heffernan in Austin. Operating across the country, the practice is a preferred choice for major industry clients for a wide gamut of patent disputes, litigating cases before district courts, the Federal Circuit, the ITC, the PTAB, and the Supreme Court. The group has particular expertise in the semiconductor, telecommunications, technology, electronics and pharmaceutical industries.

Latham & Watkins LLP‘s patent litigation practice comprises a stellar group of litigators lawyers with significant expertise in high-stakes pharmaceutical and life sciences cases, as well as in disputes from the automotive, technology, and electronics sectors. A regular choice for top-notch names such as Johnson & Johnson, Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, Jaguar Land Rover Limited, or LG, the team also has an excellent reputation for taking over cases at advanced stages. The group covers all major US patent venues, including district courts, the ITC, and the PTAB.  David Callahan, based in the Chicago office; the New York-based Tony Sammi, who joined in September 2021 from Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP; Jennifer Barry (San Diego); Washington DC-based partners Maximilian Grant, Michael Morin, Gabriel Bell, and Matthew Moore; Gregory Sobolski in San Francisco; and Douglas Lumish, who operates from Silicon Valley, are the key names. Recent work highlights include representing AbbVie against Alvotech, who is seeking FDA approval of a biosimilar version of AbbVie’s drug HUMIRA®.

WilmerHale’s renowned patent litigation practice garners praise for being ‘capable of handling the biggest, most complex, and most important patent litigation matters’. The firm earns additional plaudit for having a ‘great bench from top to bottom’, consisting of experienced litigators as well as technically trained attorneys who hold degrees in areas such as engineering, computer science, biology and chemistry degrees. A popular choice for technology and life sciences clients, including biotechnology and pharmaceutical players, as well as for semiconductor companies, the team offers strong cross-border capabilities, and has a solid track record litigating cases before the district courts, the Federal Circuit, the Supreme Court, and the ITC. Lisa Pirozzolo (Boston) and Mark Selwyn (Palo Alto) co-head the IP litigation department, while Emily Whelan and Joseph Haag, based in Boston and Palo Alto respectively, chair the broader IP practice. Other noted practitioners include seasoned Boston-based litigator William Lee; Sonal Mehta, who has a particular focus on technology companies; Amy Wigmore (DC); Denver’s Mindy Sooter; Robert Gunther; Brittany Amadi; and Omar Khan. Donald Steinberg retired in 2021.

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP‘s impressive patent litigation team appeals to clients for its long track record of acting in challenging IP cases, representing leading global companies, especially from the pharmaceutical and technology sectors. Names such as Fitbit, EMC, EMD Serono and Pfizer, T-Mobile, Novartis, and Peloton are among the group’s enviable client roster. The core of the practice is based in New York, where Josh Krevitt (also present in Palo Alto), Jane Love, Kate Dominguez, and Benjamin Hershkowitz are the main contacts. Ernest Hsin in San Francisco and Wayne Barsky in Los Angeles are other key contacts. Additionally, the team offers robust ITC experience, which complements the firm’s strong district court, Federal Circuit and PTAB practice.

Drawing from its strong global and US presence, Jones Day is a solid choice for complex cross-border IP disputes. The practice is frequently sought out by leading pharmaceutical and life science companies for the protection of their patents, and maintains a busy caseload in the technology, electronics, software and consumer product sectors. The group regularly acts before the country's most relevant venues, with a good track record before the federal circuit, PTAB, and a growing ITC practice. Steering the team are the Cleveland-based David Maiorana, co-chair of the IP litigation practice; and Anthony Insogna in San Diego, who is currently chair of the firm’s global IP department and is particularly well versed in representing  pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Andrea Jeffries (Los Angeles); Jones Day (Chicago); Sarah Geers (New York); and Greg Lanier (Silicon Valley) are other key names of the practice.

A ‘deep bench of experienced patent litigators’ make up Paul Hastings LLP‘s practice which is frequently the first choice for leading drug makers enforcing or defending key patents. Life sciences and pharmaceutical litigation, including biotech disputes, remain the core strengths of the team, but technology, semiconductor, and consumer product clients also frequently seek out the group for its success rate in these sectors. Clients include Samsung, Merck, AbbVie/Allergan, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Google, Mitsubishi Tanabe, TikTok,  L’Oréal, and FitBit. New York-based attorneys Eric Dittmann and Bruce Wexler, who is renowned for his superb life sciences practice, co-head the global IP practice in conjunction with Washington DC’s Naveen Modi, a ‘savvy litigator’ who drives the firm’s notable post-grant review practice. Robert Unikel in Chicago, California’s Yar Chaikovsky and Phillip Ou, and senior associate David Okano are other highlighted members of the practice. The Palo Alto office was reinforced in 2021 with the arrival of partner Matthias Kamber from Keker, Van Nest & Peters LLP, The Washington DC office grew with the addition of ITC specialist Kecia Reynolds from Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP.

Nicholas Groombridge, a renowned patent litigator who also ‘stands out as an excellent communicator and strategist’, leads the practice at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, which has particularly strong expertise before the PTAB, complemented by a solid experience in other US venues such as the Federal Circuit and the ITC. Excelling across a wide range of fields, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical devices, computer software and hardware, electronics, telecommunications and financial services, the practice includes deputy chair Catherine Nyarady, Jennifer Wu, and Eric Alan Stone in New York. Steven Baughman, ‘the partner to rely on in a technical patent case’, and counsel Megan Raymond, who handles ‘difficult arguments and witnesses with grace and effectiveness’, are based in the Washington DC office.

Earning plaudit for approaching the work with ‘extreme thoroughness and high level of coordination’, Washington DC-based firm Williams & Connolly LLP is well known for representing clients from the pharmaceutical and biotech, electronics and software fields, primarily in Hatch-Waxman litigation, licensing disputes, as well as in trade secret litigation. The practice is jointly headed by David Berl, who has a strong focus on biotech and small molecule pharmaceuticals; and Jessamyn Berniker, who has extensive experience in Hatch-Waxman cases. They are closely supported by key practitioners Bruce Genderson, who is lauded as one of the ‘best trial attorneys in the IP space’, ‘excellent first chair trial attorney’ Stanley Fisher; Andrew Trask, who focuses on patent appeals; Adam Harber; Thomas Selby; and Dov Grossman.

Arnold & Porter’s patent litigation practice is jointly headed from Washington DC by the reputed Matthew Wolf, who has an established track record in patent disputes across the district courts, the ITC, and multiple appellate courts; and Dina Hayes, a skilled patent litigator with a particular expertise in the technology, pharmaceutical, life sciences and consumer products sectors. Further expertise is brought in by Deborah Fishman in Silicon Valley; and San Francisco’s Michael Berta, a regular advisor for Adobe, Google or Crocs, who is experienced in both patent and trade secret litigation. The group, which is also well-versed in Hatch-Waxman litigation, also operates from Los Angeles, New York, Denver and Chicago.

Baker Botts L.L.P. houses a sturdy and active patent litigation practice, which garners praise for its ‘excellent technical chops; litigation savvy; first-rate work product; and excellent oral advocacy’. The group is particularly skilled in acting for defendants side and handling PTAB proceedings in addition to shouldering a significant Federal Circuit caseload, consistently achieving ‘great results’. The technology, telecommunications, and electronics are core focus sectors. New York's Robert Scheinfeld and the Dallas-based Christa Brown-Sanford act as chair and deputy of the IP group, while Douglas Kubehl, also in Dallas, and Roger Fulghum in New York co-head the IP litigation practice. Robert Maier, Sarah Guske, who stands out for her ‘intense strategic approach to every aspect of litigation’, Eliot Williams, ‘an excellent advocate in PTAB hearings’,  ‘outstanding strategist’ Hopkins Guy, Peter Kang, who has a focus on major Korean companies which ties in well with the firm's solid Asia-Pacific region coverage, Jennifer Tempesta, and Syed Fareed are other key names of the department.

Hailed for providing ‘tailor-made guidance’, Cooley LLP fields a comprehensive IP practice for major life sciences and technology clients, including Facebook, Microsoft, and Qualcomm, with a solid patent litigation practice which operates from Washington DC, New York, Palo Alto, San Francisco and Reston, VA. Stephen Smith, the go-to advisor for several big names from the technology space, is in charge of steering the group. Heidi Keefe , ‘a great advocate and strategic adviser’ with a strong expertise in technology sector patent cases; Jonathan Davies, who specializes in pharma and biotechnology disputes; and experienced life sciences patent litigator Sanya Sukduang are among the main contacts. The practice, which demonstrates strength in all US patent venues, also includes Erik Milch, Adam Pivovar, Matthew Brigham and Jon Graves.

DLA Piper LLP (US)’s sizable patent litigation group is a powerful force in the US, frequently praised for its ‘committed and dedicated team’, as well as for its ‘vast experience’. The practice is a preferred choice for a number of major international and domestic companies thanks to its experience in the main US patent litigation forums as well as for its solid cross-border capabilities, which it puts to use in other key patent jurisdictions such as the UK and Germany. Cases related to the technology, life sciences, and consumer products sectors account for a particularly significant portion of the caseload. The California-based team of Mark Fowler, vice chair of the intellectual property and technology practice; Sean Cunningham, the chair of the US patent litigation team, and Erin Gibson, who is particularly skilled in ITC proceedings, are the key names of the department. Washington DC’s Kathryn Riley Grasso, who according to a client is ‘able to elevate the performance of the entire team’, and Delaware’s Brian Biggs, who was promoted to partner in 2021, are other key contacts. The practice was further reinforced with the arrival in May and June 2021 of partners Jennifer Nall (Austin) and Helena Kiepura (DC), who joined from Baker Botts L.L.P. and Kirkland & Ellis LLP respectively.

Bringing to bear his expertise as a life sciences patent litigator with particular experience in acting for plaintiffs and defendants in Hatch-Waxman litigation, the Boston-based Daryl Wiesen heads the IP litigation practice at Goodwin. The practice also enjoys a solid reputation handling technology-related disputes and has a well-known IP appellate team which has recently secured victories in significant Federal Circuit and Supreme Court cases. ITC investigations are another area of strength. Key contacts include Mark Abate, Naomi Birbach and Calvin Wingfield in New York; Boston’s Elaine Blais, Srikanth Reddy, Douglas Kline, and Robert Frederickson; and Patrick McCarthy in Washington DC.

Praised for its ‘tremendous expertise’, Mayer Brown's ‘very knowledgeable team’ enjoys a solid reputation among clients from the technology, electronics, pharmaceutical, medical device, telecommunications, food and beverage, and consumer goods sectors. Skilled in handling patent disputes in the main patent forums, including the PTAB and the ITC, the practice is experience in acting for plaintiffs and defendants. New York's Lisa Ferri is the head of the practice which includes ‘top expert’ Gary Hnath in Washington DC, Richard McCormick in New York, and Jamie Beaber, who impresses with ‘his unique business savvy and sharp team-building skills’, and also operates from Washington DC. The group was reinforced in 2021 with the promotions of Bryan Nese and Manuel Velez.

Offering a mix of law, science, and engineering expertise, the patent litigation practice at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP regularly litigates on behalf of clients in federal courts, before the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the ITC, and has a steady track record before the PTAB handling appeals, reexaminations, reissue applications, and IPRs. The life sciences disputes practice is co-headed by Krista Vink Venegas and Michael Abernathy in Chicago, while a trio comprised of Michael Lyons in Silicon Valley, Chicago’s Jason White and John Gorman in Wilmington steers the technology litigation practice, which attracts leading names in the market. Other noted litigators from the group include Eric Kraeutler and Julie Goldemberg in Philadelphia, and Natalie Bennett in Washington DC.

Morrison Foerster houses a renowned IP practice with proven credentials in the technology and life science sectors, considered by some as the ‘go-to team for high-stakes patent litigation’. The team garners additional praise for offering advice which is ‘precise like an accurate watch’, and for being able to understand ‘the smallest technical issues, to the extent they can have direct discussion with key engineers and technical people’. The group is active in the US’ main patent litigation forums, including the ITC and the PTAB, and includes key practitioners Richard Hung, the San Francisco-based co-chair of the litigation team; Los Angeles’ Bita Rahebi, a regular advisor to leading technology companies; and the San Francisco-based Michael Jacobs, who earns praise as ‘one of the most experienced patent trial attorneys in the country’.

Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP fields a ‘knowledgeable and dedicated team of brilliant attorneys’ who are jointly led by Sten Jensen in Washington DC and Jared Bobrow in Silicon Valley. The team, which is well known for its outstanding PTAB practice, as well as for its broad district court and ITC experience, covers virtually all areas of technology, with a particular focus on semiconductors, networks, software, and consumer electronics technologies. The group is still successfully representing Sonos in its patent infringement litigation against rival Google. Other key names include Washington DC's, Vann Pearce and Steven Routh, who is considered an ‘excellent negotiator’, and Clement Seth Roberts (San Francisco) and Alyssa Caridis (Los Angeles), who are recommended for their ‘great client-service mindset, strong litigation chops, and willingness to have frank discussions even when the news is bad’.

Boasting a combined strength in district court, PTAB, Federal Circuit and ITC, Venable LLP stands as the IP counsel of choice for prominent companies in the life sciences and electronic sector, counting long-term clients like Canon and notable names from the pharmaceutical industry such as Novartis or Currax Pharmaceuticals among its client roster. The practice comprises seasoned trial lawyers, including the New York-based Dominick Conde and the Washington DC-based Justin Pierce as heads of the IP division; and technology litigation specialists Frank Gasparo, Michael Sandonato (both in New York) and Megan Woodworth (in Washington DC). Frank Cimino, who focuses on electronics, software, communications, and automotive technologies, is another name to note.

Life sciences and technology expert Edward Reines, and Elizabeth Weiswasser, a skilled biopharma litigator with a broad experience handling patent cases for pharma and biotech companies, co-head the practice at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP. The firm has a solid presence in Silicon Valley, Houston, New York, and Washington DC as well as strong cross-border capabilities. The department has a good track record of PTAB proceedings as well as before the Federal Circuit, and is enjoying an increasing number of successes at the ITC. Additional expertise comes from Silicon Valley's Anne Cappella and Derek Walter, with the latter being particularly well-versed in the life sciences space; and Anish Desai in New York. In 2021 Brian Ferguson in Washington DC and Houston-based partners Garland Stephens and Doug McClellan left the practice, with the latter retiring.

Winston & Strawn LLP offers a bench of ‘very capable trial lawyers across the board’, who have garnered a solid reputation over the years as one of the top patent defense trial shops. The practice stands out for its solid expertise handling cases from a wide range of sectors, including life sciences, pharmaceutical and technology, and maintains a strong presence near the major litigation venues thanks to its offices in Chicago, New York, Washington DC and its California and Texas hubs. The team, which is jointly led by Chuck Klein in Washington DC, and David Enzminger in Los Angeles, was notably reinforced in January 2022 with the arrival of Brian Ferguson, former department co-head at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP. Pharma expert George Lombardi and Thomas Melsheimer are other key names.

Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP fields a group of ‘superb trial lawyers with a long track record in dealing with complex patent litigation’, who are particularly well-versed in the life sciences, ‘including biologics and technology’, medical devices and telecommunications sectors. New York-based practitioners Keith Hummel, who has a ‘particular expertise in handling complex, often multi-jurisdictional patent disputes’, and Sharonmoyee Goswami are the key contacts of the practice, which brings to bear its extensive transactional expertise, and is also a solid choice for commercial litigation frequently arising from IP matters, such as antitrust and breach of license claims. Richard Stark  retired in December 2021.

Well-established IP boutique firm Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear LLP operates from its offices in in Los Angeles, New York, Orange County, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington DC, providing comprehensive IP services to clients across the country before the federal and state courts, the ITC, in Patent Office proceedings, as well as before international forums. The firm has a strong life sciences litigation practice, with a high rate of success handling Hatch-Waxman litigation, and a balanced mix of cases for IP holders and defendants. Irvine’s Sheila Swaroop and Michael Friedland have recently taken the reins of the team, which includes William Zimmerman, who has a stellar record in Hatch-Waxman litigation; and ANDA experts Carol Pitzel Cruz and Joseph Reisman. Jeremiah Helm, promoted to partner in January 2021, is another name to note. Clients include Monster Energy, Smith & Nephew, Nobel Biocare, Fisher & Paykel, and Edwards Lifesciences Corporation.

McDermott Will & Emery LLP has added bench strength to its West Coast capabilities with the arrival of Douglas Carsten; a skilled litigator with a good record in the life sciences IP arena formerly at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. The ‘exceptional team’ has also bolstered its East Coast life sciences practice with the arrival of DC-based partner Adam Burrowbridge, who also joined from Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Silicon Valley’s William Gaede heads the group, which remains a one-stop-shop for clients thanks to its full range of patent litigation expertise, which they put to use not only at state level, but also nationally and globally. Praised for developing ‘innovative solutions’, the practice boasts an excellent reputation in the healthcare, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology space, as evidenced by its client roster, which includes names such as Amgen, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, and United Therapeutics. Sarah Chapin Columbia in Boston; Thomas Steindler, who leads the IP litigation group in Washington, DC; Chicago’s Charles McMahon; Shane Nichols in Atlanta, who holds a degree in electrical engineering; and Mandy Kim in Orange County, who extensive ITC experience, are other key members of the department. Nicole Jantzi and Paul Schoenhard left in January 2022.

Widely known for its first-class capabilities in life sciences litigation, Milbank is particularly active at the intersection of pharma patent litigation and FDA and FTC issues, including in negotiating complex settlements in Hatch-Waxman cases. Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and medical devices companies turn to the practice led by David Gindler, a ‘formidable trial lawyer’ based in Los Angeles, who is also skilled at handling licensing disputes. Also operating from the West Coast are Gary Frischling, Lauren Drake and Yite John Lu, while the New York presence is covered by Christopher Gaspar and special counsel Nathaniel Browand. Errol Taylor retired from the firm on November 2020, and became a consulting partner. Technology, electronics and semiconductor sectors as other core focus areas of the team.

Well-known for its strong cross-border capabilities and recommended for its ‘solid legal and technical skills from top to bottom’, Norton Rose Fulbright is comfortable litigating in all US patent venues, with a particularly solid reputation in the Western District of Texas and a booming PTAB practice. The disputes team is since 2021 headed by Houston-based Daniel Leventhal, a high-tech patent litigator with a particular focus on telecommunications, electronics, and internet. His versatile team includes other noted practitioners such as Richard Zembek, global head of technology and also based in Houston; and Brett Govett and Stephanie DeBrow, both praised for being ‘exceptionally skilled lawyers that provide superb results’, and who operate from Dallas and Austin respectively.

O’Melveny & Myers LLP‘s practice maintains a strong foothold in the main US patent litigation venues, with a focus on hardware to software, augmented reality to streaming video, e-commerce and digital technology to pharmaceuticals, acting on the defense and offense side alike. The group also handles an active Hatch-Waxman and BPCIA caseload. In 2021 the firm expanded its footprint into Texas, opening two new offices in Austin and in Dallas, and added two new partners to its ranks, Tim Durst from Baker Botts L.L.P., and Tim Fink from the USPTO, who leads the PTAB practice. Practice head Ryan Yagura is based in Los Angeles. His team includes San Francisco trio Darin Snyder, Luann Simmons and David Almeling; and New York’s Lisa Pensabene, who heads the life sciences litigation practice. Counsel Mark Liang, also in Los Angeles, is another name to note.

Ropes & Gray LLP‘s team of skilled IP attorneys is split across the country in key strategic legal centers in Silicon Valley, San Francisco, New York, Boston, and Washington DC. The group frequently acts before all major patent litigation forums, but is particularly distinguished for its remarkable PTAB practice headed by seasoned litigator Scott McKeown. Garnering praise for offering ‘unique ideas’, the department is well known for its strength in the semiconductor, electronics, telecoms and manufacturing sectors.  Kevin Post and Matthew Rizzolo, who are ‘deeply versed in the relevant technologies’; James Batchelder; and practice head Andrew Thomases are the other key contacts.

Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP offers a prominent patent litigation practice, which shows particular strength in the life sciences, representing both plaintiffs and defendants, and advising big names in the industry such as Johnson & Johnson, Boston Scientific, and 3M. In addition, the group also represents major technology and electronics companies, maintaining a steady activity in federal courts, the ITC and the PTAB. Philadelphia’s Steve Maslowski steers the practice, which also operates from its patent hubs in Washington DC with Cono Carrano and Brandon Rash; New York with Michael Kahn; and Irvine with Kevin McBride. This last office was reinforced in 2021 with the arrival of Paul Tripodi from Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. Texas-based associate Andy Rosbrook is another name to note.

The practice at BakerHostetler is well known for its patent litigation capabilities acting before the Court of Federal Claims, showcasing its combined expertise in IP and government contract law. The group also holds a solid reputation and presence in other US venues, including the PTAB, the ITC, and the federal circuit, and while it shows a particular strength in the technology sector, it skillfully acts in a wide gamut of industries. Comcast, HP, L3 Harris Technologies, and Crown Holdings, are among the group’s client roster. Daniel Goettle in Philadelphia, Kevin Kirsch in Cincinnati/Columbus, and Leif Sigmond in Chicago and Philadelphia’s John Murphy are key names. Katrina M. Quicker left the firm in February 2021.

Dechert LLP‘s practice garners praise for being ‘technically sophisticated, smart, transparent, and ethical’. The group headed by Philadelphia’s Martin J Black , which is able to ‘identify strengths and weaknesses as cases mature’, regularly acting on the plaintiff’s side, has a particular strength in the life sciences sector with a dedicated Hatch-Waxman litigation team. The New York-based Katherine Helm has a focus on pharmaceutical and biotech patent litigation. In 2021 Howard Levine and Jennifer Swan joined from Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP. Silicon Valley’s Nisha Patel left the firm for an in-house position.

Greenberg Traurig, LLP‘s patent litigation team handles cases around the country, regularly acting in district courts, appellate courts, as well as before the International Trade Commission. The group shows prowess in a variety of sectors, particularly e-commerce, technology, electronics, financial services and pharmaceutical. New York-based practitioners Scott Bornstein, Allan Kassenoff, and Joshua Raskin, who garners praise for being not only an ‘incredibly strong technical lawyer, but also a great tactician and strategic advisor’, are the main contacts of the team.

Silicon Valley’s Jonathan Waldrop heads the team at Kasowitz Benson Torres LLP, which is sought out by defendants and plaintiffs from the technology and life sciences sectors and has a solid track record across the major federal patent venues. The group stands out for its growing presence in the Western District of Texas. The other key names are New York-based attorneys Jay Deshmukh and Hershy Stern, who make up the Hatch-Waxman team and focus on disputes arising from patents covering pharmaceutical products; and California-based duo Darcy Jones and Marcus Barber, who cover a wide range of technologies, including software and telecommunications.