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French criminal law is to be interpreted strictly. This principle, enshrined in Article 111-4 of the French Criminal Code, is a principle that permeates French criminal law.

The UPC Court of Appeal recently overturned a first instance decision in the first case of SPC enforcement at the UPC, granting Merz a preliminary injunction against Viatris. The decision clarifies when a patentee must act to avoid undue delay in seeking provisional measures, emphasizing that applicants need sufficient certainty of imminent infringement before filing. The Court conducted a detailed analysis of French regulatory procedures and market practices to determine whether Merz had acted with reasona