Small Modular Reactors: An Examination Of India's Nuclear Energy Initiative

In the Union Budget 2025-26, the Government of India launched a major initiative by introducing the "Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat." This mission aims to increase nuclear power capacity and is considered a significant milestone in achieving long-term energy security and climate goals, including the 'Net Zero by 2070' target. The mission further aims to reach 100 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047 with an allocation of ₹20,000 crore. This policy signals a clear intent to involve the private sector in a domain previously reserved for public sector undertakings. Central to this initiative is the introduction of Small Modular Reactors ("SMRs"), a technology intended to supplement India's existing large-scale nuclear power infrastructure. While this move presents opportunities, it also raises significant legal and commercial challenges due to India's existing legislative framework.