ARTICLE · 21 SEPTEMBER 2026
Exploring Compliance Pathways For Intellectual Property In Large Model Training Data
As artificial intelligence transitions from discriminative to generative capabilities through large model technologies, the legal frameworks governing intellectual property and data protection face unprecedented challenges. This analysis examines the emerging legal boundaries around AI training data through recent landmark cases in the United States, Germany, and China, exploring the tensions between copyright law, personal information protection, and trade secret regulations in the context of massive-scale
GlobalIntellectual Property
Breakthrough advances in large model technologies have driven artificial intelligence from the “discriminative” era into the “generative” era. A key factor behind this leap in capability is the use of massive volumes of training data. However, existing legal frameworks governing intellectual property and data protection were not originally designed with large-scale machine learning and its extensive use of data in mind. The tension between existing legal frameworks and technological development has already given rise to numerous disputes and lawsuits in the large model industry. Between 2025 and 2026, landmark cases concerning alleged copyright infringement involving AI training data emerged in the United States, Germany, China and other jurisdictions, ranging from class actions brought by U.S. authors against six major AI companies, to a Munich court ruling that OpenAI infringed copyright by using song lyrics for model training without authorization, and the first copyright
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