Danielle Cohen Immigration Law Solicitors Limited

MPs often receive questions from constituents about the UK asylum system and financial support for people seeking asylum. The House of Commons Library published on 16th September 2025 a list of the common questions asked and the issues which were covered. Below is a summary of some of the questions published by the research briefing. 1. Why are people who arrive by small boat allowed to stay in the UK? Those who arrive on small boats claim asylum and under UK law, which reflects the United Nations Refugee Convention, someone with a pending asylum claim cannot be sent back to their home country, because the basis of the asylum claim is fear of persecution or serious harm at home. If an asylum claim is accepted, they are granted refugee status which gives them legal residence in the UK and if it is refused, they can legally be removed but in practice removal is difficult if the home country does not cooperate. On 18th September 2025, the first channel migrant was deported to France under the prime minister’s ‘one in, one out’ deal. He is the first of up to one hundred channel migrants detained by Border Force at the start of August who are to be sent back to France. The second migrant is to be sent after the Home Secretary saw off the fresh high-court challenge by his lawyers seeking to delay his removal to France. Moving forward, migrants will only be allowed to appeal through Judicial Review after being deported to France. The Home Secretary also ordered a review of the UK’s modern slavery laws to prevent migrants making “vexatious last-minute appeals” to block their deportations. According to the Telegraph, this removal follows three consecutive days, when the Home Office failed to remove a single migrant, based on the challenge of being victims of modern slavery and trafficking. If the migrant from India has his asylum claim refused, he is likely to face expulsion to India as France has a reciprocal arrangement with India to accept enforced returns. 2. Why aren't small boat arrivals arrested and detained? Unauthorised migrants are administratively arrested by immigration officers and briefly detained for questioning, but they cannot be detained beyond the initial examination. UK law only allows for people to be detained for immigration purposes where there is a realistic prospect of removal within a reasonable period of time. Someone who has claimed asylum usually has a legal right to be in the UK until that claim is decided. So, there is no realistic prospect of removal within a reasonable period, given that asylum decisions take months or years to process. 3. Can asylum be refused if the person could have claimed it in another safe country such as France? The UN Refugee Agency says that it is not required by the Refugee Convention or international law for people to claim asylum in the first safe country they reach. People who have passed through a safe country can nevertheless be denied access to the UK’s asylum system and the law allows the Home Secretary to declare an asylum claim as inadmissible if the person was previously in another country where they could have claimed asylum. However, this is not enforceable unless another safe country is likely to accept the person “within a reasonable period of time”. Therefore, the Home Office is not able to arrange this in practice. Although it began a pilot scheme with France. The Telegraph reported on 19th September 2025 that asylum seekers told the newspaper “that if deported back to France, they would return to Britain again and again”. 4. Why are unauthorised migrants provided support with maintenance money and accommodation? Illegal immigrants who are outside the asylum system are not allowed to claim most forms of social welfare. By contrast, asylum seekers who state they are destitute can apply to the Home Office for accommodation or subsistence payment, or both while they are waiting for a decision on their asylum claim. This is commonly referred to as asylum support. A person is destitute if they do not have adequate accommodation or any means of obtaining it, or if they have adequate accommodation or the means of obtaining it but cannot meet their other essential living needs. 5. When can asylum seekers be granted legal residence in the UK? There are two main types of legal status that can be granted to people who claim asylum. These are refugee status or humanitarian protection. Under the Immigration Rules, the central requirement for refugee status is that the person is a refugee, as defined in Article 1 of the 1951 convention. Humanitarian protection does not require a person to be a refugee under the 1951 Convention, but instead allows them to be granted asylum if they would face a real risk of suffering serious harm. The Immigration Rules define “serious harm” to mean the death penalty, unlawful killing, torture, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. People granted either refugee status or humanitarian protection status have a right to work in the UK and access the welfare system on the same basis as British citizens and permanent residence.

What are the concerns with the student visa? In recent years, there has been an increase in students staying in the UK following their studies, as well as an increase in sponsored study visas for law and banking education institutions. The Government believes there has been exploitation of student visas, and that too many graduates are allowed to stay in the UK following the successful completion of their studies, despite not moving into graduate level roles for which the graduate visa route was created. For these reasons, the Government is setting out reforms that will recognise the benefits that international students bring to the UK, but will raise standards and compliance to prevent visa misuse and strengthen the requirements to work and contribute for graduates who stay on after the courses have been completed. The evidence suggests that, in some cases, the integrity of the UK student visa system is being undermined, and the number of students claiming asylum is increasing. How does the Government intend to bring numbers down? 1. To prevent the misuse of the student visa, the Government is stressing the requirements that all sponsoring institutions must meet in order to recruit international students and the measures to be implemented to this end. It will raise the minimum pass requirement of each BCA metric by 5% points, so that a sponsor must maintain a course enrolment rate of at least 95%, and a course completion rate of 90% in order to pass the compliance threshold. Simultaneously, the Government implementing a new red, amber and green banding system to rate the BCA performance of each sponsor, makes it clear to them, the authorities, and the public, which institutions are achieving a higher rate of compliance, and which are at risk of failing. 2. Introducing new interventions against sponsors who are close to failing their metric, including placing them on a bespoke action plan designed to improve their compliance, while imposing limits on the number of new international students they can recruit while they are subject to those plans. 3. All sponsors wishing to use recruitment agents for overseas students will need to sign up the Agent Quality Framework. Together, all these measures will ensure that the sponsors are encouraged to recruit their students responsibly, only offering places to genuine students who meet the requirements of the route and ensuring that when failing to do so, the Home Office can intervene and ensure compliance in the future. 4. The graduate scheme will be reviewed, as the Government will reduce the ability of graduates to remain in the UK for a period of eighteen months after their studies. The Government will also look into introducing a levy on higher education providers’ income from international students, to be reinvested into a higher educational skill system. While these steps are enforceable on paper (the Home Office has an established sponsor licensing system), the concern is whether the UKVI has the capacity to monitor and intervene across hundreds of educational institutions. Placing a university on an “amber” rating with recruitment caps, for example, is a serious measure that could provoke legal challenges, especially if the institution disputes the data. Smaller private colleges might quietly close if they cannot meet requirements, which could be an intended effect (to weed out sub-par providers) but also could inadvertently harm local economies that benefit from those students. Reducing the Graduate visa to 18 months is straightforward to enforce – it’s simply a rule change – but its feasibility in terms of impact is debatable. The Home Office expects 7,000 fewer students per year as a result of the mooted 6% levy, and presumably an additional drop due to the shorter post-study period. If this holds true, universities may lose income and could downsize or cut courses. Enforcement of the student fee levy also raises feasibility questions – how exactly will it be implemented (as a tax collected by HMRC, or a surcharge via the immigration system)? And, if passed on as higher tuition, could it price out some applicants, leading to unintended socio-economic selection effects among students? These details are to be consulted on; until resolved, uncertainty itself might deter students or complicate university planning. In the longer run, the UK’s reputation as a welcoming destination for global talent may suffer; competitors like Canada and Australia might scoop up students deterred by UK’s stricter post-study rules and additional costs. There is an irony, that even as the White Paper talks of “supercharging UK growth in strategic industries,” by bringing in top talent, it simultaneously undermines one of the UK’s key sectors – higher education – and possibly the pipeline of young talent it produces. The tech and startup ecosystem could also feel an impact: the reduction in Graduate visa time and tougher settlement rules might dissuade some foreign graduates from staying to set-up companies or join UK startups (they may instead choose countries with more straightforward paths to residency). Conversely, the expansion of Innovator and Global Talent routes might mitigate this for a select few. What are the reforms to the Family routes? Family immigration rules are particularly important as British citizens meet and marry people from all over the world. However, the family migration, argues the paper has become overly complex, developing increasingly around core decisions in case law, including Court interpretation of Article 8 of the Human Rights Act. An overly high proportion of family related immigration cases are now decided on the basis that they are an “exception” to the normal rules, rather than being in line with the rules set out by Parliament. The Government will reform the framework for family immigration and, before the end of the year, will set out a new family policy that will cover all UK residents, including those who are British, settled, on work routes, or refugees seeking to bring family to the UK. The new requirements are: • A clear relationship requirement to ensure that only those in genuine, subsisting relationships qualify, to reduce forced marriages and to include protection for victims of domestic abuse. • Ensure that those coming to the UK have an appropriate level of English language skills to be able to integrate effectively into local communities. • Ensure the family unit has sufficient financial resources to support any migrants who are relying on the taxpayer, through reviewing and extending the financial requirements to other dependents routes. • In relation to exceptional circumstances, there will always be exceptional circumstances, but greater specificity about where the balance is considered to lie in the majority of cases is hoped to reduce the volume of cases and clarify the approach for applicants and case workers.

What are the concerns with the student visa? In recent years, there has been an increase in students staying in the UK following their studies, as well as an increase in sponsored study visas for law and banking education institutions. The Government believes there has been exploitation of student visas, and that too many graduates are allowed to stay in the UK following the successful completion of their studies, despite not moving into graduate level roles for which the graduate visa route was created. For these reasons, the Government is setting out reforms that will recognise the benefits that international students bring to the UK, but will raise standards and compliance to prevent visa misuse and strengthen the requirements to work and contribute for graduates who stay on after the courses have been completed. The evidence suggests that, in some cases, the integrity of the UK student visa system is being undermined, and the number of students claiming asylum is increasing. How does the Government intend to bring numbers down? 1. To prevent the misuse of the student visa, the Government is stressing the requirements that all sponsoring institutions must meet in order to recruit international students and the measures to be implemented to this end. It will raise the minimum pass requirement of each BCA metric by 5% points, so that a sponsor must maintain a course enrolment rate of at least 95%, and a course completion rate of 90% in order to pass the compliance threshold. Simultaneously, the Government implementing a new red, amber and green banding system to rate the BCA performance of each sponsor, makes it clear to them, the authorities, and the public, which institutions are achieving a higher rate of compliance, and which are at risk of failing. 2. Introducing new interventions against sponsors who are close to failing their metric, including placing them on a bespoke action plan designed to improve their compliance, while imposing limits on the number of new international students they can recruit while they are subject to those plans. 3. All sponsors wishing to use recruitment agents for overseas students will need to sign up the Agent Quality Framework. Together, all these measures will ensure that the sponsors are encouraged to recruit their students responsibly, only offering places to genuine students who meet the requirements of the route and ensuring that when failing to do so, the Home Office can intervene and ensure compliance in the future. 4. The graduate scheme will be reviewed, as the Government will reduce the ability of graduates to remain in the UK for a period of eighteen months after their studies. The Government will also look into introducing a levy on higher education providers’ income from international students, to be reinvested into a higher educational skill system. While these steps are enforceable on paper (the Home Office has an established sponsor licensing system), the concern is whether the UKVI has the capacity to monitor and intervene across hundreds of educational institutions. Placing a university on an “amber” rating with recruitment caps, for example, is a serious measure that could provoke legal challenges, especially if the institution disputes the data. Smaller private colleges might quietly close if they cannot meet requirements, which could be an intended effect (to weed out sub-par providers) but also could inadvertently harm local economies that benefit from those students. Reducing the Graduate visa to 18 months is straightforward to enforce – it’s simply a rule change – but its feasibility in terms of impact is debatable. The Home Office expects 7,000 fewer students per year as a result of the mooted 6% levy, and presumably an additional drop due to the shorter post-study period. If this holds true, universities may lose income and could downsize or cut courses. Enforcement of the student fee levy also raises feasibility questions – how exactly will it be implemented (as a tax collected by HMRC, or a surcharge via the immigration system)? And, if passed on as higher tuition, could it price out some applicants, leading to unintended socio-economic selection effects among students? These details are to be consulted on; until resolved, uncertainty itself might deter students or complicate university planning. In the longer run, the UK’s reputation as a welcoming destination for global talent may suffer; competitors like Canada and Australia might scoop up students deterred by UK’s stricter post-study rules and additional costs. There is an irony, that even as the White Paper talks of “supercharging UK growth in strategic industries,” by bringing in top talent, it simultaneously undermines one of the UK’s key sectors – higher education – and possibly the pipeline of young talent it produces. The tech and startup ecosystem could also feel an impact: the reduction in Graduate visa time and tougher settlement rules might dissuade some foreign graduates from staying to set-up companies or join UK startups (they may instead choose countries with more straightforward paths to residency). Conversely, the expansion of Innovator and Global Talent routes might mitigate this for a select few. What are the reforms to the Family routes? Family immigration rules are particularly important as British citizens meet and marry people from all over the world. However, the family migration, argues the paper has become overly complex, developing increasingly around core decisions in case law, including Court interpretation of Article 8 of the Human Rights Act. An overly high proportion of family related immigration cases are now decided on the basis that they are an “exception” to the normal rules, rather than being in line with the rules set out by Parliament. The Government will reform the framework for family immigration and, before the end of the year, will set out a new family policy that will cover all UK residents, including those who are British, settled, on work routes, or refugees seeking to bring family to the UK. The new requirements are: • A clear relationship requirement to ensure that only those in genuine, subsisting relationships qualify, to reduce forced marriages and to include protection for victims of domestic abuse. • Ensure that those coming to the UK have an appropriate level of English language skills to be able to integrate effectively into local communities. • Ensure the family unit has sufficient financial resources to support any migrants who are relying on the taxpayer, through reviewing and extending the financial requirements to other dependents routes. • In relation to exceptional circumstances, there will always be exceptional circumstances, but greater specificity about where the balance is considered to lie in the majority of cases is hoped to reduce the volume of cases and clarify the approach for applicants and case workers.

The New Practice Direction of the Immigration and Asylum Chambers of the First-tier Tribunal (IAC) was published on 1 November 2024. It replaces the previous practice Directions of 13 May 2022 and supersedes Practice Statement No 1 of 2022 dated 13 May 2022.  The issues-based approach and procedural rigour of the new Practice Direction Under guiding principles Part 1 of the Practice Direction, it is stated that “the overriding objective to the Tribunal is that cases are dealt with fairly and justly”. Its aim “allowing appropriate resources, both of the Tribunal and the parties, to be allocated in proportion to the nature and extent of the issues in dispute; avoid unnecessary delay and ensure that both parties can fairly present evidence and submissions. The Practice Direction applies to appellants without representatives in the same way as it does to parties represented by lawyers.  It does not apply to applications of Immigration Bail. Bundles, Appeal Skeleton Arguments (ASAs) and Respondent’s Review Significant new rules on bundles emphasises conciseness, specifying that the Appeal Skeleton Argument should be no more than 12 pages of numbered paragraphs and the text must be “in no less than size 12 font with 1.5 line spacing” and expert reports should be no more than 20 pages, although it is possible to apply for permission to exceed these limits.  The Practice Direction makes clear that the appellant may be directed to provide an ASA or an explanation of their case and evidence (not represented appellants), even if the Respondent fails to provide a bundle. Any bundle that is prepared by a legal representative must be in a digital, indexed, bookmarked and paginated format where every page is A4. Any evidence submitted after the Respondent’s Review, must be prepared as a bundle and accompanied by “a written explanation of why it was not provided earlier in the appeal process”. Parties relying on material within country guidance decisions or additional country background information must include a country information evidence schedule (‘the country schedule’) within the bundle. The country schedule must: contain the country guidance paragraph references and/or extracts of additional country information relied upon by reference to each disputed issue; not exceed 12 pages; and include the relevant hyper-link to the additional country background information source document. Witness statements In relation to witness statements, a witness statement must be in the intended witness own words and it need not be in the language that the witness understands.  If it is drafted in English and this is not a language understood by the witness it must include a signed and date attestation by both the witness and the person who interprets, stating that the statement has been read back to the witness in the language they understand and that it accurately reflects their evidence. This statement should be included in bundles and should be capable of standing as the totality of the evidence in chief of the person giving that statement.  It may be added to the provision of a supplementary statement provided that the supplementary statement is produced and served in accordance with any directions given in the appeal.  Only where there is a good reason and with permission of the judge will a witness be permitted to provide additional evidence in chief. The witness statement should be expressed in the first person and should also state the full name of the witness, their place of residence and if they are making the statement in their professional business or other occupational capacity the address at which they work, the position they hold and the name of the firm or employer.  They must state that they are party to the proceedings or they are the employees or relative or such party and the process by which it has been prepared, for example face to face, over the phone, or through an interpreter. The statement should have the date it was signed and must include a statement that it was made from the witness’ own knowledge and which matters of information or belief and the source for any matters, information or belief.  An exhibit or document that is referred to within the witness statement should be verified and clearly identified by the witness and should remain separate from the witness statement.  Where a witness refers to an exhibit or document, they should refer to a description of the document at page X. The status of documents, skeletons and bundles prepared and submitted prior to 1 November 2024 seems unclear.  If documents already submitted to the Tribunal are non-compliant, presumably the judge will accept the lack of notice and additional resources required to comply with requirements. Adjournments An application for an adjournment of an appeal must be supported by full reasons and any reasonably available supporting material or evidence made no later than 4.30pm one clear working day before the date of the hearing.  It must be accompanied by proposed draft directions for the judge to consider.  An application made later than the end of the period mentioned above must be made at the hearing and will, save in exceptional circumstances, require the attendance of the party or the representative of the party seeking the adjournment.  If an adjournment is not granted and the party fails to attend the hearing the Tribunal may proceed with the hearing in that party’s absence.  If an adjournment is granted the Tribunal shall issue an order containing directions to ensure that the appeal can finally be determined within a reasonable time. Decisions and Reasons In some non-deportation Article 8 human rights and EUSS cases, the Tribunal may be able to give its decision shortly after the conclusion of the hearing by providing a short Notice of Decision or by stating its reasons orally. Reasons will only be provided orally where the Judge is satisfied that the audio recording facilities are available, and an audio recording will be made of the oral reasons. In other cases, written reasons should only be provided where they are expressly required by the Procedure Rules or where the interest of justice otherwise compels written reasons to be given and only to the extent and in terms necessary to dispose justly of the matter in hand. The reasons provided for any decision should be proportionate to the significance and the complexity of the disputed issues. Stating reasons at greater length than is necessary is not in the interests of justice. To do so is an inefficient use of judicial time. New Practice Direction Of The Immigration And Asylum Chamber Of The First-tier Tribunal

Since 31 January 2024, victims of transnational marriage abandonment can apply for a visa to return to the UK. This follows the landmark case of R on the application of AM -v- Secretary of State for the Home Department 2022. Transitional marriage abandonment refers to the practice where a sponsor or their family abandons the partner abroad, often without financial support, to prevent their return to the UK. This may also involve children, who could be either abandoned with or separated from the partner. It is a coercive and controlling act that leaves the partner isolated, vulnerable, and unable to escape. Southall Black sisters were on the forefront of the fight for the rights of these migrant victims of domestic abuse and argued that when these women are abandoned abroad it amounts to an extreme form of psychological abuse, and it denies the women access to justice in the UK and amounts to a gross violation of human rights. Practice Direction 12J of the Family Proceedings Rules 2010 confirms that transnational marriage abandonment is a form of domestic abuse. Until recently immigration law lagged behind family jurisdiction in its response to this phenomenon and women in this position found it very difficult to return to the UK.  Stranded spouses have no recourse to returning to the UK because victims of domestic violence had to be in the UK in order to make an application under Section DVILR of Appendix FM.  In other words, the Rules have created a loophole where abusers can prevent their spouses from exercising their right to apply for indefinite leave to remain as a victim of domestic violence. In the case of AM -v- Secretary of State, a Pakistani national was married to a British citizen and she suffered severe financial, physical, emotional and sexual abuse at the hands of her husband for years whilst she was in the UK.  One day he forced her to travel to Pakistan with her two-year-old daughter and whilst in Pakistan he took her travel document away and came to the UK with their daughter.  Had she been in the UK she could have applied for indefinite leave to remain as a victim of domestic violence relying on section DVILR indefinite leave to remain (settlement as victim of domestic violence) but as we said above she could not have done it from abroad, therefore she applied for leave outside the Rules and asked to be granted indefinite leave to enter on the basis that she was a victim of domestic abuse.  The Home Office only granted her leave to enter outside the Rules for six months with no recourse to public funds and she challenged that decision.  The decision came in front of the Administrative Court and the Home Office granted her indefinite leave to remain. The Court found that victim of transnational marriage abandonment is an analogous situation to victims of domestic abuse in the UK and they have the expectation of settlement in the UK and suffer the same form of domestic abuse. Judge Lieven found that the lack of provision in the Rules for victims of transnational marriage abandonment was very great and not proportionate to the interference with their Article 8 rights and therefore she concluded that the differential treatment between victims of spousal abandonment inside and outside the UK is not justified and therefore in breach of Article 14 of the Human Rights Act 1998.  The Home Office did not appeal the Judgment and had to remedy the breach.  Now victims in this position can make an application under the new rule. The rules for victims of transnational marriage abandonments can be found in Appendix Victims of Domestic Violence that are very similar to the rules for victims of domestic abuse in the UK, although the guidance confirms that the standard of proof that victims of transnational marriage abandonment must meet is the reasonable degree of likelihood while victims of domestic abuse in a country must meet the higher balance of probability standard. What are the requirements for the application to succeed? An application must not fall for refusal under general grants of refusal which are found at Part 9 of the Immigration Rules. Regardless of whether they are inside or out, in order to be able to succeed, the last grant of leave must be on the basis of the relationship to someone who is a British national or has indefinite leave to be in the UK or is an EA national and has lived under the EU settlement scheme or is refugee. Those who have leave on the basis of a relationship to someone who is not settled such as a relationship with a student, will not be able to use this rule. The Applicant must show that the relationship broke down due to domestic abuse. The abuser does not necessarily need to be the partner, it could be another family member, as long as the abuse is the thing that led to the breakdown of the relationship. The requirement of abandonment outside the UK. This requirement is self-explanatory because victims of transnational marriage abandonment must have been abandoned outside the UK. Tuberculosis (TB) test. An applicant who has been abandoned in a country on the list of tuberculosis or have been there for six months or more will need to take a TB test. What application form does one need to complete? Applications are submitted online for return to the UK and if the Applicant is destitute and unable to pay the fee for the application, the Applicant can show that they do not have the means to pay the fees, they will be granted a fee waiver.  If the caseworker is not satisfied that the Applicant is eligible for a fee waiver, they should make additional enquiries.  Applicants will have to attend biometrics at the visa application centre and the guidance confirms that the Home Office can excuse Applicants from this requirement relying on the separate biometric guidance. The Applicant will have to provide evidence of identity. If an Applicant cannot provide, for example, a valid passport, the application might be rejected as invalid but there is a discretionary element to it.  The caseworkers have discretion to waive this requirement and then ask the Applicant not to submit proof of identity in some circumstances, for example when they have good reasons beyond their control why they cannot provide proof of their identity.  The Home Office in any event should have had a record of their identity and the caseworkers should consult the relevant Home Office records to make a decision and an application.  In practice, lots of victims of transnational marriage abandonments will not have the passport or biometric residence permit because their abusers will often take them away.  If obtaining a new passport is impossible, that should be explained, and the Applicant may use an alternative form of evidence such as national identity or birth certificate. What evidence is necessary to submit with the application? There is no mandatory evidence to be submitted, however, we would suggest That the Applicant provide a statement outlining: When and how the relationship started when she relocated to the UK The history of the domestic abuse in the UK, by whom and in what form and when they travelled abroad What was their understanding for the purpose and length of travel What happens once she was abroad, with whom she stayed, when did she realise that she was abandoned and what prevents her from returning to the UK. If she has children, whether the children are with her or have been separated from her and what difficulty she experienced abroad. If there has been a delay in making the application, an explanation as to the reason for the delay should be provided and confirm that the relationship ended and ended due to domestic abuse. Details of financial circumstances will be relevant if a fee waiver application is being made. If there are family proceedings in the UK such as wardship proceedings for the children or previous criminal proceedings or injunctions, this evidence will be helpful and should be provided. Before submitting any Family Court Orders one must make sure that she has permissions to do so and should get in touch with a family lawyer to find out whether permission can be obtained from the court and whether the documents can be disclosed. If there are other independent evidence of abuse such as text messages or approaching charities in the UK, that should be provided as well. Grants of status Successful Applicants will be granted indefinite leave to enter the UK and would be issued a visa valid for three months during which time they should travel to the UK and apply for E-visas.  The new Rules do not cater for victims of domestic violence who last leave was not in the relevant categories, a partner or those who left the UK of their own volition.  These will continue relying on caseworker discretion hoping to be granted leave outside the Rules.  There is no right of appeal against refusals.  

On the first day of his second term of office, President Donald Trump issued ten Executive Orders and Proclamations seeking to change the face of US Immigration Law and Policy. According to the American Immigration Council, in their Fact Sheet of 22 January 2025, the Trump Administration has followed up the record of its first term, and the promises of his presidential campaign. This Fact Sheet aims to explain not just the scope of the Executive Orders, but also what precisely they aim to do and on what timescale. Most of the policy changes take the form of instructions to Federal departments or agencies. The key policy changes are: (a) Ordering the expansion of “Expedited Removal” which allows the US to deport someone without a court hearing. US Officials will be authorised to arrest someone accused of entering the country without inspection anywhere inside the US and subject them to Expedited Removal if they believe that person has been there for less than two years, with the burden on the immigrant to prove that they have been in the US for longer. “Expedited Removal” is a process by which a low level Immigration Officer can summarily remove certain non-citizens from the United States without a hearing before an immigration Judge. Undocumented immigrants placed in expedited removal proceedings are entitled to access the asylum system if they express a fear of persecution or torture if returning to their own country. (b) Requiring all non-citizens to register and present their fingerprints to the US Government under a rarely used provision of US law and declaring that all those who have not registered will be subject to criminal penalties. (c) Instructing the Department of Homeland Security to ensure that work permits are not given to people without other legal status even if they have a pending immigration application. This change will radically restrict the population of people who are eligible to work in the US legally. (d) Directing the Office of Management and Budget to take action to ensure that no public benefits are provided to unauthorised immigrants. (e) Threatening the revocation of all Federal funding to States and Localities deemed to be sanctuary jurisdictions. Over the past decade, an increasing number of states, counties and cities have adopted a variety of policies intended to promote a greater level of trust and cooperation between local law enforcement and communities with sizeable immigrant populations, regardless of their immigration status. (f) Revoking all Biden’s policy setting priorities for immigration enforcement and directing audits of any Federal contracts with non-governmental organisations engaged directly or indirectly in assisting undocumented immigrants in any way including freezing all funding during these audits and threatening to order the return of those funds following the audit. According to the American Immigration Council Fact Sheet, the immediate effect of the above measure are: The expansion of expedited removal will subject millions of recent arrivals and others to potential deportation without a court hearing and increase racial profiling through the expansion funding threats, criminal prosecution to sanctuary jurisdictions so as to potentially intimidate localities. Depriving applicants of legal status for the ability to work legally which creates a strain on local government by preventing people from being able to support themselves. However, Trump is not alone in pushing a restrictive immigration agenda as many EU Member States have also been looking at ways to limit irregular migration and increase returns. Trump’s actions in this regard could serve as inspiration for EU leaders. It is predictable that proposals for mass deportation may increasingly appear in the European far right narrative. Both the US, United Kingdom and Australia have been experimenting already with offshore detention abroad. In recent months, the British Prime Minister, Sir Keir Starmer, has made joint statements on irregular migrations with Italy and Germany. A new joint mission exists between the UK and Bulgaria to tackle the people smuggling gangs making millions from ferrying irregular migrants across the English Channel. The alliance is part of the UK’s wider mission to bolster partnership with EU Member States. This increased focus on Bulgaria comes after the country became a full member of the EU Schengen borders and travel zone on 1 January 2025. This has made the country’s border with Turkey a key target for people trafficking others illegally, seeking to reach the European countries. In addition, current UK changes to the immigration rules state that refugees who arrive in the UK after making a dangerous journey or via irregular routes will not be allowed to claim citizenship under a change to the immigration laws. The new guidance for staff assessing naturalisation claims states that any person applying for citizenship from 10 February 2025, who previously entered the UK illegally will normally be refused. This change to the rules comes as the Prime Minister seeks to present a hardline on migration and border security. Even the current UK Immigration Rules are not too different to some of Trump’s new proposals. In the UK Immigration Enforcement Officers have a wide range of powers provided to them under schedule 2 of the Immigration Act 1971 – their powers include locating, arresting and detaining individuals for the purposes of removal. Immigration Officers are allowed to detain individual even when removal directions haven’t been made against them – as long as officers have “reasonable grounds” for suspecting that the individual in question may be given removal directions, they are able to exercise these powers, meaning they have similar powers to US officials working under Trump’s new “Expedited Removal” system. The Labour Party announced in their official manifesto how they intend to “set up a new returns and enforcement unit, with an additional 1,000 staff, to fast-track removals”. There also a number of Immigration Removal Centres, Short-Term Holding Facilities and Pre-Departure Accommodations in the UK – as per the Home Office report titled ‘How many people are detained or returned?’ published on 13 June 2024, 16,031 people entered immigration detention between March 2023 and March 2024. Sometimes the Home Office releases through liable to detention in removal centres Immigration Bail, during which they must frequently report to the Home Office. The UK is also part of the Eurodac system – this is a Europe-wide fingerprint database. As per Eurodac regulations, any person aged 14 or above who has either claimed asylum in the UK or come to the UK illegally must be fingerprinted. These requirements to submit fingerprints is not only applicable to asylum seekers and illegal entrants in the UK – as per the UK’s Biometric enrolment policy, all individuals over the age of 5 who make any applications under the Immigration Rules are required to give their biometrics, which means they must attend a biometric appointment to provide scans of their fingerprints and a digital photograph of themselves. This is of course not dissimilar to Trump’s plan to require non-citizens to register and present their fingerprints to the government. Further, most people without valid leave in the UK are not permitted to work, even if they have outstanding immigration applications which are pending a decision. The Home Office guidance titled ‘Permission to work and volunteering for asylum seekers’ confirms that asylum seekers specifically cannot apply for permission to work unless they have been waiting for more than 12 months for a decision. Even when asylum seekers have been waiting for more than 12 months for a decision, they can only apply for permission to work if they have highly specialised skills which would allow them to obtain a job on the immigration salary list – this list only has 23 jobs on it, many of which require advanced qualifications. Employers also face heavy sanctions if they employ anybody without valid immigration status in the UK – the government’s guidance titled ‘Employer’s guide to right to work checks’ summarizes how they can face civil penalties of up to £60,000 per illegal worker, face criminal convictions carrying a prison sentence of up to 5 years and an unlimited fine, or have their business closed by way of a court order. There is also quarterly report published by the Home Office outlining the companies which have faced illegal working penalties. Landlords in the UK can also face similar penalties for renting those without the right to rent – these penalties can also range from fines to a period of imprisonment. Those in the UK without valid leave don’t have the right to rent – this includes asylum seekers who are awaiting decisions on their claims. Despite most individuals awaiting decisions on their immigration applications not being able to work whilst their applications are pending, the UK also does not allow these individuals to access public funds. Under the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, people who do not have any immigration permission are excluded from benefits and housing. It also outlines the ‘NRPF’ condition – NRPF stands for ‘No Recourse to Public Funds’, which is a condition applicable to most visas in the UK, meaning many immigrants who have valid leave are also unable to access public funds. When it comes to asylum seekers specifically, they cannot claim mainstream welfare benefits or housing assistance whilst their asylum claims are pending decision – instead, they receive a specific, limited amount of support from the Home Office called “asylum support”, to cover basic needs like food and accommodation. Asylum seekers in self-catered accommodation receive £49.18 weekly for their needs, whereas those in catered accommodation receive £8.86 per week. There are also several other examples of immigration policy in the UK which could be considered hostile – over the last few years, for example, the Immigration Rules have been changed to prevent Care Workers and Students below PhD level from bringing their dependents with them. The minimum salary level which Skilled Workers and individuals intending to bring Partners to the UK has also increased – all of these measures are likely intended to deter immigration from various demographics. The UK also has very strict provisions within the Immigration Rules which prevent those with custodial sentences from coming to the UK – anybody who has ever received a custodial sentence of any length, for example, can generally not come to the UK as a visitor. Those applying for work visas also need to meet several suitability requirements – they must show that they do not fall for refusal under Part 9 of the Immigration Rules, which is a section preventing many people with custodial sentences and previous immigration offences from applying to enter the UK legally in future. The Home Office also sometimes certifies asylum and/or human rights claims as “manifestly unfounded”, under section 94(1) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 – if a claim is certified as being manifestly unfounded, this prevents the individual in question from appealing their refused decision. The Home Office guidance on this section clearly outlines that the policy intention behind certifying claims as manifestly unfounded is to enable individuals to be removed once the claim is refused and certified. The difference between Trump’s new policies, and existing policies in the UK and Europe, therefore, is not too large – Trump does not hesitate to use the word “deportation”. European leaders, on the other hand, speak of returns or return hubs. Whilst Trump qualifies some migrants as illegal, European leaders call it irregular. A new role within the European Union is that of the EU Return Coordinator, a novelty introduced by the new Pact on Migration and Asylum. The main task of the EU Return Coordinator is to bring together different strands of EU return policy to support coherent implementation and establish a common EU system for returns of illegal immigration. The European Commission appointed Ms Mari Juritsch as Return Coordinator in March 2022. She works with a high-level network of return officials and, together with her network, provides practical and operational support to member states to increase the effectiveness of the overall returns process. The role will help identify the best use of member states’ national return systems because operational realities vary greatly from one country to another. The network aims to link member states’ return activities more closely with the EU and member state engagement with third countries on their readmission, making cooperation with third countries more effective.

What is the UK India Trade Deal? The United Kingdom and the Republic of India concluded talks on a free trade agreement (FTA). The agreement was reached on 6 May 2025 between the Prime Minister and Prime Minister Modi, and is expected to increase the UK GDP gross domestic product by £4.8 billion and UK wages by £2.2 billion each and every year in the long run.  As a result of the deal, businesses will now be able to trade with India with “confidence and security”, the Prime Minister stated, as the mission of the government is to secure “sustained economic growth” and that the UK “will benefit from open export markets and access to competitive imports that support production at home.”  India represents one of the most dynamic and exciting economies in the world and has the highest growth rate in the G20.  However there has been significant challenges for UK business seeking access to this growing market and despite challenging conditions, the UK business have high ambitions for the future of trade with India.   From an Indian perspective, the government of India announced that the major trade deal signed with the UK will provide “greater global mobility for aspirational young Indians” and expand opportunities in Britain.  Addressing the House of Commons, the Minister of State and Department for Business in Trade said in a statement that the deal ensures the UK point based immigration systems remain unaffected.  He later emphasised that the agreement covers temporary business mobility, not immigration and it is aligned with the existing UK properties.  A key feature of the Free Trade Agreement is a provision exempting Indian workers temporarily posted in the UK from paying UK social security contributions for up to three years! The press release around this stated that the FTA eases mobility for professionals including contractual service suppliers, business visitors, investors, intercorporate transferees, partners and dependent children of intercorporate transferees who try to work and independent professionals like yoga instructors, musicians and chefs.  The opposition pointed out that the agreement will come at a significant cost to the British taxpayer.  It may be that it will be 20% cheaper for companies in the UK to hire Indian workers over British workers.  Harriet Baldwin said in the House of Commons that she was shocked and asked “will the convention really mean that an Indian owned restaurant chain in the UK could pay no National Insurance for its chef while a British pub next door pays full National Insurance for its chef?”   What is the advice to employers recruiting from India? The new trade deal will streamline access to skilled workers and global talent route.  The FTA creates a framework to simplify the application process for Indian professionals in key sectors and although eligibility is still governed by the skilled worker visa requirements and the global talent route, the agreement commits to reducing procedural barriers particularly for recognised roles and qualifications such as tech, health and cultural services.   How will new business mobility provisions be improved? Indian nationals can benefit from up to 12 months of temporary entry and an easier movement under the global business mobility service supplier and secondment workers’ route.  It will also improve processing and documentation guidance.  This is not a route to settlement and is designated for short-term contractual or intercompany work.   What would be the effect on intercompany transfers? The FTA facilitates smoother movement of skilled staff from Indian companies to the UK branches through the global business mobility senior specialist worker route.  The key improvement will include reduced documentary burden, consistent eligibility standards and National insurance exemption.   How will it benefit recognition of professional qualifications? A framework is being introduced to mutually recognise qualifications in fields such as accountancy law, architecture, engineering and details will depend on professional body agreement, but the process will support easier visa access via recognised status under the skilled worker or the global talent route.   What will be the effect on the youth mobility route? Indian nationals continue to benefit from India Young Professionals Scheme allowing for two years’ work and travel stay in the UK and has 3,000 spots annually.  The key limitations are that none of those create settlement rights and all applications must comply with Immigration Rules.   Where can I find the relevant guidance? More specific Home Office guidance that is dedicated to the India/UK Free Trade Agreement and its immigration measures can’t be found because the deal is not yet in force. The Home Office will issue guidance once the final text of the FTA is legally verified and published, the UK Parliament complete its scrutiny and approve it, and the implementation legislation (the Home Office rules) are drafted.  The likely publication will be May 2026, based on current timelines.