Karta’s Personal Liability Where HUF Assets Are Insufficient to Satisfy an Arbitral Award: Bombay High Court Clarifies Position
By Athira T.S Introduction The Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) occupies a distinctive position in Indian law. While not a separate juristic entity in the same manner as a corporation or partnership, the HUF is nevertheless recognised for purposes of property ownership, taxation, and litigation. The affairs of the HUF are managed by the Karta, who …
From Human Cartels to Digital Coordination: Rethinking Section 3(3) in Algorithmic Markets
By Aniket Ghosh Introduction Traditionally, competition law has viewed cartels as the product of deliberately coordinated human activities. These include activities such as price-fixing, market allocation, limiting output, and bid-rigging. Cartels have historically required the existence of explicitly articulated agreements or tacitly agreed upon actions through communication and conscious coordinated strategic actions among competing businesses. …
Force Majeure in Times of War: Navigating Contractual Risk Under Indian Law in the Context of the Iran-Israel-US Conflict
By Sukrit Kapoor Introduction The resurgence of geopolitical conflict involving Iran, Israel, and the United States has once again foregrounded the vulnerability of international commercial arrangements to external shocks. For Indian businesses engaged in cross-border trade, energy procurement, logistics, and manufacturing, the ripple effects of such a conflict ranging from disrupted shipping routes to sanctions and supply …
From Policy Concept to Market Instrument: The Regulatory Framework for Virtual PPAs in India
By Nivedita Bhardwaj Introduction India’s move towards a clean energy future has resulted in the development of innovative market instruments that will help facilitate the growth of renewable energy while meeting obligations imposed on obligated entities. To this end, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has proposed regulatory amendments to the Indian power market that …
The Fine Print of Property Ownership: Decoding Leasehold and Freehold in India
By Nidhi Sharma The distinction between leasehold and freehold property is a fundamental concept in Indian real estate law, with significant legal and practical implications for buyers, developers, and investors. Understanding these systems is essential, particularly in a country where land ownership is closely regulated and often complex.
From Brick to Byte: Decoding the Legal Architecture of REITs in India
By Nayana Shivaraj The evolution of India’s real estate sector has long been constrained by high entry barriers, opacity, and illiquidity. The introduction of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), however, marks a decisive shift, transforming real estate from a traditionally asset-heavy investment into a market-linked, regulated financial instrument.
RERA in Practice: Regulatory Discipline, Litigation Trends, and Strategic Implications for the Indian Real Estate Sector
By Adnan Siddiqui Introduction The enactment of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (“RERA”) marked a structural shift in the regulation of India’s real estate sector. Prior to RERA, the regulatory landscape was fragmented and largely reactive, relying on general contract law, consumer protection mechanisms, and state-level regulations that proved inadequate to address …
HKEX’s review of issuers’ annual reports for financial year ended in 2024
Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (HKEX) published in December 2025 its annual review of listed issuers’ reports for the financial year ended 2024. Together with the review, HKEX updated its Guide on Preparation of Annual Reports setting out recommended disclosure practices for future annual reports.
DOWNSTREAM INVESTMENTS BY FOREIGN-OWNED AND CONTROLLED COMPANIES
INTRODUCTION The regulation of foreign investment in India is governed by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 ( the “FEMA”), the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019 (“NDI Rules”), the Consolidated FDI Policy issued by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (“DPIIT”), and the Reserve Bank of India’s (“RBI”) Master Direction …
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Insolvency And Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2026
INTRODUCTION The Insolvency Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2026[1] (hereinafter refereed as the “Act”) received the President’s assent on 6th April, 2026 and was subsequently notified by the legislative department of the Ministry of Law and Justice. It has been introduced to further amend the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (hereinafter referred to as the “Code”).