Armenia

The Republic of Armenia has established a sophisticated framework of state support mechanisms designed to stimulate entrepreneurship, enhance agricultural productivity, promote industrial competitiveness, and develop capital markets. Through our detailed examination of the legislative and regulatory framework, we have identified and analyzed key programs spanning multiple economic sectors, each with specific eligibility requirements, application procedures, and compensation structures. Key Legal and Regulatory Findings: Agricultural Modernization Programs: Multiple programs offer 50-75% state compensation for livestock breeding development, productivity enhancement, and infrastructure modernization, with preferential terms (0% interest rates) for disabled veterans and economic operators in border settlements Export and Industrial Support: Export insurance programs provide compensation up to 20% of customs value for duties paid in importing countries; subsidized interest rates (2-3%) available for manufacturing and supply chain diversification initiatives Capital Market Development: Comprehensive incentives for bond and share issuance provide up to 80% compensation for issuance, placement, listing expenses, and international rating agency costs Regulatory Framework: Programs incorporate international compliance standards, with specific requirements regarding credit history verification, tax liability clearance, and bank guarantee provisions Temporal Application: Most programs remain active through 2026-2029, providing medium-term certainty for business planning and investment decisions The Government of the Republic of Armenia regularly develops business support programs aimed at assisting entrepreneurs in starting and growing their businesses. The government places particular emphasis on these programs, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. Below we present some of the state support programs and their eligibility requirements.   AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT Sheep and goat breeding development program for 2024-2028 Sheep farming in the Republic of Armenia is predominantly extensive; therefore, the program's implementation will contribute to increasing sheep and goat production volumes, improving profitability, stimulating investment in the industry, and promoting the use of modern, intensive technologies. Modern sheep farming technologies are effective when applied to animal breeds adapted to intensive technologies. The objective of the Sheep and Goat Breeding Development Program for 2024–2028 is to facilitate the acquisition (import) of high-value breeding sheep and goats with state support, the formation of highly productive herds, the improvement of the breeding and productive qualities of domestic animal breeds, and the creation of favorable conditions for the production of highly productive crossbred animals adapted to local conditions through crossbreeding. Under the program, beneficiaries have the opportunity to purchase highly productive breeding small ruminants with partial cost compensation from the state. The maximum price of one breeding animal is set as follows: Purchased within the Republic of Armenia: 300,000 AMD Imported from abroad: 450,000 AMD Before acquiring (importing) a pedigree small ruminant, the beneficiary must submit to the Ministry of Economy: an electronic application to the address [email protected], indicating the type, breed, quantity of the pedigree animals to be acquired, the place(s) of acquisition (import) and the dates, the certificates (certificates, cards) of the pedigree small ruminant subject to acquisition, and in the case of acquiring animals within the Republic of Armenia, other documents substantiating the pedigree origin for animals bred in the republic (bonitation instruction, bonitation log) 2.Information from ARCA confirming good credit history A reference (statement) regarding tax liabilities a bank guarantee for a period of one year in the amount of the difference between the total cost of the acquired animals and 10.8 million drams, if the beneficiary has imported more than 48 from abroad and has acquired more than 72 pedigree animals within the republic. Productivity increase pilot program The Productivity Increase Pilot Program is a pilot initiative, the goal of which is to improve the gene pool of beef breeds bred in Aragatsotn, Gegharkunik, Shirak, Syunik and Tavush regions during 2025-2026, increase productivity and, with the support of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, compensate for about 70% of the costs of artificial insemination of 21,970 cows. The average cost of artificial insemination of one cow with high-quality semen of bulls of dairy and meat-producing breeds that meet modern selection standards is about 15 thousand AMD. The program provides for the compensation of 10 thousand AMD of the cost of insemination from the state budget, and 5 thousand AMD will be paid by the farmer. Program for the construction or reconstruction of "Smart" livestock buildings and their technological support for 2025-2028 The main goal of the program for the construction or reconstruction of "smart" livestock buildings and their technological support is to improve conditions for keeping animals, as a result of which animal productivity indicators will increase. The program will be implemented in two components: through partial reimbursement of costs and partial subsidization of loan interest rates. Beneficiaries must choose one of the 3 proposed models: Model 1 is designed for 20–25 animals with independent housing (free movement); the construction and technological support costs for this model are set at a maximum of 30 million drams. Model 2 is designed for 40–45 animals with independent housing (free movement); the construction and technological support costs for this model are set at a maximum of 46 million drams. Model 3 is designed for 95–100 animals with independent housing (free movement); the construction and technological support costs for this model are set at a maximum of 114 million drams. Program for the development of cattle breeding in the Republic of Armenia for 2025-2029 The goal of the program is to supply pedigree cattle to entrepreneurs engaged in cattle breeding in the Republic of Armenia on affordable terms, which will allow them to replenish herds with pedigree cattle with valuable production and economic characteristics instead of animals of unknown origin, unsuitable for reproduction, and low productivity, develop pedigree work, improve the productivity of local animals through interbreeding, increase milk and meat production volumes and reduce the cost of milk and meat produced, making it more competitive compared to similar imported products. The program will be implemented in two components: through partial subsidization of loan interest rates and partial compensation for the cost of acquiring animals. The estimated cost of 1 head of pedigree cattle is 1.0 million drams. Loan interest rate: For the acquisition of pedigree cattle raised in the Republic of Armenia – 2% interest rate, For the acquisition of imported cattle – 3% interest rate, A 0% interest rate applies to the founder and individual entrepreneur of a legal entity who has become disabled as a result of combat duty or operations during the performance of military service duties, to economic operators operating in established border settlements, as well as to cooperatives operating in the agricultural sector. Slaughterhouse support program The Slaughterhouse Support Program aims to stimulate livestock slaughter at slaughterhouses, create equal competitive conditions for organizations and individual entrepreneurs (hereinafter referred to as VAT payers) who are value-added tax payers (hereinafter referred to as VAT payers), and provide support in providing the population with high-quality and safe carcasses. Participation in the program is open to any business entity that meets the eligibility criteria defined by the program. Under the program, until December 30, 2027, the business entity will receive support in the amount of 75% of the positive difference between the VAT amount calculated as the taxable base for VAT-taxable transactions on the sale of carcasses obtained from the slaughter of livestock as a result of slaughterhouse activities during the reporting period and the VAT amount deductible on the purchase of livestock. The main goal of the program is to partially compensate farms for the cost of slaughter services purchased by farms in order to stimulate the slaughter of livestock in slaughterhouses. Program for the development of industrial crab farming in the Republic of Armenia for 2024-2026 The main goal of the Program for the Development of Industrial Crab Farming in the Republic of Armenia for 2024-2026 is to contribute to the introduction of modern technologies for industrial crab farming in the republic and the promotion of local production through partial compensation of investment costs. The program proposes to establish 3 types of crab farming complexes. Small - an industrial crab farm with a total area of ​​​​460 square meters of buildings, a capacity of 6 tons, the indicative (maximum) indicator of the complex's investments and production costs is 72,000 AMD. Medium: industrial crab farm with a total area of ​​800 square meters of buildings, 12 tons of capacity, indicative (maximum) indicator of investments and production costs of the complex: 129,900 AMD. Large: industrial crab farm with a total area of ​​1000 square meters of buildings, 18 tons of capacity, indicative (maximum) indicator of investments and production costs of the complex: 183,790 AMD. Within the framework of the program, state support will be implemented in 2024-2026, by partially reimbursing 50% of the costs incurred for investments, but not more than 50% of the value set for each expense item. The program envisages the establishment of 4 small and 1 medium and one large crab farming complex each year. Greenhouse development assistance program in the Republic of Armenia The main goal of the Greenhouse Development Support Program in the Republic of Armenia is to promote the expansion of greenhouse area, production, and export volumes in the country, enhance the competitiveness of products, and increase farmers' incomes in agriculture by providing farmers with affordable, state-supported credit. The program will be implemented from 2023 to 2026 and will cover all regions of the Republic of Armenia. The program's terms and conditions include: a greenhouse construction loan of up to 15.0 billion drams per beneficiary (equivalent to the construction of a greenhouse of approximately 20 hectares), with no maximum area limitation for the greenhouse constructed. The area of ​​each greenhouse constructed by each beneficiary must be 1 hectare or more. The interest rate on the loan is subsidized: For the portion of the loan amount up to and including AMD 3 billion – by 10 percentage points, For the portion of the loan amount over AMD 3 billion and up to and including AMD 9 billion – by 9 percentage points, For the portion of the loan amount over AMD 9 billion and up to and including AMD 15 billion – by 8 percentage points. The interest rate on the loan provided to each beneficiary is subsidized in an amount not exceeding the interest rate on the loan provided by the financial institution. The maximum loan repayment term is 8 years. At the beneficiary's request, the financial institution may establish a grace period for repayment of the principal and interest on the loan, but not more than 12 months. By mutual agreement between the beneficiary and the financial institution, the financial institution may establish grace periods for repayment of principal and interest on the loan for up to 3 months per year. The maximum greenhouse construction period is 1.5 years. Up to the maximum loan amount, each beneficiary must borrow from only one financial institution. Agricultural equipment leasing support program in the Republic of Armenia The main goal of the program is to provide agricultural enterprises with agricultural machinery on affordable terms, in particular through leasing mechanisms, in order to create favorable conditions for the effective use of agricultural land and the organization of commodity production. Within the framework of the program, the following agricultural machinery will be provided to enterprises: tractors of various brands, combines, combine harvesters, seed drills, plows, mowers, potato planters, potato diggers, cultivators, milling cutters, sprayers, tractor trailers, other agricultural machinery. The terms of the program are: The annual leasing interest rate is 2%, and for entrepreneurs operating in the territories of border settlements receiving social assistance approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Armenia No. 1444-N of December 18, 2014, and for citizens who have become disabled as a result of combat duty or operations during the performance of military service duties, the leasing interest rate subsidy will be implemented in such an amount that the annual leasing interest rate payable by the lessee is 0%, The advance payment is 20% of the purchase price of the leasing object, The leasing repayment period is: For combines: 7-10 years, For tractors: 5-6 years, For seeders, combine-harvesters: 3-6 years, For other agricultural machinery: 3 years, In addition, tractors and other agricultural machinery can be leased to the same lessee at the same time in this case, the repayment period can be set at 5-6 years. Grace periods may be set for the payment of the lease principal and interest for a period of up to 6 months per year. Program for Subsidizing Interest Rates on Loans Provided to the Sector for the Purpose of Procurement (Purchase) of Agricultural Raw Materials The main goal of the program for subsidizing interest rates on loans provided to the sector for the purpose of procurement (purchase) of agricultural raw materials is to increase the level of accessibility of credit and ensure the payment of the cost of the procured raw materials in a short period of time through subsidizing the interest rates on targeted loans provided to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs operating in the territory of the republic, which procure agricultural raw materials. Within the framework of the program, loans are provided for the following purposes: purchases of fruits and vegetables and the acquisition of glass jars, lids, aseptic bags and their containers used in the production of canned fruits and vegetables, purchases of grapes, purchases of milk, purchases of agricultural animals by slaughterhouses, purchases of chinchillas. Within the framework of the program: The maximum interest rate on loans provided is not set. The part (amount) equivalent to 9 percentage points per annum of the loan interest rate will be subsidized, and for economic operators operating in the territories of border settlements receiving social assistance and procuring and processing agricultural raw materials in the same places, approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Armenia No. 1444-N of December 18, 2014, the part (amount) equivalent to 12 percentage points will be subsidized. The amount of loans provided to each borrower carrying out cold storage and export activities for the purpose of procurement (purchase) of fruits, vegetables and grapes is calculated based on the agricultural raw material purchase contracts that were signed before October 1 of the given year. The amount of loans provided for the purpose of grape procurement (purchase) is calculated based on the agricultural raw material purchase contracts concluded before August 1 of the given year, and the amount of the loan provided in 2025 is calculated based on the contracts concluded before September 1, 2025. The amount of loans provided for the purpose of fruit and vegetable procurement (purchase) is calculated based on the agricultural raw material purchase contracts concluded before October 1 of the given year. Each borrower carrying out processing activities may be provided with a loan of up to 4.0 billion drams each year for the purpose of grape procurement (purchase). The balance of the principal amount of loans provided to each borrower carrying out processing activities for the purpose of fruit and vegetable procurement (purchase) cannot exceed 3.0 billion drams. The principal balance of loans provided to each borrower engaged in processing activities for the purpose of milk procurement (purchase) may not exceed 1.0 billion drams. The principal balance of loans provided to each borrower engaged in cold storage and export activities for the purpose of fruit and vegetable and grape procurement (purchase) may not exceed 3.0 billion drams. Loans provided to each borrower engaged in slaughterhouse activities for the purpose of agricultural animal procurement are calculated based on the area of ​​the slaughterhouse, not more than 2.0 million drams for an area of ​​15 square meters, and not more than 5.0 million drams for a mobile slaughterhouse. The principal balance of loans provided to each borrower engaged in chinchilla fur export activities for the purpose of chinchilla procurement may not exceed 50.0 million drams. Loans for purchases (procurements) by the same borrower for the above-mentioned purposes are provided on the basis of separate applications, and in the case of loans provided for the above-mentioned purposes, a loan of the maximum amount specified may be provided for one of them at the borrower's choice, and the amounts of loans provided for other purposes shall not exceed 50 percent of the maximum amount of loans specified for the given purpose. The model grape purchase contract provided in Form N 4 of the program is accepted as the basis for concluding contracts for the purpose of grape purchases (procurements) and cold storage and export activities. The model harvest purchase contract provided in Form N 5 of the program is accepted as the basis for concluding contracts for the purpose of fruit and vegetable purchases (procurements) and cold storage and export activities. The model milk purchase contract provided in Form No. 6 of the program is used as the basis for concluding contracts for milk procurement (purchases). Within the framework of the program, loans for the purpose of procurement (purchase) of cattle by slaughterhouses until December 30, 2026 are provided with a repayment period of up to 1.5 years, are subsidized by 9 percentage points, and the grace period for repayment of the principal amount will be calculated no more than 6 months from the moment of granting the loan. The loan amount will be calculated based on the area of ​​the slaughterhouse, not more than 0.2 million drams per 1 sq. m. area, and for a mobile slaughterhouse - not more than 5.0 million drams. The balance of the principal amount of loans provided to each beneficiary cannot exceed 20.0 million drams, and for a mobile slaughterhouse - 5.0 million drams. The loans provided have a maximum: 3 years of repayment and a 12-month grace period for loans provided for the purpose of grape procurement (purchase), 1.5 years of repayment and a 6-month grace period for loans provided for the purpose of agricultural raw materials procurement (purchase) other than grapes.   PROGRAM FOR PROVIDING ASSISTANCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPORT PROMOTION On January 23, 2025, the RA Government adopted Resolution No. 98-N “On Approving the Program for Providing Assistance for the Promotion of Exports,” according to which resident organizations of the Republic of Armenia and individual entrepreneurs registered in the Republic of Armenia are provided with assistance in the amount equivalent to the amount calculated at the customs duty rate established for that product in accordance with the legislation of the importing country in event of expert goods originating in the Republic of Armenia to a member state of the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Canada. Mandatory requirements: The export must be to a member state of the European Union, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or Canada. The exported product must be a product (good) of the manufacturing industry (classifier of the type of economic activity: C) (except for: TGDTD C 12, TGDTD C 19, TGDTD C 24, TGDTD C 32.1), the country of origin of which is the Republic of Armenia. For the purposes of the program, products of aluminum foil production from C 24.2, C 24.42.0 and products of aluminum laminated foil production from aluminum foil as the main component, the country of origin of which is the Republic of Armenia, are also considered goods. Export from the Republic of Armenia must be carried out under the "Export" or "Re-export" customs procedure. The exporter must not have been subject to a tax authority’s decision to levy tax liabilities of one million drams or more on income controlled by the tax authority within 365 days prior to the date of submission of the application, and the exporter must not have overdue liabilities on income controlled by the tax authority as of the date preceding the date of submission of the application. An application must be submitted to the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia within six months after the end of the export process of the goods (the date the goods crossed the state border of the Republic of Armenia). Documents to be submitted: In order to receive compensation, the applicant submits an application to the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia, attaching the following documents: export customs declaration (in the case of goods of Armenian origin imported under the "processing in the customs territory" procedure and subsequently exported under the "re-export" procedure, documents certifying the cost of the processing service for the purpose of obtaining these goods (invoice, document certifying the supply of goods to a non-resident (invoice), contract, etc.), copies of the invoice, export contract concluded between the importing and exporting parties and other documents certifying the export, copies of import declarations, confirming that the copies correspond to the original. copy of the document certifying the origin of the Republic of Armenia of the exported goods, confirming that it corresponds to the original. copy of the certificate certifying the state registration in the State Register of Legal Entities Agency of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia. bank account number. statement. other information at the request of the applicant. In case of compliance of the documents, a contract is signed with the beneficiary. The amount of compensation provided to the beneficiaries within the framework of the program: The amount of assistance provided is the amount calculated in accordance with the customs duty rate established for that product by the legislation of the importing country after the export of the product, if the zero-customs duty rate is not established for the product in the importing country. Moreover, if the customs duty rate established for any product in the importing country is more than 20%, then the 20% rate is the basis for calculating the amount of assistance. The basis for calculating the amount of assistance provided is the customs value of the goods declaration of the exporting country (in the case of goods of Armenian origin imported under the "processing in the customs territory" procedure and subsequently exported under the "re-export" procedure, the cost of the processing service for the purpose of obtaining these goods) and the amount calculated at the rate of customs duty actually applied in the country of import. Moreover, if the amount calculated at the customs value of the goods declared in the exporting country and the amount calculated at the rate of customs duty actually applied in the country of import is greater than the amount calculated at the customs value of the goods declared in the importing country and the amount calculated at the rate of customs duty actually applied in the country of import, then the compensation shall be granted in the amount of the minimum of them. The program is valid for exports made until December 31, 2026 inclusive. STATE SUPPORT MEASURE FOR SUPPLY CHAINS DIVERSIFICATION FOR TEXTILE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS The purpose of the measure is to promote the diversification of raw material imports for textile sector organizations. Support is provided to economic operators for the import of raw materials from China, India, Italy, Uzbekistan, South Korea, Bangladesh, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran. in the form of interest rate subsidies on loans received from banks or credit organizations operating and licensed in the territory of the Republic of Armenia. Scope of beneficiaries: In the context of the “Targeted measure of state support aimed at ensuring diversification of supply chains for textile sector organizations” (hereinafter referred to as the measure), a beneficiary is a commercial and non-commercial organization or individual entrepreneur registered in the Republic of Armenia, at least 80% of whose turnover, calculated for each reporting period during the 365 days preceding the date of submission of the application, is derived, from the types of economic activity defined by the classifiers C(SI)13 “Manufacturing of textile products” and C(SI)14 “Manufacturing of clothing” of the Classifiers of Types of Economic Activity C(SI) “Manufacturing INDUSTRY” section, approved by the Order of the Minister of Economy of the Republic of Armenia No. 874-N of September 19, 2013. The economic operator has exported from the Republic of Armenia, under the “Export” customs procedure, goods originating in the Republic of Armenia from the types of economic activity defined in the C(SI)13 and C(SI)14 classifiers of the C(SI) section during the 365 days preceding the date of submission of the application, and must not have a tax authority decision on tax liabilities of one million drams or more on income controlled by the tax authority during the 365 days preceding the date of submission of the application, and must not have overdue liabilities on income controlled by the tax authority as of the day preceding the date of submission of the application. The beneficiary of the measure may receive support under this measure only once. For the purposes of the event, raw materials are considered to be “Resources” defined by Order No. 235-N of the Minister of Finance and Economy of the Republic of Armenia dated March 11, 2010. Applications to become a beneficiary of the measure can be submitted until November 16, 2026. The measure will run until December 30, 2026. STATE SUPPORT PROGRAM FOR ISSUANCE AND RATING The State Support Program for Issuance and Rating is aimed at injecting new impetus into the capital market of the Republic of Armenia and increasing financing flows to the real sector of the economy. Scope of Beneficiaries Within the framework of the instrument for support for the issuance, placement and listing of bonds on the stock exchange, a beneficiary is considered a commercial organization registered and actually operating in the territory of the Republic of Armenia, which, after the entry into force of this program, has listed the bonds issued by it on the stock exchange operating in the Republic of Armenia, if these bonds are denominated in drams, have been issued with a circulation period of at least 36 months, have been placed through a public offering, and these bonds have a market maker after listing. Within the framework of the instrument for assistance in the issuance, placement and listing of shares, a beneficiary is considered a commercial organization registered and actually operating in the territory of the Republic of Armenia, which, after the entry into force of this program, has issued, placed and listed the shares issued by it on a stock exchange operating in the Republic of Armenia, if the given issue of shares was placed through a public offering. The program proposes to implement the following measures: Support for the placement and circulation of bonds issued in drams, with a maturity of at least 36 months at the time of issuance and listed on the stock exchange after the measure enters into force, in the following amounts: for the issuance, placement and listing of bonds - in the amount of 2 percent of the nominal volume of the placement, but not more than 30 million drams, for the circulation of bonds - in the amount of three percent of the nominal volume of the placement for the first three years, but not more than 45 million drams for each 12 months of circulation, For the issuance of shares - expenses for external audit, banking and stock exchange services related to the issuance, placement and listing on the stock exchange. Moreover, assistance for placement and listing on the stock exchange is provided to each beneficiary only once in the amount of 80% of the expenses incurred and substantiated by relevant documents. Subsidy of 50% of the first year's expenses for obtaining and maintaining a rating from international rating agencies; however, in the case of listing on a stock exchange operating in the Republic of Armenia, a subsidy of up to 80% of the first year's expenses (30% in addition to the previous 50%), if the requirements stipulated in paragraph 2 of the appendix to the draft regarding bonds are met. Within the framework of the instrument for reimbursement of the costs of obtaining and maintaining a rating from international rating agencies for the first 12 months, a beneficiary is a commercial organization registered and actually operating in the territory of the Republic of Armenia, which, after the entry into force of this program, has received an international rating from any of the international rating agencies "Fitch", "Moody's", "Standard & Poor's" or "Scope Ratings" that is no less than two notches lower than the sovereign rating of the state. Financial organizations licensed by the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia, persons carrying out regulated activities in the field of public services within the meaning of the Law of the Republic of Armenia "On the Public Services Regulatory Body", as well as subsoil users within the meaning of the Law of the Republic of Armenia "On the Subsoil Code of the Republic of Armenia", cannot be beneficiaries under this program, nor can beneficiaries of the program for assistance in the issuance, placement and listing of shares on the stock exchange be financial organizations licensed by the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia. In order to receive assistance, the beneficiary must submit a written application electronically to the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia, attaching documents confirming the information contained in the application, as well as documents substantiating the actual expenses incurred.  

1. Legal Framework The regulatory framework governing construction activities in the Republic of Armenia is structured on a hierarchical basis, with legislation and sub-legislative acts forming the foundational layers. At the statutory level, the Law on Urban Development provides the substantive foundations for spatial planning, design, construction. This law is supplemented by the Civil Code, the Land Code, as well as a number of Government decisions and secondary regulations. Of particular importance is Government Decision No. 596-N dated 19 March 2015, titled “On Establishing the Procedure for Issuance of Permits and Other Documents for Construction in the Republic of Armenia, and on Annulment of Certain Government Decisions.” This Decision prescribes the procedural rules for architectural-planning assignments, construction permits, extensions, completion acts, and occupancy permits, and it is supplemented by Annexes that define document forms, expertise procedures and the categorisation of construction objects. Technical norms and standards are issued by the Urban Development Committee (UDC), which ensures that projects meet seismic, fire-safety, and other technical requirements. 2. Institutional Responsibilities 2.1 Municipal Authorities Municipalities (community heads and mayors) are the primary permitting authorities. Acting under the Law on Urban Development and Decision No. 596-N, they are empowered to: issue architectural-planning assignments; grant construction permits; extend existing permits; issue completion certificates; and provide occupancy permits. 2.2 Urban Development Committee (UDC) The UDC develops policy, issues technical regulations, and maintains registers of licensed specialists. It also plays a methodological role in ensuring consistent application of Decision No. 596-N and related rules. 2.3 Inspectorate for Urban Development, Technical and Fire Safety This Inspectorate monitors compliance with safety and technical norms on construction sites. It has authority to suspend works for serious violations and — following recent amendments — may conduct intensified inspections for certain state-funded or higher-risk projects. 3. Digitalisation of Permitting Since 1 January 2025, all applications regulated under Decision No. 596-N (architectural-planning assignments, construction permits, completion certificates, occupancy permits, etc.) must be submitted exclusively online through the government platform [urban.e-gov.am]. The electronic system standardises submission, integrates checks against national registers, and issues electronic permits bearing official digital signatures. 4. Permitting Procedure under Decision No. 596-N The procedure consolidated in Decision No. 596-N follows a structured sequence: Verification of land rights and zoning — the applicant must demonstrate title or other legal basis for use of the land and compliance with planning designations. Architectural-Planning Assignment (APA) — prior to issuing the design permit, the municipality secures technical conditions from relevant utility providers (water, electricity, gas, telecommunications) and issues the APA, which defines principal design parameters (height, density, siting, permitted uses). Preparation of design documentation — on the basis of the APA, the developer engages licensed professionals to prepare the design; certain projects require mandatory state technical, seismic or fire-safety expertise and/or environmental expertise. Construction permit — submitted electronically with the required attachments; the municipality reviews and issues the permit (or refuses it) within the timeframes prescribed by Decision No. 596-N. Construction stage — works are implemented under licensed supervision and are subject to inspection by the Inspectorate. Completion and commissioning — upon completion the municipality issues a completion certificate and subsequently an occupancy permit; use of the building without these documents is not lawful. 5. Required Documentation Decision No. 596-N and its Annexes prescribe the documentation generally required, which typically includes: title or lease documents, the architectural-planning assignment, approved project documentation, any required expert opinions, construction site safety plans, and proof of payment of applicable fees. The exact checklist differs according to project category and location. 6. Classification of Construction Objects and Its Implications (a) Statutory basis and Annex structure. Decision No. 596-N organises construction objects by risk categories and delegates to its Annexes the concrete lists and procedural consequences. Annex N4 to Decision No. 596-N sets out the categorisation of objects by risk; Annex N2 regulates the forms and types of expert examination; Annex N3 governs electronic permitting. (b) The five-category system (I–V): Pursuant to Annex N4 and the implementing guidance, construction objects are classified into five categories according to scale, complexity, function, and potential risk to persons and environment: Category I — Low risk. Includes small-scale works such as current repairs, interior finishing, landscaping and similar works that, by their nature, do not require a design permit or full design documentation. Certain Category-I activities may be performed without formal permitting or only by notification, in accordance with the lists in Annex N4. Category II — Medium risk. It consists of relatively simple building projects that remain limited in scope and complexity (Annex N4 contains specific quantitative limits and types). For many Category-II objects, the statutory regime permits the replacement of a full expert review with a written assurance in place of expertise․ Category III — Medium-high risk. Covers objects of greater complexity where a simple expert examination is required (as prescribed in Annex N2). Category IV — High risk. Includes technically complex or larger-scale objects that demand comprehensive expert examination and intensified technical and supervisory control. Category V — Highest risk. Includes projects of exceptional danger, technical complexity, or strategic/state importance. For Category-V objects the Government determines the procedural specifics (including the technical brief and timelines), and such projects are subject to the strictest expertise and supervisory regime under the decision. (c) Practical implications by category. Expert examination: The type and scope of required expertise are category dependent. Category II projects may rely in part on contractor warranties; Category III normally requires simple expert review; Category IV requires comprehensive (complex) expertise; Category V design documents are subject to special comprehensive expert examination, and for which the conditions and timeframes for issuing construction permits shall be determined, in each individual case, by a decision of the Government of the Republic of Armenia.  

Introduction: The startup ecosystem thrives on innovative financing mechanisms that balance the needs of investors and entrepreneurs. One such instrument that has gained significant traction is the Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE). Originating in the United States, SAFEs have revolutionized early-stage financing by offering a streamlined and flexible alternative to traditional equity investments and convertible notes. This article examines the introduction of SAFE agreements in Armenian legislation, comparing it with the established practices in the United States. Understanding SAFE Agreements: A SAFE is an agreement between an investor and a company that provides rights to the investor for future equity in the company, similar to a warrant. The key feature of a SAFE is that it converts into equity upon the occurrence of a specific event, usually a future financing round. Unlike convertible notes, SAFEs do not accrue interest or have a maturity date, making them simpler and more entrepreneur-friendly. Current situation The Armenian startup ecosystem has been growing steadily, with increasing interest from both local and international investors. However, Armenian start-ups are frequently forced to relocate their business ideas to other legislations, which provide more flexible and investor friendly environment. The investors are regularly interested in making investment in start-ups using SAFE, which introduces three major features: Conversion Trigger: SAFEs convert into equity upon the occurrence of a specific event, typically a subsequent priced equity financing round; Valuation Cap and Discount: These terms provide a mechanism to set the price at which the SAFE converts into equity, protecting the investor from excessive dilution; No Interest or Maturity Date: Unlike convertible notes, SAFEs do not accrue interest or have a maturity date, reducing the financial burden on the startup. Introduction of SAFEs in Armenia: In June 2024 SAFEs were introduced in the legislation of the Republic of Armenia, more specifically in the law on Joint Stock Companies. A major point of the regulation is that SAFE agreements are considered as securities as per legislation of the Republic of Armenia, which consequently shall result in the unified custody of SAFEs. Account operators of the companies shall be deemed to make the record of SAFEs which will ensure that the investors may receive participation in the companies as the result of occurrence of certain events. In addition pre-emptive rights of shareholders do not apply to SAFEs. The advantage of this option will ensure that new investors shall be required the waiver of pre-emptive rights prior to subscription of the newly issued shares of the companies, where they have invested. Moreover, SAFEs provide additional attractiveness for the companies, as in general SAFEs are subscribed as interest-free, which does not incur additional expenses in the way of payment of interest for companies, which may be crucial for startups and newly developed companies. Author: Aleksandr Egibyan (Mr.) Junior Partner, Legelata Legal And Tax DISCLAIMER: This material is produced for Legelata LLC. The information contained in this piece is provided for general informational purposes only and does not contain a comprehensive analysis of each item described. Prior to undertaking (or not to undertaking) any actions, the reader is advised to seek professional advice tailored to their specific situation. Legelata or the author accepts and holds no liability for acts or omissions taken in reliance upon the contents of the contained information in this material.

Electronic Tools for Public-Private Relations in Armenia The transformative impact of digital technologies on governance and public administration has fundamentally redefined the relationship between state institutions and private entities in the Republic of Armenia. This digital revolution represents a paradigm shift from traditional bureaucratic processes toward efficient, transparent, and accessible electronic governance systems that serve both domestic citizens and international stakeholders with equal effectiveness and legal certainty. The following questions have been answered in the following study: How can foreigners obtain an electronic visa? How do foreigners obtain a work permit? How to register a trademark? What is the National Single Window for Foreign Trade? What is the Electronic Notary System? What is the Electronic Register of Legal Entities? How is a declaration on the beneficial owners of legal entities submitted? How to register a secured right to movable property? Through which website is it possible to access legislation? How can one access translations of legal acts in force in the Republic of Armenia? Is it possible to obtain a construction permit online? How can cadastre services be used electronically? Is there a system for verifying official documents in Armenia? How is it possible to apply to state bodies electronically? How can one be informed about published draft legal acts? Is it possible to apply to court electronically? Genesis and Evolution of Digital Governance Infrastructure The systematic digitalization of Armenian public administration commenced with the establishment of the comprehensive e-governance platform at https://e-gov.am/, which serves as the central hub for electronic government services and digital citizen engagement. This foundational platform operates under the strategic framework of the Digital Armenia Initiative and implements the complete legal infrastructure established by the Law on Electronic Governance, Administrative Procedure Code, and related digital transformation legislation. The e-gov.am platform represents more than a technological upgrade—it embodies a fundamental transformation in governance philosophy that prioritizes citizen-centered service delivery, administrative efficiency, and democratic transparency. This digital infrastructure serves as the backbone for a comprehensive ecosystem of specialized electronic tools that facilitate seamless interaction between individuals, businesses, and government institutions across all sectors of public administration. How can foreigners obtain an electronic visa? The electronic visa system, accessible at https://evisa.mfa.am, constitutes the official digital platform for visa processing and entry authorization into the Republic of Armenia. This comprehensive system operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in coordination with the Police of the Republic of Armenia and implements the complete legal framework established by the Law on Foreigners and related immigration regulations, while ensuring compliance with international visa facilitation agreements, bilateral visa exemption treaties, and global security standards for travel document processing. Legal Foundation and Immigration Authority: The electronic visa system operates pursuant to comprehensive immigration legislation including the Law on Foreigners of the Republic of Armenia. The platform integrates with international visa information systems, including Interpol databases, EU visa information systems, and bilateral information sharing agreements. All electronic visas issued through the system carry full legal force equivalent to traditional visa stickers and constitute official entry authorization recognized by all Armenian border control authorities and international travel partners. Comprehensive Visa Categories and Entry Authorization Types: The system facilitates complete visa processing across all categories of temporary entry: Visitor entry visa; Official entry visa; Diplomatic entry visa; Transit entry visa. This system modernizes Armenia's immigration processes while maintaining rigorous security standards, facilitates international travel and economic development through efficient digital processing, and positions Armenia as an attractive destination for tourism, business, and academic exchange, ultimately supporting economic growth and international cooperation through streamlined visa services and enhanced border management capabilities. How do foreigners obtain a work permit? The electronic platform https://workpermit.am/ operates in the Republic of Armenia, streamlining the work permit application process for foreign nationals. This comprehensive system operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. The process is employer-initiated and consists of several sequential steps. Initial Registration and Application: The process begins with the online registration of the employer on the platform. Authorized persons, such as legal representatives or HR managers, may also act on behalf of any employer registered on the platform. Once registered, the employer submits an application for granting temporary residence status to a foreign national based on employment. Job Position Assessment: The application must include a detailed description of the vacant job position, including required qualifications, job responsibilities, and employment terms. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of the Republic of Armenia reviews the application to ensure compliance with labor market requirements and grants consent for the position if all criteria are met. Foreign National Documentation: Following the Ministry's approval, the employer fills in the foreigner's personal data on the platform, including passport information, educational background, professional qualifications, and other relevant documentation. The foreign national may be required to provide additional supporting documents, such as: Educational certificates and diplomas; Professional qualification certificates; Medical certificates (if required for the specific position); Criminal background check from their home country. Application Processing and Decision The completed application undergoes review by the relevant authorities. Processing times may vary depending on the complexity of the case and the completeness of submitted documentation. Throughout this period, both the employer and the foreign national can track the application status through the platform. Final Notification and Next Steps: Finally, the foreign national receives a notification at their email address regarding the granting of temporary residence status based on employment activity. This notification serves as preliminary approval, after which the foreign national must complete additional procedures, including: Applying for the actual work permit at the relevant government office Obtaining temporary residence registration Completing any required medical examinations within Armenia The electronic platform significantly reduces processing time and improves transparency in the work permit application process, making it more accessible for both employers and foreign workers seeking employment opportunities in Armenia. How to register a trademark? The electronic trademark registration system, accessible at https://my.aipa.am and https://aipo.am, constitutes the official digital platform for intellectual property registration and protection in the Republic of Armenia. This comprehensive system operates under the jurisdiction of the Intellectual Property Agency of the Republic of Armenia (AIPA) and implements the complete legal framework established by the Law on Trademarks, Madrid Protocol implementation, and related intellectual property legislation, while ensuring compliance with international trademark conventions, World Intellectual Property Organization standards, and bilateral intellectual property cooperation agreements. Legal Foundation and Intellectual Property Authority: The electronic trademark registration system operates pursuant to comprehensive intellectual property legislation including the Law on Trademarks of the Republic of Armenia, Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia. The platform integrates with international trademark systems including the Madrid System for International Registration of Marks, Paris Convention protocols, and bilateral trademark recognition agreements. All trademark registrations processed through the system carry full legal force under Armenian law and provide exclusive rights protection recognized by domestic courts and international intellectual property enforcement mechanisms. Comprehensive Trademark Categories and Protection Types: The system facilitates complete trademark registration across all categories of distinctive signs and commercial identifiers: Traditional Trademark Categories: Word Marks: Textual trademarks including brand names, slogans, and distinctive phrases with linguistic protection Design Marks: Visual trademarks including logos, symbols, and graphic designs with aesthetic protection Combined Marks: Composite trademarks integrating textual and visual elements with comprehensive protection Three-Dimensional Marks: Product shape trademarks and packaging design protection with dimensional characteristics Color Marks: Single color or color combination trademarks with distinctive commercial identification Sound Marks: Audio trademarks including jingles, musical phrases, and distinctive sounds with acoustic protection Specialized Trademark Types: Service Marks: Service industry trademarks covering professional services, hospitality, and commercial activities Collective Marks: Association and organization marks representing collective commercial interests and group identity Certification Marks: Quality certification marks indicating compliance with standards and specifications Geographical Indications: Regional product marks indicating geographic origin and traditional production methods Appellation of Origin: Protected designation marks for products with specific geographic and quality characteristics Traditional Knowledge Marks: Cultural heritage marks protecting traditional designs and indigenous intellectual property Digital and Technology Trademarks: Domain Name Trademarks: Internet domain protection and digital brand identity registration Software Interface Marks: User interface design marks and software application branding protection Digital Media Marks: Online content marks covering digital publications, streaming services, and electronic media E-Commerce Marks: Online marketplace brands and digital commerce platform protection Mobile Application Marks: Smartphone and tablet application branding and interface protection Virtual Reality Marks: Immersive technology marks and virtual environment branding protection International and Cross-Border Trademark Protection: Madrid Protocol Registration: International trademark registration through the Madrid System with multi-jurisdictional protection Paris Convention Priority: Priority claim benefits for international trademark filing and protection coordination Bilateral Treaty Protection: Trademark recognition under bilateral intellectual property agreements and treaties Regional Organization Marks: Trademark registration through regional intellectual property organizations Cross-Border Enforcement: International trademark enforcement and anti-counterfeiting cooperation Global Brand Protection: Comprehensive international trademark strategy and worldwide brand protection Integration with International Intellectual Property Systems: The trademark registration system integrates comprehensively with global intellectual property infrastructure: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Integration: Madrid System Connection: Direct integration with international trademark registration systems Global Brand Database: Access to international trademark databases and global brand intelligence WIPO Classification Systems: Implementation of international classification standards and updates International Cooperation: Coordination with WIPO technical assistance and capacity building programs Digital Transformation: Participation in global intellectual property digitalization initiatives Best Practice Implementation: Adoption of international best practices and technological innovations Regional and Bilateral Cooperation: Eurasian Patent Organization: Coordination with regional intellectual property organizations European Union Integration: Trademark recognition and enforcement coordination with EU systems Bilateral Treaty Implementation: Implementation of bilateral intellectual property agreements and treaties Regional Trade Agreements: Trademark protection under regional trade and investment agreements International Enforcement: Cross-border trademark enforcement and anti-counterfeiting cooperation Legal Protection and Enforcement Mechanisms: The system provides comprehensive trademark protection and enforcement support: Domestic Protection and Enforcement: Exclusive Rights Protection: Comprehensive protection of trademark owner exclusive rights and commercial interests Administrative Enforcement: Administrative procedures for trademark protection and rights enforcement International Protection and Enforcement: Cross-Border Enforcement: International trademark enforcement and anti-counterfeiting cooperation Customs Cooperation: Coordination with customs authorities for border enforcement and seizure procedures Trade Agreement Enforcement: Enforcement of trademark rights under international trade agreements Global Anti-Counterfeiting: Participation in international anti-counterfeiting initiatives and cooperation programs This comprehensive electronic trademark registration system modernizes intellectual property protection while maintaining rigorous examination standards, facilitates international brand protection through integrated digital systems, and positions Armenia as an attractive jurisdiction for trademark registration and intellectual property investment, ultimately supporting innovation, economic development, and international competitiveness through efficient and secure trademark services. What is the National Single Window for Foreign Trade? The National Single Window for Foreign Trade, accessible at https://trade.gov.am, constitutes the comprehensive electronic platform for international trade facilitation in the Republic of Armenia, operating under the joint jurisdiction of the State Revenue Committee and the Ministry of Economy. This integrated digital infrastructure implements the complete legal framework established by the Customs Code of the Republic of Armenia, International Trade Law, and related customs regulations, while ensuring compliance with World Trade Organization agreements, Eurasian Economic Union customs protocols, and international trade facilitation standards. Legal Framework and International Trade Authority: The National Single Window operates pursuant to comprehensive international trade legislation including the Customs Code of the Republic of Armenia, Foreign Trade Law, and Technical Regulations on Product Safety and Standards. The platform integrates with the Eurasian Economic Union Customs Code, World Customs Organization frameworks, and bilateral trade agreements, ensuring seamless international trade operations while maintaining border security and regulatory compliance. All trade documents processed through the system carry full legal force under Armenian law and international trade conventions. Comprehensive Trade Documentation and Permit Services: The system facilitates complete international trade documentation across all categories of commercial transactions: Primary Import Documentation; Export Documentation and Facilitation; Transit and Transportation Documentation; Specialized Trade Declarations and Customs Procedures; Advanced Customs Procedures and Trade Facilitation. Regulatory Compliance and Quality Assurance: The National Single Window maintains comprehensive regulatory compliance: International Standards Compliance: ISO Standards: Compliance with international quality management and trade facilitation standards; World Customs Organization: Implementation of WCO data model and customs procedures; International Maritime Organization: Compliance with maritime security and cargo handling standards; International Air Transport Association: Integration with IATA cargo handling and security procedures; United Nations Trade Facilitation: Implementation of UN/CEFACT standards and electronic data interchange. Security and Anti-Terrorism Measures: Cargo Security: Implementation of international cargo security standards and container inspection protocols; Dual-Use Export Controls: Compliance with international export control regimes and strategic goods monitoring; Anti-Money Laundering: Integration with financial intelligence units and suspicious transaction reporting; Sanctions Compliance: Automated screening against international sanctions lists and restricted party databases; Counter-Terrorism Financing: Compliance with international counter-terrorism financing standards and reporting requirements. This comprehensive National Single Window for Foreign Trade modernizes Armenia's international trade infrastructure while ensuring full compliance with international trade obligations, facilitates economic integration with global markets through digital trade facilitation, and positions Armenia as a strategic trade hub connecting Europe, Asia, and the Middle East through efficient and secure trade processing systems. What is the Electronic Notary System? The Electronic Notary System, accessible at https://www.e-notary.am/, is a state-administered digital platform established pursuant to Armenian legislation governing notarial activities. This system operates as the official electronic registry for notarial services in the Republic of Armenia, ensuring compliance with legal requirements for document authentication and notarial procedures. Legal Framework and Regulatory Compliance: The platform operates in accordance with the Law on Notaries of the Republic of Armenia and relevant ministerial decrees establishing electronic notarial procedures. The system maintains legal compliance with data protection regulations, digital signature requirements, and archival standards for official documents. All notarial acts performed through or recorded in the system carry the same legal force and effect as traditional notarial procedures. Official Registry of Licensed Notaries The system maintains the official state registry of all licensed notaries practicing in the Republic of Armenia, including their professional credentials, territorial jurisdiction, areas of authorized practice, and current licensing status. This registry serves as the authoritative source for verifying notarial authority and ensuring that notarial acts are performed by properly licensed and authorized practitioners. Legal Document Authentication and Verification The system provides official verification services for notarized documents, enabling legal practitioners, courts, and administrative bodies to authenticate document validity and confirm notarial authority. Electronic documents accessed through the system possess evidentiary value equivalent to original notarized documents and are admissible in legal proceedings pursuant to Armenian civil procedure law. Electronic Legal Procedure Initiation Following proper authentication and system registration, authorized users may: Initiate formal notarial procedures through electronic submission; File legal applications requiring notarial authentication; Submit supporting legal documentation and evidence; Monitor procedural status and compliance with statutory timelines; Receive official notifications regarding legal procedure completion. Access Authorization and Legal Standing: System access requires identity verification through official identification documents and compliance with legal standing requirements. Access levels are differentiated based on legal capacity and professional authorization, ensuring that confidential legal information is accessible only to parties with legitimate legal interest or professional mandate. Juridical Significance and Legal Effects: The Electronic Notary System enhances the legal certainty of notarial acts through digital authentication protocols, maintains evidentiary integrity through secure document storage, and ensures compliance with statutory requirements for notarial procedures. Documents processed through the system retain full legal validity and are recognized by all Armenian courts and administrative bodies as authentic notarial instruments.  What is the Electronic Register of Legal Entities? The Electronic Register of Legal Entities, accessible at https://e-register.am/, constitutes the official state repository for corporate and entrepreneurial registration in the Republic of Armenia. This system operates as the authoritative legal database pursuant to the Law on State Registration of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs, Their Branches and Representative Offices, serving as the primary source for corporate legal information and regulatory compliance. Legal Foundation and Regulatory Authority The platform functions under the jurisdiction of the State Register Agency of Legal Entities of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia. All registrations, amendments, and corporate actions recorded in this system carry full legal force and constitute official proof of legal entity existence, corporate structure, and regulatory compliance status. The register serves as the definitive source for establishing legal capacity, corporate authority, and commercial standing. Comprehensive Corporate Database and Public Access: The system maintains a complete registry of all legally recognized entities within Armenian jurisdiction, including: Limited Liability Companies (LLC): Complete corporate records including articles of incorporation, shareholder information, and capital structure Joint Stock Companies: Corporate governance documents, share capital details, and board composition Individual Entrepreneurs: Registration certificates, business scope, and operational status Foreign Entity Branches and Representative Offices: Registration documents and authorized activities within Armenia Non-Governmental Organizations: Founding documents, statutory purposes, and regulatory compliance status Foundations and Other Legal Entities: Constitutional documents and operational parameters Real-Time Application Tracking and Status Monitoring Authorized users can monitor the procedural status of submitted applications, including: Initial registration proceedings Corporate restructuring applications Amendment submissions for charter documents Dissolution and liquidation procedures Regulatory compliance filings Cross-border merger and acquisition notifications Corporate Governance and Administrative Functions Following proper authentication, authorized corporate representatives may perform essential administrative functions: Executive Authority Updates: Modification of executive head identification data, including passport information, residential address, and appointment terms Corporate Structure Changes: Updates to shareholder composition, capital modifications, and ownership transfers Registered Office Changes: Official notification of principal business address modifications Statutory Document Amendments: Filing of revised articles of incorporation, bylaws, and corporate resolutions Regulatory Compliance Filings: Submission of mandatory annual reports and disclosure requirements Legal Guidance and Procedural Compliance The platform provides comprehensive legal guidance for corporate procedures, including: Statutory Requirements: Detailed instructions for compliance with corporate law obligations Filing Procedures: Step-by-step guidance for document submission and registration requirements Fee Structure: Official state fees for various corporate procedures and services Legal Deadlines: Mandatory timelines for corporate filings and regulatory compliance Document Templates: Standardized forms for corporate resolutions, applications, and legal notices Evidentiary Value and Legal Certainty Information contained within the Electronic Register constitutes official legal evidence of corporate existence, authority, and compliance status. Corporate certificates, extracts, and official confirmations issued through the system possess full evidentiary value in legal proceedings and are recognized by courts, administrative bodies, and commercial counterparties as authentic corporate documentation. Integration with Legal and Financial Systems The register integrates with other state databases including tax authorities, social security systems, and judicial records, ensuring comprehensive corporate oversight and facilitating cross-agency regulatory compliance. This integration enables automated compliance monitoring and reduces administrative burden on registered entities while maintaining legal transparency and accountability. How is a declaration on the beneficial owners of legal entities submitted? The electronic system for declaring beneficial owners, accessible at https://bo.e-register.am/, operates as the official state platform for compliance with beneficial ownership transparency requirements established under Armenian anti-money laundering legislation and international standards. This system implements the legal framework mandated by the Law on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, ensuring corporate transparency and regulatory compliance with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations. Legal Framework and Regulatory Mandate: The beneficial ownership declaration requirement derives from Armenia's obligations under international anti-money laundering conventions and European Union directives on corporate transparency. The system operates under the supervision of the Financial Monitoring Center of the Central Bank of Armenia and integrates with the State Register of Legal Entities to maintain comprehensive corporate ownership records. Non-compliance with beneficial ownership disclosure requirements may result in administrative sanctions, registration restrictions, and potential criminal liability under Armenian law. Authorized Filing Parties and Legal Standing Beneficial ownership declarations may be submitted exclusively by parties with legal authority to bind the corporate entity: Executive Head of the Legal Entity: The officially registered chief executive, managing director, or equivalent executive authority as recorded in the State Register Duly Authorized Representatives: Legal representatives holding specific written authorization through power of attorney. Identification and Authentication Requirements System access mandate’s rigorous identity verification procedures: Primary Authentication: Registration using official Armenian identification documents (passport or identity card) Secondary Verification: Cross-reference with State Register records to confirm legal authority Digital Signature Requirements: Electronic signature certification for document authenticity and non-repudiation Comprehensive Beneficial Ownership Disclosure The declaration must include detailed information regarding all beneficial owners meeting statutory thresholds:  How to register a secured right to movable property? The electronic platform https://registration.am/ operates as the official state registry for secured transactions in movable property, established pursuant to the Law on Secured Transactions of the Republic of Armenia. This system implements a comprehensive legal framework for creating, perfecting, and enforcing security interests in movable assets, providing legal certainty for creditors and debtors while facilitating access to secured financing in accordance with modern secured transactions principles. Legal Framework and Statutory Authority: The registration system operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia and implements international best practices for secured transactions law, including principles derived from the UNCITRAL Model Law on Secured Transactions and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Model Law on Secured Transactions. The unified register serves as the exclusive method for perfecting security interests in movable property, ensuring priority rights and enforceability against third parties. Scope of Registrable Security Interests: The system encompasses all forms of consensual security interests in movable property, including: Traditional Security Interests: Pledges, mortgages, and liens on movable assets Purchase Money Security Interests: Financing arrangements for asset acquisition Inventory Financing: Revolving credit facilities secured by changing inventory Accounts Receivable Financing: Security interests in receivables and payment rights Equipment Financing: Security interests in machinery, vehicles, and industrial equipment Intellectual Property Security: Rights in patents, trademarks, and copyrights as collateral Agricultural Financing: Security interests in crops, livestock, and farming equipment Consumer Goods Financing: Retail financing arrangements for consumer durables Eligible Parties and Legal Capacity Registration may be initiated by parties with legal standing in secured transactions: Secured Creditors: Financial institutions, commercial lenders, and trade creditors holding security interests Debtors: Legal entities and individuals granting security interests in their movable property Authorized Representatives: Legal counsel, corporate officers, and agents acting under proper authorization Trustees and Fiduciaries: Parties acting in representative capacity with proper legal authority Authentication and Access Requirements System access requires compliance with stringent security protocols: Electronic Signature Certification: Valid electronic signature issued by authorized certification authorities Identity Verification: Cross-reference with state identification databases Professional Accreditation: Verification of legal counsel or authorized representative status Corporate Authorization: Confirmation of authority to bind legal entities in secured transactions This comprehensive secured transactions registration system enhances access to credit, provides legal certainty for financial transactions, and supports economic development by facilitating efficient secured financing arrangements while maintaining appropriate debtor protections and procedural safeguards. Through which website is it possible to access legislation? The official legal information system of the Republic of Armenia, accessible at https://arlis.am/, constitutes the authoritative state repository for all legal acts and judicial decisions within the Armenian legal system. This comprehensive database operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia and serves as the definitive source for legal research, statutory interpretation, and regulatory compliance, ensuring public access to legal information in accordance with principles of legal transparency and rule of law. Legal Foundation and Authoritative Status The Armenian Legal Information System (ARLIS) operates pursuant to the Law on Legal Acts of the Republic of Armenia and relevant ministerial regulations governing official publication requirements. All legal documents published through this system carry official legal force and constitute authentic versions for citation in legal proceedings, administrative decisions, and academic research. The system serves as the exclusive official source for determining the current text of legal acts and their amendment history. This system serves as the cornerstone of legal research and practice in Armenia, ensuring transparent access to legal information while maintaining the highest standards of accuracy, currency, and professional utility for legal practitioners, government officials, and citizens seeking to understand and comply with Armenian law.   How can one access translations of legal acts in force in the Republic of Armenia? The official translation portal, accessible at https://translation-centre.am/index.html, operates as the authoritative state platform for accessing certified translations of Armenian legal acts. This system functions under the auspices of the Translation Centre of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia and serves as the exclusive source for official legal translations, ensuring linguistic accuracy and legal authenticity for international legal cooperation, foreign investment, and cross-border legal proceedings. Legal Foundation and Translation Authority The Translation Centre operates pursuant to Government Decree establishing official translation standards and procedures for legal documents. All translations published through this platform carry official legal status and constitute authentic versions for use in international legal proceedings, diplomatic correspondence, and commercial transactions. The Centre maintains certification authority under Armenian law and international translation standards, ensuring compliance with Vienna Convention requirements for legal document authentication. Language Coverage and Accessibility The system provides translations in multiple languages reflecting Armenia's international engagement: English: Primary language for international business and legal cooperation Russian: Regional integration and bilateral cooperation requirements Is it possible to obtain a construction permit online? The electronic construction permitting platform, accessible at https://urban.e-gov.am/hy/ , constitutes the official state system for construction licensing and regulatory compliance in the Republic of Armenia. This system functions under the auspices of the Urban Development Committee of the Republic of Armenia Legal Framework and Regulatory Authority: The electronic permitting system operates pursuant to comprehensive construction legislation including the Urban Development Law, Environmental Impact Assessment Law. The platform integrates with municipal planning authorities, environmental protection agencies, and technical supervision bodies to ensure complete regulatory compliance. All permits issued through the electronic system carry full legal force equivalent to traditional paper permits and constitute official authorization for construction activities under Armenian law. Comprehensive Construction Permit Categories: The system facilitates complete permit processing across all construction phases and project types: Pre-Construction Design and Planning Permits: Urban Planning Permits: Site development authorization including zoning compliance and land use verification Architectural Design Approval: Building design certification ensuring compliance with architectural standards and aesthetic requirements Engineering Design Permits: Structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing system design approvals Heritage and Cultural Permits: Special authorization for construction in historical districts and cultural preservation zones Construction Authorization and Building Permits: General Building Permits: Standard construction authorization for residential, commercial, and industrial projects Renovation and Alteration Permits: Modification authorization for existing structures including additions and structural changes Demolition Permits: Authorization for building demolition including safety protocols and waste management requirements Specialized Construction Permits: Permits for hazardous materials facilities, high-rise construction, and critical infrastructure Temporary Construction Permits: Authorization for temporary structures and construction staging areas Technical and Safety Compliance Permits: Fire Safety Permits: Fire protection system approval and emergency egress certification Electrical System Permits: Electrical installation authorization and safety compliance verification Plumbing and Mechanical Permits: HVAC, plumbing, and mechanical system installation authorization Structural Engineering Permits: Structural system certification and seismic compliance verification Accessibility Compliance Permits: Disability access requirement compliance and universal design certification Completion and Occupancy Certificates: Construction Completion Certificates: Final construction verification and building code compliance certification Occupancy Permits: Authorization for building occupancy and use following construction completion Utility Connection Permits: Authorization for water, electricity, gas, and telecommunications connections Fire Safety Certificates: Final fire protection system certification and emergency response verification This system modernizes building regulation while maintaining rigorous safety and environmental protection standards, facilitating economic development through efficient permit processing, and ensuring public safety through integrated regulatory oversight and professional accountability. How can cadastre services be used electronically? The electronic cadastre platform, accessible at https://e-cadastre.am, constitutes the official state system for real estate registration and property rights administration in the Republic of Armenia. This comprehensive digital infrastructure operates under the jurisdiction of the Committee of Cadastre and implements the complete legal framework established by the Law on State Registration of Rights to Real Estate, Civil Code property provisions, and related real estate legislation, ensuring secure property transactions while maintaining comprehensive property rights protection and legal certainty. Legal Foundation and Cadastral Authority The electronic cadastre system operates pursuant to the comprehensive real estate legislation including the Real Estate Registration Law, Civil Code, and Land Code of the Republic of Armenia. The platform serves as the exclusive official registry for all real estate transactions, property rights, and cadastral information, maintaining the legal presumption of accuracy for all registered property data. All transactions processed through the electronic system carry full legal force and constitute definitive proof of property ownership, encumbrances, and legal restrictions under Armenian law. Comprehensive Cadastral Service Categories: The system facilitates complete property registration and cadastral services across all real estate transaction types: Property Registration and Title Services: Initial Property Registration: First-time registration of previously unregistered real estate with comprehensive boundary surveys and legal documentation Ownership Transfer Registration: Registration of property sales, gifts, inheritance transfers, and other ownership changes Mortgage and Lien Registration: Registration of secured interests, mortgages, and other encumbrances on real property Easement and Servitude Registration: Registration of property use rights, access easements, and utility servitudes Condominium Registration: Registration of condominium units, common areas, and homeowner association rights Cadastral Documentation and Certification: Property Certificates: Official certificates of ownership with current property status and legal restrictions Cadastral Extracts: Detailed property information including boundaries, area measurements, and zoning classifications Encumbrance Certificates: Comprehensive reports on mortgages, liens, and other property restrictions Historical Title Reports: Complete ownership history and transaction records for property due diligence Boundary Survey Certificates: Official boundary determinations and survey documentation Planning and Development Services: Zoning Information: Official zoning classifications and permitted land use determinations Development Rights Analysis: Analysis of development potential and building rights for property development Subdivision Services: Processing of land subdivision applications and creation of new cadastral parcels Consolidation Services: Merging of adjacent properties and cadastral parcel combinations Planning Permit Integration: Coordination with urban planning authorities and development permit processes This electronic cadastre system modernizes real estate transactions while maintaining rigorous legal protections, facilitates property investment and development through efficient digital processes, and ensures property rights security through integrated legal and financial system coordination, positioning Armenia's real estate sector for continued economic growth and international investment attraction. Is there a system for verifying official documents in Armenia? The official document verification platform, accessible at https://verify.e-gov.am, constitutes the comprehensive state authentication system for validating the authenticity and legal validity of Armenian official documents. This secure digital infrastructure operates under the joint jurisdiction of the Government of the Republic of Armenia, implementing the complete legal framework established by the Law on Electronic Documents and Electronic Signatures, Administrative Procedure Code, and related authentication regulations, while ensuring compliance with international document security standards and cross-border recognition agreements. Legal Foundation and Authentication Authority The document verification system operates pursuant to comprehensive authentication legislation including the Electronic Document Law, Digital Signature Law. The platform serves as the authoritative source for document authentication, maintaining cryptographic security standards equivalent to international PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) requirements. All verifications conducted through the system carry full legal force as official authentication and constitute admissible evidence in legal proceedings, administrative processes, and international recognition procedures. Comprehensive Document Categories and Verification Services: The system facilitates authentication across all categories of official state documents: Civil Status Registration Documents; International Authentication and Apostille Services; Medical and Health Documentation; Family and Personal Status Documentation; Criminal Justice and Legal Documentation; Educational and Professional Credentials.   Advanced Cryptographic Security and Anti-Fraud Measures: The verification system implements state-of-the-art security protocols: Digital Signature and Encryption Technologies; Anti-Counterfeiting and Fraud Prevention. How is it possible to apply to state bodies electronically? The electronic government services platform, accessible at https://e-request.am, constitutes the comprehensive digital gateway for citizen engagement with state institutions in the Republic of Armenia. This portal operates under the joint jurisdiction of the Government of the Republic of Armenia The platform implements international standards for digital government services, including United Nations e-Government guidelines and European Union digital governance frameworks. All applications and communications processed through the system carry full legal force equivalent to traditional paper submissions and are subject to identical procedural requirements and response obligations. This system modernizes citizen-government interaction while ensuring constitutional rights protection, facilitates democratic participation through accessible digital channels, and positions Armenia as a leader in digital governance and citizen-centered public service delivery, ultimately strengthening democratic institutions and public trust in government. How can one be informed about published draft legal acts? The electronic legislative consultation platform, accessible at https://www.e-draft.am, constitutes the official state system for public participation in the legislative process of the Republic of Armenia. This comprehensive digital infrastructure operates under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Armenia. Legal Foundation and Democratic Participation Authority The draft legislation publication system operates pursuant to comprehensive legislative procedure legislation including the Law on Normative Legal Acts, Parliamentary Rules of Procedure, and Constitutional requirements for public participation in lawmaking. The platform implements international standards for legislative transparency, including Council of Europe recommendations on public participation in decision-making and United Nations guidelines for democratic governance. All public consultations conducted through the system carry constitutional significance as exercises of democratic participation rights and contribute to the legislative record for judicial review and constitutional interpretation. The system facilitates public engagement across all categories of legislative and regulatory development. This draft legislation consultation system enhances democratic participation while ensuring legislative quality, facilitates informed public engagement in the lawmaking process through accessible digital platforms, and positions Armenia as a leader in transparent governance and participatory democracy, ultimately strengthening the rule of law and democratic institutions through inclusive legislative development. Is it possible to apply to court electronically? The electronic civil litigation platform, accessible at https://cabinet.armlex.am, represents a fundamental transformation of judicial proceedings in Armenia, implemented pursuant to amendments to the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia effective January 1, 2024. This comprehensive digital infrastructure operates under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Judicial Council. Legal Framework and Statutory Authority: The electronic litigation system operates under the comprehensive legal framework established by the amended Civil Procedure Code, implementing digital transformation requirements mandated by the Judicial Reform Strategy of the Republic of Armenia. The platform complies with international standards for electronic court proceedings, including European Commission recommendations on digitalization of justice systems and United Nations guidelines for electronic legal proceedings. All electronic submissions possess equivalent legal force to traditional paper filings and are subject to identical procedural requirements and judicial review standards. The platform maintains rigorous security standards ensuring procedural integrity. The platform facilitates complete electronic case management across all stages of civil litigation: Mandatory Electronic Filing Requirements The system implements phased mandatory electronic filing obligations: Phase One Implementation (2024): Legal Entities: All corporations, partnerships, and business organizations must file electronically Licensed Attorneys: All members of the Armenian Bar Association must utilize electronic filing Government Agencies: State bodies and administrative agencies must submit electronic filings This system modernizes judicial proceedings while maintaining fundamental due process protections, enhancing access to justice through technological innovation, and positioning Armenia's judicial system at the forefront of digital transformation in legal practice. Conclusion: Digital Transformation of Armenian Public Administration The comprehensive deployment of electronic tools throughout Armenia's public administration represents a fundamental transformation in governance methodology, citizen engagement, and international cooperation. This digital infrastructure constitutes a strategic national asset that positions the Republic of Armenia at the forefront of digital government innovation while maintaining rigorous legal standards, procedural integrity, and constitutional protections for citizen rights and democratic participation. Strategic Digital Governance Framework Armenia's electronic government ecosystem operates within a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework that ensures seamless integration between traditional administrative procedures and modern digital capabilities. The systematic implementation of digital platforms across all sectors of public administration—from civil registration and property rights to international trade and intellectual property protection—demonstrates Armenia's commitment to technological advancement while preserving essential legal protections and due process guarantees. The integration of these electronic systems creates a unified digital government infrastructure that facilitates efficient service delivery, enhances transparency and accountability, and supports economic development through streamlined administrative processes. This comprehensive approach ensures that digital transformation serves not merely as technological modernization but as a fundamental enhancement of democratic governance and public service delivery. Accessibility and Inclusive Digital Participation The tiered approach to digital access—accommodating both users with qualified electronic signatures and those utilizing simplified authentication methods—exemplifies Armenia's commitment to inclusive digital governance. This accessibility framework ensures that technological barriers do not impede citizen participation in democratic processes or access to essential public services, while maintaining appropriate security standards for sensitive transactions and legal procedures. The multilingual capabilities, disability accommodation features, and alternative access methods integrated throughout these systems demonstrate Armenia's recognition that digital transformation must serve all citizens regardless of technological literacy, physical capabilities, or linguistic preferences. This inclusive approach strengthens democratic participation by ensuring that digital government services enhance rather than restrict citizen access to public administration. Legal Certainty and International Standards Compliance All electronic transactions processed through Armenia's digital government infrastructure maintain full legal validity equivalent to traditional paper-based procedures, ensuring continuity of legal rights and obligations in the digital environment. The comprehensive integration with international systems—including European Union digital governance frameworks, World Trade Organization trade facilitation standards, and United Nations e-government guidelines—positions Armenia as a reliable partner for international cooperation and cross-border transactions. The implementation of advanced security protocols, including qualified electronic signatures, blockchain authentication, and comprehensive audit trails, ensures that digital transformation enhances rather than compromises legal certainty and procedural integrity. These security measures protect citizen privacy while facilitating transparent and accountable government operations. Economic Development and International Competitiveness Armenia's digital government infrastructure serves as a catalyst for economic development by reducing administrative burden, accelerating business registration and licensing procedures, and facilitating international trade and investment. The integration of electronic systems across regulatory agencies creates a business-friendly environment that attracts foreign investment while supporting domestic entrepreneurship and innovation. The seamless integration with international systems—particularly the Eurasian Economic Union digital frameworks and European Union compatibility standards—positions Armenia as an attractive location for businesses seeking to operate across multiple jurisdictions. This strategic positioning enhances Armenia's role as a regional hub for technology, commerce, and international cooperation. Technological Innovation and Future Development The continuous evolution of Armenia's digital infrastructure reflects a commitment to technological innovation and adaptation to emerging digital trends. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and advanced analytics capabilities enhances service delivery efficiency while maintaining human oversight and accountability. These technological advances position Armenia to adapt to future developments in digital governance while preserving essential democratic values and legal protections. The comprehensive data analytics capabilities embedded throughout these systems enable evidence-based policy development and continuous improvement of public services. This data-driven approach to governance supports informed decision-making while respecting privacy rights and data protection standards. Environmental Sustainability and Resource Efficiency The transition to digital government services contributes significantly to environmental sustainability by reducing paper consumption, minimizing physical transportation requirements, and optimizing resource allocation across government agencies. This environmental benefit aligns with Armenia's international commitments to sustainable development and climate change mitigation while demonstrating that technological advancement can support environmental protection objectives. The efficiency gains achieved through digital transformation enable government resources to be redirected toward policy development, service enhancement, and citizen engagement rather than routine administrative processing. This optimization of public resources enhances the overall effectiveness of government operations while reducing costs for both citizens and government agencies. International Recognition and Diplomatic Advantages Armenia's advanced digital government infrastructure enhances the country's international reputation and diplomatic standing by demonstrating commitment to transparency, efficiency, and modern governance practices. This technological capability supports Armenia's integration with international organizations and enhances the country's attractiveness as a partner for bilateral and multilateral cooperation. The interoperability of Armenia's digital systems with international frameworks facilitates diplomatic engagement, trade relationships, and cultural exchanges while maintaining sovereignty over domestic governance processes. This balance between international integration and national autonomy exemplifies effective digital diplomacy in the contemporary global environment. Continuous Improvement and Adaptive Governance The modular design and scalable architecture of Armenia's digital government systems enable continuous improvement and adaptation to evolving citizen needs and technological capabilities. This flexibility ensures that digital infrastructure remains relevant and effective as social, economic, and technological conditions change over time. The comprehensive feedback mechanisms integrated throughout these systems enable citizen input to drive system improvements and policy development. This participatory approach to digital governance strengthens democratic institutions while ensuring that technological advancement serves citizen interests and democratic values. Strategic Vision for Digital Armenia Armenia's comprehensive digital government infrastructure represents more than technological modernization—it embodies a strategic vision of efficient, transparent, and citizen-centered governance that positions the country for continued development and international engagement. The integration of legal certainty, accessibility, security, and efficiency creates a foundation for sustainable economic growth and democratic strengthening. As Armenia continues to develop its digital capabilities, this infrastructure will serve as a platform for innovation, international cooperation, and democratic participation. The combination of technological advancement with legal protection and inclusive access ensures that digital transformation supports rather than replaces fundamental democratic values and human rights protections. The success of Armenia's digital government initiative demonstrates that developing countries can achieve world-class digital governance capabilities while maintaining cultural identity, legal traditions, and democratic values. This achievement positions Armenia as a model for other nations seeking to balance technological advancement with democratic governance and citizen rights protection. Through continued investment in digital infrastructure, legal framework development, and citizen engagement, Armenia's electronic government systems will continue to evolve as essential tools for effective governance, economic development, and international cooperation in the digital age. This comprehensive approach ensures that technological progress serves the fundamental goals of democratic governance: transparency, accountability, efficiency, and citizen empowerment. Author: Dr. NORAYR BALAYAN, Partner at ELL Partnership Law Firm