Labour Law Series: Part I: Implementation of New Labour Codes – Key Updates for the Employers
The Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India (“Ministry”) pursuant to the press release dated 21 November 2025 (“Press Release”) has implemented 4 (four) labour codes, namely, (i) the Code on Wages, 2019 (“Wage Code”), (ii) the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 (“Industrial Relations Code”), (iii) the Code on Social Security, 2020 (“Social Security Code”), …
When you are not the Judgement Debtor- Safeguarding against illegal eviction under the law
INTRODUCTION Order XXI Rule 97 of the Code of Civil Procedure (“CPC”) deals with situations wherein a decree-holder, when taking possession of immovable property after a decree has been passed in their favour, is obstructed or resisted from doing so by a third party.
CAN INVESTIGATING AGENCIES COMPEL DISCLOSURE OF PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ATTORNEY AND CLIENT? A LEGAL ANALYSIS
I. Introduction The Attorney–client privilege (“ACP”) is a legal doctrine with origins in the 16th century English common law that, broadly speaking, protects all confidential communication made between an advocate and their client(s) to secure legal advice.[1] It is based on the fact that a client can have effective representation only when they are able …
Attorney–Client Privilege and the Limits of State Power: A Study of the Supreme Court’s Judgment in In Re: Summoning of Advocates.
A. Introduction In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court has sent a strong message that “the power to summon is not the power to interfere with the privileged communications between a lawyer and client, as long as the Constitutional Courts sit, in this Country[1].” The court was confronted with the rising tide of investigative adventurism, …
Modification of Arbitral Awards: Supreme Court answers
A. Introduction What began as a criminal complaint in 2004, culminated in a landmark ruling by the Hon’ble Supreme Court on a key issue in the field of arbitration. On 30 April 2025, while delivering its judgment in Gayatri Balaswamy v. ISG Novasoft Technologies Ltd[1] [“Gayatri”], the Apex Court addressed the pivotal question of whether …
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Virtual Violence: Law, Technology and Protection of Adolescents in Cyberspace
A. Introduction A recent survey in India found that 60% of children in urban areas spend up to 3 hours daily on social media and gaming platforms.[1]
Resumption of land under S 6(3) of the WBEA Act: Judicial-Legislative Matrix
A. Introduction Significant quantum of land in the State of West Bengal, had been permitted to be retained in terms of S 6(1)(g) read with S 6(3) of the West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953 (“WBEA Act”), primarily for the purposes of mills and factories, however, over time, most of such 6(3) lands were lying …
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Draft Delhi Industrial Policy 2025 – Policy Brief
Policy Context & Rationale Delhi, the capital of India and one of the fastest-growing metropolises, is primarily driven by a service-led economy, which accounts for over 85% of its Gross Value Added (GVA). However, the city’s rapid urbanisation, limited land availability, soaring real estate costs, and pressing environmental concerns have rendered traditional, manufacturing-centric industrial models …
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FIR and ECIR in Financial Crimes: Parallel Investigations with Overlapping Implications
A. Introduction In the year 1834, the first Indian Law Commission was constituted under the Chairmanship of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay to examine, inter alia, the existing laws in force in India at that time. The Commission’s recommendation led to the eventual enactment of the Indian Penal Code in 1860. The aim was to substantively …
The Interplay Between IBC Moratorium and Criminal Liability Under Section 138 of the NI Act: In light of Recent Judgement Passed In ‘Rakesh Bhanot Vs. Gurdas Agro Pvt. Ltd.
A. Introduction The Supreme Court of India, in its landmark ruling Rakesh Bhanot v. Gurdas Agro Pvt Ltd[1]. delivered on 01 April 2025, clarified the relationship between insolvency moratoriums and criminal liability for dishonoured cheques.