On 13 May 2026, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued proposed rule, “Begin Actual Construction in the New Source Review (NSR) Preconstruction Permitting Program” (91 Fed. Reg. 26958) (Proposed Rule), which seeks to streamline the Clean Air Act’s NSR preconstruction permitting program by allowing source owners or operators to begin certain physical non-emitting construction activities prior to obtaining an NSR permit. If finalized, the Proposed Rule would narrow the scope of activities falling within the scope of “begin actual construction,” allowing for accelerated construction timelines for a wide array of energy and infrastructure projects—including power plants, data centers, petrochemical facilities, and other industrial and manufacturing facilities that require air permits.