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The principle of free consent is one of the cornerstones of contract law and plays a fundamental role in determining whether an agreement qualifies as a valid and enforceable contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. A contract becomes legally binding only when the parties enter into it voluntarily and with a clear understanding of its essential terms.

Bullying may be characterised as an intentional act by a perpetrator which, though may not amount to a criminal offence, causes pain or anguish or suffering to the victim, either physically or emotionally.

Before the dawn of the enforcement directorate's (‘ED') era, securing bail was as chaotic as a three-ringed circus. Accused persons were, in most instances, granted bail if they fulfilled the triple test doctrine...

Article 22(2) of the constitution of India provides that any person arrested and detained in custody must be: produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest and ...

We have summarised the the recent legal & regulatory updates, and verdicts from the month of November 2024.

As per Article 21 of the Constitution of India, "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law, nor shall any person be denied equality before the law or ...

With its rich history and diverse society, India has taken its first step towards a transformative legal journey.

In M/s PPK Newsclick Studio Pvt. Ltd. v. State (NCT of Delhi) & Ors., 2026:DHC:5098 the Delhi High Court delivered an important judgment reaffirming that criminal law and investigative powers cannot be invoked to convert commercial, regulatory, or business decisions into allegations of cheating, conspiracy, or money laundering in the absence of foundational criminal ingredients.

This article examines when a supplementary chargesheet or further report or subsequent complaint is a legitimate continuation of the investigation, and when it becomes a second attempt to improve the prosecution case.

The boundary between a routine banking service and a "commercial transaction" has long been a battlefield in Indian consumer law.

When Parliament reduces the punishment for an offence, a question that immediately arises is whether those already facing prosecution for that offence receive the benefit of the reduction in punishment/penal consequences.

India and the United States of America ("USA") share ties that have only gotten stronger over time.

The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 was introduced by the Ministry of Finance and Corporate Affairs, which has been passed by the Lok Sabha on 19.07.2018 and subsequently by the Rajya Sabha on 25.07.2018.

The history of the PMLA can be traced back to the later part of the 1980s, when an urgent need was felt among various nations to protect their financial systems from money-laundering.

India's digital payments story has been extraordinary. In two decades, India moved from RTGS and paper cheques to Unified Payments Interface processing nearly half of the world's real-time transactions.

The "pyramid scheme" has been explained in Annexure A to this memo.

As lawyers/advocates, we understand that making a police complaint in India can be a daunting task for a layman.