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India follows a common law system where the civil court structure is defined and governed by the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 (CPC). The hierarchy of civil courts begins with the civil judge (Junior division)/Munsiff courts followed by a civil judge (Senior Division), district courts at the district level. The supervisory jurisdiction over all district courts in a state vests with the High Court having jurisdiction over such state. At the pinnacle, is the Supreme court of India – which is the country’s highest constitutional court.

The jurisprudence surrounding corporate criminal liability and insider trading in India has undergone considerable doctrinal refinement, particularly in relation to the attribution of knowledge, the evidentiary threshold for establishing regulatory contraventions and the relevance of commercial intention in determining liability.