Log in or register
Share on LinkedInShare on LinkedIn

ARTICLE · 08 APRIL 2022

Market Intelligence Thought Leadership Award Winner

Privacy Laws: The Past, The Present And The Future

Agama Law Associates
Explore more from Agama Law Associates

It has been one year since General Data Protection Regulations ("GDPR")[1]came into force. Much of the confusion, panic and stress in the various organizations are quietening down.

IndiaPrivacy
Archana Balasubramanian
Archana Balasubramanian
Rhea Sethi
Rhea Sethi
Author LinkedIn connections

Introduction

It has been one year since General Data Protection Regulations ("GDPR")1came into force. Much of the confusion, panic and stress in the various organizations are quietening down. We now have some understanding of what GDPR is and why all organizations were scrambling to comply. We are understanding now how it trickles to Indian corporates. This is the first in a series of articles we propose to write on this topic.

The General Data Protection Regulations (EU) 2016/679 more commonly referred to as GDPR Regulations have been brought into effect by the European Union ("EU") on 21 May 2018. These Regulations are intended to empower the ordinary man to have more power and control over his data i.e. how it is to be shared, stored, how long it may be stored, in what form it should be stored etc. Being an EU legislation, it protects people within EU and European Economic Areas (EEA).

We operate a free-to-view policy, asking only that you register in order to read all of our content. Please login or register to view the rest of this article.

Register for freeORLog in

View source

Related Articles

Legal Intelligence Newsletters: sign up for the latest legal and regulatory news on your chosen topics

Read more about

Related Comparative Guides

See more popular content from

Article

DPDP Data Breach Notification In India: Timelines, Requirements And Key Compliance Considerations

A personal data breach can create immediate legal, operational, and reputational consequences for an organisation. Under India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 (DPDP Rules), specific obligations have been prescribed for Data Fiduciaries following a personal data breach. While organisations may already have broader data protection and cybersecurity measures in place, breach notification requires a distinct and time-sensitive response. The DPDP framework requires communication both to affected Data Principals and to the Data Protection Board of India.
IndiaPrivacy
King, Stubb & Kasiva
King, Stubb & Kasiva
Article

Cross-Border Data Transfers Under India’s DPDP Act: Rules, Restrictions And Compliance Roadmap For 2027

India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) introduces a relatively permissive framework for the cross-border transfer of personal data from India. Unlike the European Union’s GDPR, which relies extensively on adequacy decisions and prescribed transfer safeguards, the DPDP framework adopts a negative-list approach: international transfers are generally permitted, subject to restrictions that may be notified by the Central Government.
IndiaPrivacy
King, Stubb & Kasiva
King, Stubb & Kasiva
Article

Data Retention And Deletion Under The DPDP Act: How Long Can Businesses Retain Personal Data In India?

India’s data protection framework has moved from legislation to implementation. With the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (“DPDP Act”) and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 (“DPDP Rules”) now notified, organizations processing personal data in India need to reassess how long they retain personal data, why they retain it, and how they ultimately delete or anonymize it.
IndiaPrivacy
King, Stubb & Kasiva
King, Stubb & Kasiva
Article

DPDP Act And Rules 2025: The 2026 Compliance Milestones Businesses Can’t Afford To Miss

India’s data protection regime has moved well past the discussion stage. With the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 (“DPDP Rules”) notified by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (“MeitY”) on 13 November 2025, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (“DPDP Act”) now has a defined implementation roadmap, and 2026 is the year businesses should be using to prepare for substantive compliance.
IndiaPrivacy
King, Stubb & Kasiva
King, Stubb & Kasiva
Article

What Happens To Existing SPDI Rules After Full DPDP Enforcement?

India’s data protection landscape is undergoing its most significant shift in over a decade. The Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 (“SPDI Rules”), have long formed the core of personal data protection obligations under the Information Technology Act, 2000 (“IT Act“) for body corporates handling sensitive personal data or information.
IndiaPrivacy
King, Stubb & Kasiva
King, Stubb & Kasiva
Article

The Digital Personal Data Protection Consent Manager Framework: What Data Fiduciaries Must Do Before The November 2026 Deadline

India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act introduces a mandatory Consent Manager Framework operational from November 2026, requiring organizations processing personal data to integrate with registered intermediary platforms that enable individuals to manage consent across multiple services. With penalties reaching INR 250 crore per violation and implementation timelines spanning 12-18 months, enterprises face critical infrastructure modernization requirements before the May 2027 full compliance deadline.
IndiaPrivacy
Maheshwari & Co. Advocates & Legal Consultants
Maheshwari & Co. Advocates & Legal Consultants
Article

From Consent To Accountability: Japan’s 2026 APPI Amendment Bill And The New Data Strategy For AI-Driven Businesses

AI regulation does not always arrive in the form of a dedicated AI statute. More often, it enters through privacy law. On April 7, 2026, the Japanese Cabinet approved a bill to amend Japan’s Act on the Protection of Personal Information (“APPI”). The Diet passed the amendment on July 10, 2026, and it was promulgated on July 17, 2026 as Act No. 56 of 2026; the amendment is now enacted but not yet in force, with its main provisions taking effect on a date to be fixed by Cabinet order no later than mid-2028.
IndiaPrivacy
Hammurabi & Solomon Partners
Hammurabi & Solomon Partners
Article

Use Of IPO Proceeds: Why SEBI Questions “General Corporate Purpose” More Closely Today?

SEBI's intensified scrutiny of "General Corporate Purposes" in IPO offer documents reflects a fundamental shift in how regulators view the deployment of public capital. What began as a modest catch-all for operational flexibility has evolved into allocations reaching 25-35% of issue proceeds, prompting questions about transparency, investor protection, and the true intentions behind these vague funding categories.
IndiaFinance and Banking
Agama Law Associates
Agama Law Associates