1. INTRODUCTION
On August 11, 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023,
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 and the Bharatiya
Sakshya Bill, 2023 were introduced in the Lok Sabha that sought to
repeal and replace the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ("IPC"),
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ("CrPC"), and the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872 ("Evidence Act"), respectively.
However, on December 12, 2023, these bills were withdrawn from
consideration and subsequently, reintroduced with minor changes
under new titles: Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023;
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023; and
Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023. Thereafter, the bills were
passed by the Lok Sabha on December 20, 2023, and by the Rajya
Sabha on December 21, 2023. The bills received Presidential assent
on December 25, 2023, and thereby gave rise to Bharatiya Nyaya
Sanhita, 2023 ("BNS"); Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha
Sanhita, 2023 ("BNSS"); and Bharatiya Sakshya
