The mobility of the future is arriving in the present to an
ever-higher degree. Bike sharing, car sharing, and carpooling have
established themselves as well-functioning business models, mobile
apps have become an integral part of local public transportation,
the nationwide expansion of charging stations for electric cars is
gaining momentum, and the first driverless trucks can be found on
test tracks in public space.
Each of these developments is the result of different service
providers interacting with each other. No company is competent
enough on its own to offer a mobility concept from a single source.
Even supposedly simple mobility solutions, as seen from a
user's point of view, usually conceal complex service
relationships: A software company develops and maintains an app,
another company provides the hardware (e.g., bicycles) and takes
care of maintenance, a third company runs the bike-sharing service,
and a fourth one handles payment. The structure gets even
