1. Introduction
The Egyptian legal system is primarily based on the French civil
legal system, various other European codes and religious law. In
practice, religious law is applied only to personal status and
family matters which are governed by the religious law of the
individual concerned. The fundamental and organic law of Egypt is
the Constitution thereof, which Constitution was passed in a
referendum in January 2014 (the
"Constitution").
As a general principle under the Egyptian Civil Code No. 131 of
1948 (the "Civil Code"), the legal
effect of a contract shall be applied only to the parties thereof
in which, the rights and obligations under the said contract shall
only be enforceable vis-à-vis these parties. This being said
that the said legal effect shall not be applied to any third party
whether the said effects are rights or obligations and whether the
source of obligation is a formal or an informal deed unless the
parties agreed otherwise. This general
