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Cyprus is in the final stage of preparations to meet the technical and regulatory requirements for Schengen membership and becoming a member of the Schengen Zone, Europe’s free-travel area.  Cyprus is actively working towards this goal and is expected to join the Schengen Zone by end of 2025. This marks an important step in the country’s ongoing efforts to enhance its European integration and strengthen its position within the EU. President Nicos Christodoulides has confirmed that Cyprus is on track to become a full member of the Schengen Zone by 2025. This move is highly significant for Cyprus, as it will align the country with 29 other nations, including most of the EU member states, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. Joining the Schengen Zone will bring Cyprus a range of benefits. Key Benefits of Cyprus Joining the Schengen Zone: Enhanced Mobility: Once Cyprus is fully integrated into the Schengen Zone, it’s likely that Cyprus (non-EU) permanent residents would enjoy simplified travel between Schengen states compared to non-residents. This increases convenience for residents, businesses, and tourists, fostering a more connected and mobile society. Increased Tourism: Cyprus is already a popular tourist destination, and joining the Schengen Zone will likely make it even more attractive. With the ease of travel across multiple countries without border checks, tourists from Schengen countries will find it easier to visit Cyprus, potentially boosting the tourism sector and the economy. Stronger Investment Opportunities: Schengen membership will improve Cyprus’ appeal as a destination for foreign investors. Investors, especially those interested in real estate, will be drawn to Cyprus due to the ease of access it offers to the entire Schengen Zone. This is likely to result in an increase in demand for property investments, particularly in areas like luxury real estate, resorts, and commercial properties. Economic Growth: Cyprus’ alignment with the Schengen Zone could lead to increased foreign direct investment (FDI) and a boost to various sectors, including banking, finance, and technology. The removal of border controls simplifies trade and business relations with other Schengen countries, leading to a more competitive and thriving economy. Increased Demand for Residency Through Property Investment: One of the most immediate effects of Cyprus joining the Schengen Zone is likely to be a significant rise in demand for property investments. Foreigners, especially those from non-Schengen countries, will be keen to invest in property in Cyprus. Moreover, Cyprus’ investment program, which allows non-EU citizens to obtain residency through property investment, is expected to become even more appealing. In conclusion, Cyprus’ full integration into the Schengen Zone will provide significant advantages for residents, businesses, and foreign investors. This milestone will not only enhance the country’s mobility and economic potential but will also position Cyprus as a strategic hub within the European Union, driving growth and innovation in the years to come. Author: Nikoletta Charalambous, 12 March 2025 Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC

Modernization of the Legislation and Revision of the Requirements for Obtaining Cypriot Citizenship based on years of residence in the Republic of Cyprus. The House of Representatives passed the Civil Registry Amended Law 149(I)/2023, which was published in the Official Government Gazette on December 19, 2023, with immediate effect, and amends the Civil Registry Laws of 2002 to 2021. The aforementioned Amended Law revises the qualifications and criteria for naturalization based on years of legal and continuous residence in the Republic of Cyprus. The Law introduces among other qualifications the Certificate of Knowledge of the Greek Language and basic elements of the contemporary political and social reality of the Republic, as a necessary condition for submitting the application, and also introduces new provisions for the naturalization of highly qualified persons, in the context of attracting companies to operate and/or expand their activities in the Republic. More specifically, according to the provision of the Amended Law and its new article 111B, a foreigner is eligible to submit an application for naturalization based on years of residence in the Republic of Cyprus, provided that s/he cumulatively meets the following criteria: Requirements for Naturalization: Legal residence in the Republic for a total of 8 years out of the last 11 years before submitting the application. The duration of absence from the Republic in the last year before submitting the application should not exceed 90 days. (a) S/he has legal and continuous residence in the Republic for the period of the immediately preceding 12 months from the date of submission of her/his application for naturalization: Provided that, periods of absence from the Republic not exceeding a total of 90 days within the above 12-month period, do not interrupt the above-mentioned time period, an (b) During the 10 years immediately preceding the period of 12-month provided for, before the submission of the application, s/he either legally resided in the Republic or served in the public service of the Republic, either partially the one or the other, for periods of time which cumulatively are not less than 7 years. Therefore, now the required period of residence in the Republic is 7 years plus 12 months before submitting the application, i.e. 8 years. Good Character and Clean Criminal Record both in the Republic of Cyprus and internationally. (c) S/he is of good character: Provided that, elements that tend to demonstrate good character include among others the following: (i) Has not by deeds or words shown disloyalty or contempt for the Republic; (ii) Has not acted in a manner that constitutes recognition of illegal administration in the occupied territories of the Republic, has not held any office relating thereto, and has not possessed, or unlawfully entered, damaged or interfered with immovable property located in such territories belonging to another legal owner; (iii) Has not engaged during any war waged by the Republic in any transaction and has not communicated with the enemy or engaged in the conduct of an operation or participated in any operation in such a manner as to have assisted the enemy; (iv) Has not been sentenced in the Republic or abroad to imprisonment for a serious criminal offence; (v) Is not wanted at European level by EUROPOL or internationally by INTERPOL; (vi) Has not been sanctioned and is not on a sanctions list; (vii) No criminal case is pending against him/her in the Republic or abroad; (viii) Has not entered through an illegal point of entry or entered or remained in the Republic in violation of any prohibition, condition, restriction or reservation, under the provisions of Laws of the Republic from time to time in force (entry from occupied territories and its airport and port); (ix) Does not constitute a danger to public order and public security of the Republic. Certificate of Knowledge of the Greek Language Level B1 (d) To have sufficient knowledge of the Greek language of at least Level B1, as defined in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages of the Council of Europe (CEFR), based on the language certificates of the said level specified in a Decree of the Minister, which are granted after the foreigner submits to a written examination. This is carried out at regular intervals and conducted by the Greek Language Center. Sufficient knowledge of basic elements of the modern political and social reality of the Republic (e) To have sufficient knowledge of basic elements of the contemporary political and social reality of the Republic, which is proven by the Certificate with a grade of 60% or higher, on an exam conducted by the Examination Service of the Ministry of Education. This exam is held twice a year, on dates announced by the Examinations Service. Certificates from the exams conducted by the Examinations Service in July 2023 and February 2024 may be accepted for naturalization application purposes. Certificates of the July 2023 exams, on which no score is indicated, participants can request their exact score from the Examinations Service. Appropriate accommodation, Adequate and Stable Financial Resources (f) To have an appropriate accommodation, stable and regular financial resources, sufficient for the financial support her/himself, individuals and dependent members of her/his family. Genuine intention to reside in the Republic (g) To have the intention, in the event of a naturalization certificate being granted to him/her, to reside in the Republic. It is understood that residence for naturalization purposes means the foreigner’s physical presence in the Republic, based on the relevant applicable immigration provisions, on a case-by-case basis. It is further provided that, in the calculation of the period of residence, the period during which the foreigner resided as an applicant for international protection or as a holder of supplementary or temporary protection or as a holder of a student permit is not taken into account. Highly qualified and talented professionals with knowledge of the Greek language at level A2 or B1 The criteria for naturalization are differentiated for individuals residing in the Republic for the purpose of highly skilled employment in companies, which are determined by the Decision no. 92.018 and dated 15/10/2021 of the Council of Ministers, regarding the Strategy for Attracting Companies to Operate and/or Expand their Activities in the Republic of Cyprus, as well as for their family members. The following companies fall under this category: Foreign Interest Companies operating in the Republic of Cyprus and operating independent offices in the Republic Cypriot Shipping Companies Cypriot Hi-Tech/Innovation Companies with products related to the aviation and space industry, computers, information technology and communication, pharmaceuticals, biomedical equipment, research and development equipment, electrical machinery, chemicals, non-electrical machinery Cypriot Pharmaceutical Companies or Cypriot Companies active in the fields of biogenetics and biotechnology, Companies that are already registered in the Register of Foreign Companies of the Civil Registry and Migration Department. Highly qualified persons, for the purposes of the law, are defined as: Individuals holding temporary residence permits for the purpose of employment in Foreign Interest Companies, provided that they hold the possession of Director, Specialist or Key personnel categories Individuals, regardless of their residence status, who earn a minimum gross monthly salary of €2500 and possess a university degree or an equivalent qualification or certificates of experience in a relevant employment position lasting 2 years. Regardless of the provisions of paragraphs (b) and (d) of subsection 1 of article 111B, a person residing in the Republic for the purpose of highly skilled employment in the abovementioned companies may be naturalized after legal residence in the Republic for a total of 4 years, if s/he has knowledge of the Greek language at level B1, and 5 years, if s/he has knowledge of the Greek language at level A2, respectively, instead of a total of 8 years. Simultaneously with these highly qualified professionals, their family members may also apply for naturalization and/or be naturalized, provided that they meet also the legal and continuous residence, and complete the required total duration of residence of 4 or 5 years, depending on the level of knowledge of the Greek language, without requiring these periods to coincide with the periods completed by the main applicants. For purposes of interpreting this provision, family members include the spouse, the civil partner, and the dependent adult child, i.e. a person with a disability, which renders her/him unable to work and take legal action. The examination of the applications of highly qualified persons and their family members will be completed through the fast-track procedure within 8 months. It should be noted that circulars and clarifications are expected from the Ministry of the Interior on the text of the Amended Law and regarding the examination of the pending applications. Author: Varia Kourtzidou, 22 April 2024 Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC

Introduction Termination of employment by reason of redundancy constitutes a recognised ground for termination under Cyprus employment law, subject to the requirements of the Termination of Employment Law of 1967, Law 24/1967, as amended. The Law provides that termination on grounds of redundancy falls within the circumstances in which an employee is not entitled to compensation from the employer, while the burden of establishing that the termination falls within one of the relevant statutory grounds rests, in principle, on the employer. The existence, however, of financial or operational difficulties within a business does not automatically mean that every termination of employment may properly be characterised as one arising from redundancy. This issue was recently considered by the Supreme Court in ΜΑΤΘΑΙΟΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΕΤΟΙΜΟ ΜΠΕΤΟΝ ΛΤΔ v. ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΟΥ ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΟΥΣ, Civil Appeal No. 316/2017, judgment dated 7 April 2026 (hereinafter the “Case”). By its unanimous judgment, the Supreme Court reaffirmed the principles governing the establishment of genuine redundancy and, more particularly, the need for a sufficient connection between the business circumstances relied upon by the employer and the specific termination of employment. 1.      Background The appellant company, which operated in the ready-mixed concrete sector, terminated the employment of four concrete mixer drivers in February 2011, relying on redundancy arising from a reduction in the volume of work and the modernisation of its business operations. The employees brought proceedings before the Industrial Disputes Tribunal, disputing that their termination had genuinely occurred by reason of redundancy. During the proceedings, it emerged that, only a few months earlier, the employer had recruited three other individuals in the same occupational category. This became a material factor in assessing whether genuine redundancy circumstances in fact existed. 2.      The Court’s Findings The Industrial Disputes Tribunal accepted that the company had experienced a reduction in the volume of work and that, in principle, the employer was entitled to take measures to reduce its workforce. It did not, however, consider this fact sufficient to establish that the termination of the four employees had actually occurred by reason of redundancy. The distinction is significant: the existence of business circumstances capable of justifying a reduction in staff is one matter; proving that the particular termination was in fact a consequence of those circumstances is another. The Supreme Court upheld the approach adopted at first instance and reaffirmed that the burden of proving that the dismissals were effected by reason of redundancy rested on the employer. This position is also consistent with section 6 of Law 24/1967, pursuant to which a termination is presumed, unless the contrary is established, not to have been effected for one of the reasons falling within section 5 of the Law. As the Supreme Court stated: “The burden of proving that the dismissals were effected by reason of redundancy always rested on the appellant.” Accordingly, it was not sufficient for the employer merely to establish that, at the material time, there had been a reduction in the volume of its business. The employer was also required to demonstrate that the particular dismissals resulted from, and were sufficiently connected with, that reduction. It was in this context that the earlier recruitment of other employees became particularly relevant. The Supreme Court agreed that the recruitment of individuals in the same occupational category only a few months before the termination of the respondents constituted a factor which the Tribunal was entitled to consider when assessing whether genuine redundancy circumstances existed. 3.      The Essence of the Judgment The judgment does not establish a rule that every recruitment of staff before or after a termination necessarily precludes redundancy. Nor does it suggest that an employer experiencing a reduction in the volume of work is deprived of the right to restructure its business or reduce its workforce, provided that the statutory requirements are satisfied. What emerges from the judgment is that, where redundancy is relied upon as the reason for termination, the employer must establish a genuine connection between the circumstances relied upon and the particular termination in question. Against this background, the recruitment of other employees in the same occupational category shortly before the termination may constitute relevant evidential material and may properly be considered when determining whether genuine redundancy existed. 4.      Practical Implications The judgment is of particular significance to businesses considering restructuring or workforce reductions. A decision to terminate employment by reason of redundancy should be supported by actual and, where possible, objective evidence demonstrating not only the broader business need to reduce personnel, but also the connection between that need and the particular positions affected. Particular care should be exercised where new employees are recruited during the same period. It is not necessarily inconsistent for a business to recruit personnel in one area while genuinely experiencing redundancy in another. Where, however, the new recruitment concerns the same occupational category or substantially identical duties, that fact may carry considerable evidential weight when the true reason for the termination is examined. Similarly, the mere description of a termination as “redundancy” in a termination letter is not, in itself, determinative. Whether genuine redundancy exists is a legal question to be determined by reference to the actual facts and the statutory requirements. In the present case, the Supreme Court held that the Industrial Disputes Tribunal had properly directed itself on the applicable statutory provisions and that the employer had failed to establish that the specific terminations had been effected by reason of redundancy. The appeal was therefore dismissed. 5.      Conclusion The judgment does not alter the established principles governing redundancy under Cyprus employment law; it nevertheless provides a useful and practical application of those principles. In substance, the decision makes clear that proof of a reduction in the volume of work is not, in itself, sufficient to establish the redundancy of a particular employee. The employer, who bears the relevant burden of proof, must demonstrate that the specific termination was genuinely attributable to the redundancy circumstances relied upon. The description of a termination as “redundancy” in a termination letter is therefore not conclusive. What ultimately matters is whether the alleged redundancy is properly substantiated by the factual circumstances of each individual case. References 1.      MATHAIOS IOANNOU ETOIMO BETON LTD v. CHARALAMBOUS CHARALAMBOUS, Civil Appeal No. 316/2017, Supreme Court of Cyprus, Judgment dated 7 April 2026. Full judgment: CyLaw – Supreme Court of Cyprus 2.      The Termination of Employment Law of 1967, Law 24/1967, as amended. Full text: CyLaw – Law 24/1967 Article prepared by Nafsika Papakonstantinou, August 2026

A significant component of the legal and regulatory framework for companies handling personal data is the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ("GDPR"). The Protection of Natural Persons regarding the Processing of Personal Data and the Free Movement of Such Data Law 125(I)/2018, as amended, and the GDPR are both applicable in Cyprus. Compliance with data protection regulations is not limited to big businesses or organizations whose operations are heavily reliant on data. In reality, the majority of businesses handle personal data on a daily basis through operations like hiring, marketing, CCTV systems, employee administration, communications with customers and suppliers, and the use of online or cloud-based platforms. Any information pertaining to a recognized or identifiable natural person is considered personal data. This can include location data, IP addresses, and other online identifiers in addition to personal information like a person's name, contact information, or identification number. Additional protections apply to specific types of personal data, such as genetic, biometric, and health data. Therefore, GDPR obligations may arise from even ordinary business operations. A business is already operating within the data protection framework if it keeps employee records, retains customer contact information, or hires an outside service provider to handle information on its behalf. A practical approach to compliance Companies must make sure that personal information is handled fairly, legally, and openly, and only for specific, acceptable purposes. For every processing activity, they must also determine a suitable legal foundation. While consent is one potential legal foundation, it is not the only one. Processing may instead be required, depending on the situation, to fulfill a legal obligation, carry out a contract, or pursue a legitimate interest, among other reasons. The GDPR also mandates that companies take into account whether the personal information being gathered is required for the pertinent purpose, whether it is accurate, and how long it should be kept. To prevent unauthorized access, loss, or misuse of personal data, appropriate organizational and technical safeguards must also be in place. Therefore, how personal data is actually handled within the organization should be reflected in an effective compliance framework. When external providers process personal data on behalf of the company, appropriate contractual arrangements should be in place, internal policies should stay current, and privacy notices should accurately describe processing activities. Additionally, since extra security measures might be needed, businesses should be aware of where their data is kept and whether it is transferred outside of the European Economic Area. Internal processes are just as crucial. Organizations should have a clear procedure for handling possible breaches of personal data and be able to react appropriately when people exercise their rights under the GDPR. Notifying the appropriate supervisory authority of a breach that poses a risk to people may be necessary as soon as possible and, if practical, within 72 hours of learning about it. A Data Protection Officer ("DPO") may also need to be appointed by some organizations, depending on the type of processing activities. This could occur, for instance, when a company's primary operations include extensive processing of certain sensitive categories of personal data or routine, systematic monitoring of individuals. Compliance as an ongoing process GDPR compliance should not be treated as a one-off administrative exercise. Businesses evolve, new technologies are introduced, service providers change and the way personal data is collected, stored and shared may develop over time. Documentation which was appropriate when first prepared may therefore no longer accurately reflect an organisation’s current activities. Outdated privacy notices, unclear retention practices, incomplete contractual arrangements with third-party providers and inadequate procedures for responding to data breaches or data subject requests can all create legal and operational risk. Regular reviews can help businesses identify these gaps and ensure that their data protection practices continue to reflect both their actual operations and applicable legal requirements. Ultimately, a practical approach to GDPR compliance begins with understanding what personal data a business processes, why it processes it, where that information is held and with whom it is shared. Clear internal procedures, appropriate contractual protections and staff awareness can then form part of a proportionate compliance framework. GDPR compliance is therefore not simply a matter of maintaining the correct documentation. It requires businesses to incorporate data protection considerations into their everyday operations and decision-making, supporting transparency, accountability and trust in their relationships with employees, clients and other stakeholders. Article prepared by Katerina Theodosiou, September 2026

In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing professional world, success requires more than just vision or efficiency. It requires a thoughtful balance of Management and Leadership. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they represent distinct but complementary skills that drive organizations forward. Management is about structure, process, and accountability. It involves setting clear goals, defining roles and responsibilities, and ensuring that resources are used effectively. A well-managed team operates with clarity, consistency, and efficiency. Strong management helps prevent bottlenecks, reduces uncertainty, and ensures that strategic objectives are translated into tangible results. Leadership, on the other hand, focuses on people. It is about inspiring and motivating individuals, fostering a sense of purpose, and guiding teams through challenges. Leadership encourages innovation, collaboration, and adaptability. It is not limited to formal titles, as anyone can demonstrate leadership by empowering colleagues, cultivating trust, and encouraging growth. The true power comes when management and leadership work together. Management provides the framework, while leadership brings it to life. Leaders who understand this balance know that processes alone are not enough, and that inspiration without organization can lead to chaos. Together, they create environments where teams are both efficient and engaged, where goals are met without sacrificing creativity or morale. For professionals at all levels, investing in both management and leadership skills is essential. Practical management ensures that tasks are completed and objectives are achieved, but leadership ensures that teams are resilient, motivated, and continuously learning. Organizations that foster both management and leadership enjoy higher performance, greater employee engagement, and sustainable long-term growth. The application of these principles is seen in everyday decisions: how we communicate expectations, handle challenges, or recognize achievements. Leaders who integrate management and leadership consistently foster trust, clarity, and empowerment. Over time, this approach builds a culture where individuals are motivated to contribute their best, teams can adapt to change, and organizations thrive even in complex and competitive environments. Ultimately, management tells us what to do and how to do it, while leadership shows us why it matters and how we can grow together. Balancing these forces is not just a professional skill - it’s a mindset that drives meaningful, lasting success. Article prepared by Savvas Nicolaou, May 2026

Intra-Group Mergers Mergers are generally regarded as means for companies to consolidate their businesses with the main purpose to position themselves more favorably against stronger competition. Others often use a merger to establish themselves as a dominant force on a national and supranational level. Intra-group mergers, on the other hand, provide a tool for groups of companies to make their structures and businesses more efficient, whether that be in terms of production, cost allocation or channeling of resources or even funding and financing. It is often a tool overlooked, however, under the right circumstances, it can be the best solution to a group’s restructuring of its assets and commercial activities. Intra-group mergers fall under the ‘reorganization’ provisions that are contained in the Companies Law[i]. Mergers can take place either on: (i) national level (intra-border) between two Cyprus companies; or (ii) cross-border level with one entity being a Cyprus company and another being a foreign jurisdiction company existing in another EU member state. Mergers can even take place with multiple entities simultaneously, meaning that more than two companies may reorganize in such a way where there is only one entity surviving and the other ceases to exist. The Companies Law states among others that: in respect of a plan for the reorganization of any company or companies or for the amalgamation of any two or more companies, and that in accordance with the plan all or part of the business or property of the company affected by the plan… is to be transferred to another company…[i] There are plenty of scenarios where mergers and reorganizations are used to reorganize companies within a group of companies as it is considered an efficient way for the group to minimize its costs, footprint and consolidate its assets while often proving to be the most tax-efficient process to accomplish this. A few scenarios are examined below: Scenario 1: a parent company and one (or more) subsidiary company merge in order for the parent company to assume all assets and liabilities of the subsidiary company. This is the most common merger – by ‘absorption’ – where essentially the subsidiary company is absorbed by the parent company. Scenario 2: two companies are merged into a separate company, more often being a newly established company, where all the liabilities and assets of the companies are transferred to the newly established company (the surviving entity) and the merging companies cease to exist. Scenario 3: a company transfers part(s) of its assets or commercial activities to a new group company with the purpose of separating them allowing them to focus and grow each business in their own separate way and following separate strategies or financing arrangements – commonly referred to as a ‘spin off’. Cross-Border Mergers Following recent European Union legislation[i] which in turn has been ratified and incorporated in the Cyprus Companies Law[ii], cross-border mergers and reorganizations are now streamlined within the EU. It will now be much easier for Europe’s companies to cooperate and restructure themselves across borders. The legislation, on EU level, sought to harmonize the procedures among member states in order to simplify the process of mergers, conversions and reorganizations. We note however that in practical terms and specifically referring to Cyprus, the procedures have not been affected to a significant extent. For practitioners, as far as Cyprus is concerned, merger procedures remain mainly unchanged and practically the newly introduced legislation follows the former applicable provisions of the Companies Law on mergers and reorganizations on cross-border level with some refinements adding uniformity and efficiency to the procedures. Main Elements of Merger Execution Merger Plan The main requirement for carrying out a merger, whether that be an intra-border or cross-border one, is the preparation of a merger plan by the board of directors of the merging entities. Such plan is considered the backbone of the procedure, since it constitutes the basis and lays out the provisions by which the merger will be executed and which will be the end product of such reorganization. A merger plan, depending on the merger type, should consist of: Details of the Merging Companies and Effective Date of the Merger Share Exchange Ratio and Terms of Allotment of Shares Treatment of Shares Held by the Merging Companies The Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Surviving Entity Employee Participation and Safeguards Accounting Date and Merger Accounts Impact on Creditors and Details of Valuation of Assets and Liabilities Information on Transfer of Assets and Liabilities Approval of the Merger The shareholders of the merging companies need to approve the merger plan and the reorganization in order for the reorganization to commence. Following the shareholders’ approvals, the merging companies can apply to the court to obtain the court’s approval for the completion of the merger. The court will examine the legality of the merger and the impact on creditors prior to the issuance of a court order for the merger to proceed. For intra-group mergers, the merging companies will finally need to submit the court order with the merger plan to the Registrar of Companies for the merger to be registered and enter into effect. On a cross-border level, each entity applies to the appropriate local court for approval and registers the court order with the local registrar/authority. In the case of an entity that ceases to exist, the local authority will issue a pre-merger certificate to be used for finalizing the merger process at the member state of the surviving entity. Financial Aspects of the Merger The merging companies will need to prepare merger accounts based on which the merger will take place. The existence of creditors will need to be taken into account and dealt with accordingly whether through the introduction of guarantees against possible claims or obtainment of consents, depending on the case.  Employment Provisions Where the merging parties have employees, special provisions will need to be introduced in the merger plan and as the case may be, the merger parties may need to undertake additional actions concerning the existing employees of the merging companies. Effect of the Merger Following obtainment of all necessary approvals the merger is registered with the Registrar of Companies (or equivalent commercial registry) and enters into effect in accordance with the court order that is issued by the court of the member state of the surviving entity. [1] Companies Law, Cap. 113 of the Republic of Cyprus. [1] Section 200 of the Companies Law. [1] Directive (EU) 2019/2121 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132 as regards cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions (Text with EEA relevance). [1] The Companies (Amendment) (No. 3) Law of 2024. Author: Andreas Pindarou, 12 December 2024 Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC

The Cyprus property market continues to grow and to attract both local and foreign buyers. Whatever the transaction, however, one objective remains constant: to acquire the property with full legal protection. Cyprus law affords buyers meaningful safeguards, but these do not operate automatically. Their effectiveness depends on each stage of the transaction being properly prepared and that preparation must begin before the prospective buyer makes any commitment. 1. The Reservation Agreement In practice, the process usually begins with a Reservation Agreement and the payment of a deposit, in return for which the seller takes the property off the market for a set period while the parties prepare to sign the contract of sale. Although preliminary in nature, a reservation agreement may impose significant obligations on the buyer, particularly where it sets out the key terms of the sale or attaches the draft contract of sale as an annex. The legal review before signing should therefore extend to the agreement itself and to every document annexed to it. The most critical point in practice is the refund of the deposit. The agreement should expressly provide that the deposit will be returned if the legal due diligence reveals material issues. 2. Legal Due Diligence The legal due diligence is carried out during the reservation period. Among other things, it establishes that the seller owns the property and is entitled to dispose of it, and identifies any encumbrances, mortgages, prohibitions or third-party rights affecting it. Where the property is jointly owned, all co-owners must be party to the sale or, where only a share is being sold, the necessary consents must be obtained. The authority to sign is also verified where the seller is a company, acts through an attorney, or where the sale is made by the administrator of a deceased person’s estate. The review is tailored to the buyer’s objectives, so as to confirm that the property is fit for its intended use. For completed buildings and properties under construction, it also covers the planning and building permits, the approved plans and whether the construction conforms to them. For building plots and agricultural land, it covers, among other things, the planning zone, the permitted building density and site coverage ratios, access to a public road, and whether the area and boundaries correspond to the records of the District Lands Office. A technical survey is also advisable where appropriate. The findings of the due diligence determine what the contract must provide for. This may include, for example, the procedure for discharging an existing mortgage, the seller’s obligations and deadlines where the separate title deed or the relevant permits are still pending, or conditions precedent where the buyer’s objectives depend on matters that cannot be confirmed before signing. 3. Drafting the Contract of Sale The contract of sale is the cornerstone of the transaction. Beyond describing the property and stating the purchase price, it must clearly set out the payment schedule, the obligations of each party, the terms of delivery and transfer of title, and the consequences of any breach. For properties under construction, delivery deadlines and delay provisions are of particular importance. However, the buyer’s most effective protection lies not so much in compensation provisions as in the way the purchase price is paid. 4. Depositing the Contract of Sale for Specific Performance Purposes The Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011 (Law 81(I)/2011) affords the buyer significant protection. Depositing the contract of sale with the competent District Lands Office within six months of signing creates an encumbrance on the property and, subject to the statutory conditions, entitles the buyer to seek an order for specific performance if the seller fails to transfer the property. Failure to deposit the contract in time puts this protection at risk, although the law allows for late deposit by court order. Amending Law 132(I)/2023 strengthened the buyer’s position further. It requires a Search Certificate issued by the District Lands Office, no more than five working days before signing, to be attached to the contract of sale. It also introduced a dedicated procedure for releasing the property from a prior mortgage by means of Form A, under which the purchase price is paid into the seller’s loan account with the mortgagee bank, which is in turn obliged to release the property from the mortgage. Equal care is required where rights under a contract of sale that has already been deposited are assigned through an Assignment Agreement. 5. Acquisition of Property by Third-Country Nationals and Companies The transfer of property to third-country nationals, or to companies registered outside the European Union, requires a permit to acquire immovable property. The permit is subject to terms and restrictions, including limits on the number of properties that may be acquired. The purchase may also be linked to an application by the buyer for a permanent residence permit under the fast-track procedure for investment in real estate, provided the relevant criteria are met. In either case, the transaction must be structured with these requirements in mind from the outset. 6. Financial and Tax Obligations of the Parties The total cost of a purchase often exceeds the agreed price by a considerable margin, and the buyer should be aware of this from the start. A threshold question is whether the sale is subject to VAT and, in the case of a new property, whether the conditions for the reduced 5% VAT rate are satisfied. This should be confirmed before signing and reflected in the contract, as the difference can be substantial. Depending on the case, further costs include the fees for depositing the contract of sale or the deed of assignment, transfer fees (which are not payable where the sale is subject to VAT) and, where the purchase is financed, the costs of the loan and of registering the mortgage. The seller, for his part, must settle any Capital Gains tax due, the 0.4% contribution to the Central Agency for Equal Distribution of Burdens, and any outstanding charges relating to the use and ownership of the property, so that all tax clearance certificates required for the transfer can be issued. These matters directly concern the buyer too, as they may delay the transfer. This is particularly so where the seller is a company whose only asset is the property being sold, in which case the Tax Department may carry out a more extensive review before issuing the relevant tax clearance certificates. 7. Transfer and Delivery of the Property The sale is completed when the title deed of the property is registered in the buyer’s name at the District Lands Office. This requires coordination between the parties, the banks and the relevant authorities, together with payment of the balance of the purchase price, discharge of any mortgage and or other encumbrance, procurement of the required certificates, payment of transfer fees where applicable and, where the purchase is financed, registration of a mortgage in favour of the buyer’s bank. Where the title deed has not yet been issued, the buyer remains protected through the deposit of the contract of sale with the District Lands Office until it is. Delivery of possession takes place in accordance with the contract and does not necessarily coincide with the transfer of title deed. The legal, financial and tax aspects of a property transaction are closely intertwined, and an issue that is not identified in time may only come to light once the options for addressing it have narrowed. In property transactions of this kind, preventive legal review is always preferable to litigation after the event. With specialist expertise in real estate law and experience in transactions of every size and complexity, we provide comprehensive legal support from the earliest stages through to completion, guided at all times by the protection of our clients’ rights and interests. This article is of a general informative nature and does not constitute legal advice. It is not intended to be an exhaustive statement of the law or practice governing the acquisition of property in Cyprus. Property may be acquired under different contractual structures, such as Contract of Sale, Assignment Agreement and Barter Exchange (Antiparochi) Agreement, each of which raises distinct legal issues. As every case turns on its own particular facts, we remain at your disposal for specific legal advice on any matter or query. Article prepared by Varia A. Kiourtzidou, October 2026

We are pleased to announce that our Litigation Associate, Myria Pornari, successfully obtained an ex parte Worldwide Freezing Order before the District Court of Nicosia against legal entities in relation to a multimillion-value claim. A Worldwide Freezing Order, historically known as a Mareva injunction, is one of the most powerful interim remedies available in cross-border litigation. It restrains defendants from dissipating, concealing, transferring, or otherwise dealing with assets located anywhere in the world, thereby preserving the status quo pending the determination of the substantive proceedings. Its fundamental purpose is to ensure that any future judgment or arbitral award is not rendered ineffective by the disappearance or dissipation of assets. Following a detailed examination of the evidence presented, the President of the District Court of Nicosia was satisfied that all the legal requirements for the granting of such extraordinary relief had been met. The Court consequently issued the requested freezing orders on an ex parte basis, recognizing the urgency of the matter and the risk that the assets in question could otherwise be dissipated. The underlying proceedings concern serious allegations of a sophisticated and coordinated fraud scheme, as well as conspiracy involving both corporate and individual defendants across multiple jurisdictions. In the light of the nature of the allegations and the evidence placed before it, the Court considered it appropriate to grant immediate interim protection in order to preserve the assets pending the determination of the substantive claims and to safeguard the effectiveness of any future judgment. This outcome highlights the effectiveness of the Cypriot courts in providing robust interim protection in complex, high-value, and international disputes. It also demonstrates Cyprus’ continued role as a leading jurisdiction for obtaining urgent injunctive relief in support of both domestic and cross-border litigation. This significant achievement, reflects our diligence, strategic thinking, and expertise in complex cross – border litigation disputes and interim relief proceedings. Securing a Worldwide Freezing Order of this scale in a case involving allegations of international fraud and conspiracy demonstrates both the high level of advocacy required and our firm’s unwavering commitment to protecting our clients’ interests through decisive and effective legal action across multiple jurisdictions. Article prepared by Myria Pornari, June 2026

We are thrilled to announce a significant achievement of the esteemed Managing Director of our law firm, Mr. Giorgos Landas, who has been appointed to the position of the President of the Real Estate Committee of the Cyprus Bar Association. (you can tag CBA in Lilkedin) As a law firm, we take immense pride in this recognition of Mr. Giorgos Landas’ expertise and commitment to the said field. Congratulations to Mr. Giorgos Landas on this remarkable achievement. We look forward to witness the positive impact he will undoubtedly make in his new role. Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC, 05 December 2023

In a recent decision of notable procedural importance, the Court dismissed an application seeking clarification of an existing freezing order, following strong opposition from our side. The ruling underscores the strict limits of judicial authority in relation to such orders and reinforces the principle that the Court cannot revisit or expand its own orders absent proper legal basis. The opposing party had filed an application requesting what was framed as “clarifications” to the freezing order previously issued. In substance, however, the application sought to alter the scope and effect of the order, effectively inviting the Court to exercise a discretion it did not possess. On behalf of our client, we argued that the application was fundamentally misconceived. A freezing order is a precise and carefully structured remedy, granted under specific legal conditions. Once issued, any attempt to modify or reinterpret its terms must be grounded in established procedural mechanisms. In its decision, the Court agreed with our position. It held that the application was, in effect, an impermissible attempt to vary the original order under the guise of clarification. Crucially, the Court emphasized that it did not have discretion to grant the relief sought in the manner requested. From a practical perspective, the ruling serves as a clear warning to litigants and practitioners alike. Attempts to circumvent established procedures by reframing substantive requests as procedural or interpretative issues are unlikely to succeed. The Court demonstrated a willingness to scrutinize the true substance of an application, rather than merely its form or terminology. The Court also addressed the broader implications of granting the requested relief. It observed that doing so would effectively reopen matters that had already been determined, without the safeguards ordinarily associated with reconsideration or appeal. Such an approach would risk eroding the finality of judicial decisions and could encourage repetitive or tactical litigation. This decision therefore stands as a significant reaffirmation of procedural integrity in the context of interim remedies. It provides clear guidance on the limits of the Court’s powers and reinforces the necessity of adhering to proper procedural channels when seeking to alter or challenge existing orders. Accordingly, the application was dismissed. Article prepared by Myria Pornari, April 2026

In the digital age, cybersecurity breaches—commonly referred to as “hacking incidents”—have become increasingly disruptive, posing significant legal, financial, and reputational risks to organizations. These incidents can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information, causing harm not only to the affected companies but also to individuals whose data may be compromised. It is therefore imperative for Cypriot companies to be well-informed about their responsibilities and to take prompt action to mitigate the consequences of such breaches. This article provides a concise overview of the key guidelines that should be followed in the event of a data breach. First and foremost, under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulation”) — organizations have clear legal obligations in the event of a personal data breach. Pursuant to Article 33 of the regulation, when a breach occurs, the Data Protection Officer (DPO), or another responsible person within the organization, must notify the Office of the Commissioner for Personal Data Protection without undue delay and, where feasible, no later than 72 (seventy – two) hours after becoming aware of the breach. This timely notification is critical to ensure appropriate regulatory oversight and to protect the rights of data subjects. It has to be noted that if such notification is not made within the 72-hour timeframe, the entity must provide a justified explanation for the delay. The notification must, inter alia, include the nature of the personal data breach, the categories and approximate number of data subjects affected, the likely consequences of the breach, and the measures taken or proposed to address the breach and mitigate its potential adverse effects. In reference to the above – mentioned according to article 34 of the regulation, when the personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the data controller must also communicate the breach to the data subjects without undue delay, using clear and plain language to describe the nature of the breach. Furthermore, the hacking incident must be reported to the relevant police authorities without undue delay. Timely notification is essential to enable law enforcement to initiate appropriate investigative and protective actions, mitigate any ongoing or future threats, facilitate potential criminal proceedings, and uphold the rights and interests of the individuals whose personal data may have been compromised. While criminal prosecution is a vital aspect of addressing cybercrime, victims of such incidents may also seek civil remedies through the courts to obtain compensation and prevent further harm. In the aftermath of a cyber incident—such as hacking, data breaches, or unauthorized interference with servers—interim reliefs play a critical role in preserving evidence, protecting sensitive data, and preventing further harm. These remedies are granted by the court on an urgent and often ex parte (without notice) basis, particularly where the risk of irreparable damage or destruction of evidence exists. The most essential interim reliefs in such cases are inter alia the following: Prohibitory Injuctions: A prohibitory injunctionrestrains a party—typically the alleged hacker or a third party in possession of compromised data—from engaging in harmful conduct. In the context of cyber incidents, such injunctions may prohibit the continued unauthorized access to systems or databases, distribution, sale, or publication of stolen data as well as the communication or disclosure of confidential or sensitive information. These orders are often accompanied by ancillary reliefs, including requirements to preserve digital records or log user activity. Norwich Pharmacal orders: it is essential to state that Norwich Pharmacal Orders can be characterised as a very useful tool in such cases andare used to compel third parties (such as ISPs, hosting providers, or platforms) to disclose the identity of anonymous wrongdoers — for instance, the IP address or account information used in the hacking. Such orders are essential when the perpetrator's identity is unknown, allowing the victim to gather necessary information to initiate formal proceedings. When hackers are unknown, claimants often rely on Norwich Pharmacal orders to compel disclosure from third parties to trace the culprit before pursuing full civil or criminal actions. Mandatory Injuctions: Unlike prohibitory injunctions,mandatory injunctions compel a defendant to undertake specific actions. In cyber-related claims, courts may order the defendant to: Return or destroy unlawfully obtained data, disable accounts or services used to carry out the breach and Provide access credentials or assist in forensic investigations. Given their invasive nature, mandatory injunctions are generally granted only where the claimant can demonstrate an overwhelming need and the inadequacy of alternative remedies. In reference to the above – nentioned, Gagging orders(or non-disclosure injunctions) may be granted to: Prevent the media or other third parties from reporting on the incident, prohibit the publication or further dissemination of compromised data and protect the identity of affected individuals or parties under investigation. AnAnton Piller order is a powerful civil court injunction that permits the claimant to enter the defendant’s premises without prior warning to search for, inspect, and seize evidence relevant to the claim. In the context of hacking or illegal interference with computer systems, Anton Piller orders serve critical functions, including inter alia the following:  Seizing compromised data or stolen information and preventing the destruction or concealment of digital evidence since hackers or perpetrators may delete files, erase logs, or otherwise tamper with electronic data once they learn of legal action. It is essential to state that English case - law treats hacking incidents with increasing seriousness, recognizing them as significant violations of property rights and personal privacy under common law principles. Courts have consistently upheld that unauthorized access to computer systems constitutes a tortious wrong, often framed as trespass to chattels or misuse of private information. Additionally, English courts have demonstrated a strong willingness to grant robust interim remedies—such as injunctions and Anton Piller orders—to prevent ongoing harm and preserve crucial digital evidence. Through precedent, the judiciary emphasizes the need to protect both commercial interests and individual data privacy, balancing the rapid technological developments with established legal doctrines. This evolving body of case law reflects a proactive approach in addressing cybercrime within the civil justice system alongside parallel criminal prosecutions. In conclusion, addressing hacking incidents requires swift action, clear legal obligations, and effective remedies to protect data and prevent further damage. Legal systems are evolving to respond firmly to cyber threats, balancing the need for security with individual rights. Coordinated regulatory, criminal, and civil measures are essential to combat and mitigate the impact of cybercrime in today’s digital world.   Author: Myria Pornari, November 2025

We are delighted to share that our expert team lawyers, Iro Petrou and Myria Pornari, have been featured in the esteemed Legal Business Dispute Yearbook 2024 published by Legal 500! Their insightful Q&A delves deep into the trends and sectors shaping the dynamic landscape of the Cyprus disputes market. Curious to explore their expert analysis and perspectives? Dive into the pages of the Legal Business Dispute Yearbook 2024 to gain valuable insights from Myria and Iro, as they navigate the intricacies of the Cyprus disputes market. Stay ahead of the curve with their invaluable expertise! Grab your copy now and discover the latest in the world of legal disputes. You can read the article here: https://www.legalbusiness.co.uk/disputes-yearbook-2024/qa-giorgos-landas-llc/ The full Yearbook is here: https://indd.adobe.com/view/a49be7e8-c818-4593-a451-150a4f9439bb Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC, 21 May 2024

In recent years, the legal landscape in Cyprus has undergone transformative changes aimed at modernizing the judicial process and tackling inefficiencies that have plagued the resolution of civil disputes. Among the most significant reforms is the introduction of mandatory mediation for civil disputes involving claims of up to €10,000. This initiative is a cornerstone of broader efforts to promote alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, reduce the overwhelming backlog in Cypriot courts and encourage parties to resolve their differences amicably. The implementation of mandatory mediation for civil disputes up to €10,000 is grounded in the Law on Mediation in Civil and Commercial Matters (Law 159(I)/2012), which aligns with the European Directive 2008/52/EC on Mediation. Specifically, with a bill which is amending the Law No, 159(I)/2012 and has been approved on the 3rd of January 2025 by the Council of Ministers, recourse to mediation becomes mandatory for financial disputes of up to €10,000 before the interested parties decide to proceed to court and take legal actions.  The bill introduces specific mechanisms to ensure compliance and enhance the efficacy of mandatory mediation. Notably, sanctions are imposed on parties who fail to attend the required initial mediation session. For instance, a party that disregards this obligation may face penalties such as forfeiting their right to recover legal fees and interest associated with subsequent court proceedings. Along with the bill, accompanying Regulations have been established to address practical aspects of the mediation process. These include guidelines on mediator remuneration, the professional qualifications and training necessary for mediators, and the criteria for inclusion and retention in the official Registry of Mediators. By addressing these practical considerations, it is ensured that mediation is accessible, professional, and effective in resolving disputes. Mandatory mediation offers several advantages over traditional court proceedings. First and foremost, it is less expensive, significantly reducing the financial burden on the disputing parties. Court proceedings can be protracted and costly, often consuming valuable resources. Mediation, by contrast, provides a cost-effective alternative that prioritizes efficiency and resolution. Beyond the financial benefits, mediation also fosters a collaborative and less adversarial environment. This approach is particularly valuable in disputes where the parties have ongoing relationships. In addition to the above – mentioned, by embedding alternative dispute resolution methods into the judicial framework, the aim is to reduce the strain on courts, which have historically struggled with a backlog of cases. This is expected to result in faster resolutions for litigants and more efficient use of judicial resources. For individuals and businesses operating within this new legal landscape, understanding the nuances of mandatory mediation is crucial. Parties involved in disputes should be aware of the procedures, potential sanctions, and benefits associated with mediation. Engaging in mediation not only fulfills a legal obligation but also offers an opportunity to resolve conflicts in a manner that is both cost-effective and relationship-focused. Mediators themselves play a critical role in the success of this initiative. The professional standards outlined in the Regulations ensure that mediators are well-trained, impartial, and equipped to facilitate productive discussions between disputing parties. This ensures that the mediation process remains credible, effective, and accessible to all. In conclusion, the implementation of mandatory mediation for civil disputes up to €10,000 in Cyprus represents a significant step toward a more efficient and accessible justice system. By fostering a culture of negotiation and compromise, this reform aims to alleviate the burden on courts, reduce costs for litigants, and promote more harmonious dispute resolution. Both individuals and businesses must familiarize themselves with the intricacies of the mediation process and its advantages to effectively navigate this evolving legal landscape and ensure they are equipped to leverage its potential. Author: Myria Pornari, 13 January 2025 Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC

The authorities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus have recently updated the “Assumption of Responsibility for Hosting” form used in visa applications submitted through Cyprus embassies and consulates abroad. This development is important for individuals in Cyprus who intend to host third-country nationals for short stays. What Is the Assumption of Responsibility Form? The Assumption of Responsibility for Hosting is a formal declaration completed by a host residing in Cyprus. By signing the form, the host undertakes responsibility for: The visitor’s accommodation during their stay Subsistence and living expenses Medical and emergency costs Ensuring the visitor departs Cyprus before the visa expires The form is typically required when a visa applicant states that they will be staying with family members or friends in Cyprus rather than in hotel accommodation. Where Is the New Form Used? The updated form is available through official Cyprus diplomatic missions abroad, including Cyprus embassies and consulates operating under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Applicants and hosts should ensure that they download and submit the most recent version of the form from the relevant embassy or consulate website handling the visa application. Important Procedural Requirements In most cases: The host’s signature must be certified by a competent authority in Cyprus (e.g., certifying officer). Supporting documentation may be required, such as proof of residence, copy of ID/passport, and evidence of financial capacity. The completed and certified form must accompany the visa application submitted abroad.   Failure to use the correct and updated version of the form may result in delays or requests for additional documentation.   Author: Valeria Azovidi, March 2026

WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY? Intellectual Property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce. IP gives creators exclusive rights over the use of their creations for a certain period, encouraging innovation and creativity. There are several types of intellectual property namely trademarks, copyright, patent and industrial design. WHY IP SHOULD BE REGISTERED AND/OR PROTECTED? Registering and protecting Intellectual Property (IP) is crucial for several reasons, offering both legal and practical advantages to individuals, businesses, and society. Specifically, it offers the holder of the IP right legal protection and exclusive rights. The holder of the IP right is granted the exclusive right to use or sell or license or exploit their creation in any other way. In the event that the holder’s IP right is infringed, the IP holder shall have the basis to file a legal action, to claim damages or even request the cessation of unauthorized use of the registered and/or protected IP right. Additionally, it offers the holder of the IP right economic benefits, encouragement of innovation and brand recognition. To conclude, by protecting IP, the creators and businesses alike ensure that their investments in R&D, innovation and creativity are safeguarded, creating an environment that fosters continuous progress and development. UNDERSTANDING TYPES OF IP? Understanding the different types of Intellectual Property can assist the proprietor to choose the most appropriate protection. A trademark (TM) is a unique element or combination of elements used to differentiate and/or distinguish the products or services of one business from those of other businesses, such as words, person’s names, drawings, letters, numbers. Illustrations, colors, shape of product, shape of packaging. A copyright is the protection of the work of a creator, such us novels, stories, articles, drawings, woodcuts, sculptures, photographs, computer programs, animations, databases etc. Copyright is acquired automatically, without the need to file the work or apply to any authority and the exploitation right can be exercised automatically. A patent is an IP right over an invention, such as discoveries, schemes, aesthetic creations etc. An industrial design refers to the external appearance of a product, either in whole or in part, which results from specific features such as outline, shape, form, colors, texture etc. For further assistance on choosing the most suitable type of IP according to your needs and/or requirements, you may visit the following link and complete the available questionnaire: https://www.intellectualproperty.gov.cy/en/450 . For specialized advice and registration you should contact a licensed legal professional. WHAT ARE THE CLASSES OF A TRADEMARK? Products and services for which trademark registration is sought are categorized into different classes. The Nice Classification, established by the Nice Agreement and periodically updated, serves as the system for organizing these categories. The Nice Classification includes 45 classes in total, with classes 1 through 34 covering certain goods and classes 35 through 45 encompassing services. Each class is assigned a title that provides an indicative description of the products or services it includes, along with explanatory notes to clarify the terms used. HOW IS IP PROTECTION ACQUIRED – REGISTERING A TRADEMARK Almost all kinds of IP Rights can be protected through the submission of an application for registration (copyrights are an exception since they are automatically protected from the creation of them). Specifically, trademarks may acquire protection through the submission of an application for registration either to a national intellectual property office, the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) or the Word Intellectual Property Office (WIPO). It is important to note that the registration of any TM requires the appointment of a lawyer as representative. An essential step prior to the submission of a TM application would be a preliminary search on relevant TM databases/registers to ensure the availability of the TM that interest each client, avoiding any possible resemblance with other TMs that are already registered and/or have pending applications with the same classes. Finally, crucial to the registration of TM is choosing the right classes that correspond to the nature of the goods and/or services under each mark that interest each client. Upon execution of such preliminary search and submission of the application for registration of the TM, the relevant Intellectual Property Office either accepts or declines or returns the application to the applicant, for the latter to cure any irregularities emerged from the submission of the application (if curable). Once the application is accepted, the TM is published to the Government’s Gazette and/or official registry of TMs for oppositions by anyone with legitimate interest, such as anyone who has a similar and/or identical TM already registered. The period in which the TM is published and able to receive opposition is 3 (three) months from the publication. In case the newly published TM receives an opposition within that period of three months, then the opposition procedure begins. This procedure consists of the cooling off period, where the parties may resolve the IP dispute bilaterally. If not, the opposition proceeds normally with the submission of the arguments and exhibits of each party supporting their case and finishes with the issuance of a decision from the relevant intellectual property authority. In case the published TM receives no opposition within that timeframe it is registered as per the submitted application. DURATION OF IP PROTECTION? Copyright: seventy (70) years from the death of the creator or of the last of the co-creators. In case of musical composition, seventy (70) years from the death of the last surviving among the lyricist and the composer. Trademark: 10 years from registration, renewal available. Patent: Annual renewal, beginning from the third year of registration Industrial Design: 5 years from registration, renewal available.   Author: Styliana Lefkiou, 04 November 2024 Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC

On the 12th of December 2023, the Law 132(I) of 2023 was published, amending, thus, the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011 (Law 81(I)/2011).  The new Law amends the provisions regarding the submission of a contract for the sale of a property to the Department of Lands and Surveys and regarding the specific performance of a contract of sale. The aim of the new Law is, essentially, to protect the interests of Purchasers by simplifying the procedure of specific performance and, thus, ensuring that the property will be transferred to the name of the Purchaser once the Purchaser fulfills his contractual obligations. In this way, the new Law creates a mechanism of protection for the Purchasers of immovable property and aims to eliminate the phenomenon of trapped purchasers. For this purpose and in order to activate the specific performance mechanism, the new Law added obligations on all interested Parties (Vendors, Purchasers and Secured Creditors/Mortgagee) to submit additional documents, which should accompany the Sale Agreement signed between the Parties and presented to the Department of Lands and Surveys on the day of registration of the Contract of Sale. Required Documentation More specifically, for any Contract of Sale signed on the date of enactment of the Law and thereafter, the following documents should be attached and included: A Search Certificate issued from the Land Registry for the Property, which is the subject-matter of the contract, whose date needs to be maximum 5 days before the date of signing of the Contract of Sale. It is important to clarify that this constitutes an obligation of the Vendor and failure of to provide it, entitles the Director of the Land Registry to impose an administrative fine of up to €10,000. In the event that the property, which is the subject-matter of the contract, is burdened by a mortgage or a contract and the Vendor is not subject to any prohibitions, then the deposition of the contract at the Land Registry will only be accepted if it is accompanied by the following written statements: A written declaration in the wording of Form A of the Annex to the Law from signed and stamped from each Secured Creditor/Mortgagee, whereby each secured creditor/Mortgagee certifies that once the 95% of the agreed purchase price as included in the Contract of Sale is received to a specific account of the Vendor held in the Mortgagee, then the Secured Creditor/Mortgagee will issue the declaration (as indicated Form B of the Annex to the Law) to the Purchaser and the Secured Creditor/Mortgagee shall withdraw or extinguish the mortgage from the Property; or A written declaration according to Form C of the Annex of the Law signed by the Purchaser that he is aware of the Mortgages that burden the Property and that he wishes to proceed with the deposition of the Contract of Sale without it being accompanied by Form A. It is clarified in the Law that any amount deposited by the Purchaser and/or the Vendor into the bank account of the Vendor, which was specified by the Secured Creditor/Mortgagee in the written declaration pursuant to Form A, will be considered as a payment by the Purchaser, towards the purchase price pursuant to the Contract of Sale. In case where the Vendor received an advance payment from the Purchaser before or on the signing of the Contract of Sale, then the Vendor should deposit the said amount to his bank account determined in Form A by the Secured Creditor/Mortgagee. Upon payment and acceptance of the amount included in Form A by the Mortgagee, the latter must give the Purchaser the written confirmation of payment according to Form B of the Appendix of the Law and withdraw the Mortgage from the purchased property, so that it is transferred to the name of the Purchaser free of any encumbrances.  If the Mortgagee fails to release the property from the mortgage, it entitles the Director of Land Registry to impose an administrative fine of up to €100,000. Specific Performance For every application for transfer of ownership of a property for which a Contract of Sale has been deposited at the Land Registry after the 12th of December 2023 and which is accompanied by both Form A and the Form B (i.e. the Confirmation of Payment) and provided that the Mortgagee has also withdrew the mortgage from the Property, then the property will be transferred to the name of the Purchaser free of any burdens that supersede in priority the Contract of Sale. In the event where the Mortgagee has issued and signed the Confirmation of Payment (Form B) but has not withdrawn the mortgage from the Property and provided that the Purchaser encloses in his application for transfer of ownership of a property the Confirmation of Payment duly signed and stamped, then the mortgage will be extinguished from the Property and the procedure of transfer will be finalised so that the Purchaser receives title of the Property free of any burdens that supersede in priority the Contract of Sale. In addition, according to the new Law, in cases where a contract of Sale was deposited at the Land Registry and accompanied by Form A, the Court will be able to issue a decree of specific performance in the event that before the deposition of the Contract of Sale, a mortgage was imposed on the Property, provided that the Court is satisfied that the Purchaser has paid and settled in full the purchase price of the property towards the Vendor. The new Law amends the existing legislation so as to ensure in advance that the transfer of a mortgaged property to a Purchaser will be carried out as soon as the Purchaser fulfils his contractual obligations towards the Vendor provided, however, that the documents mentioned above will be submitted to the Land Registry.  In other words, the new Law was enacted in order to regulate a serious issue that has arisen in Cyprus with the trapped Purchasers, who have fully fulfilled their contractual obligations towards the Vendors but cannot accept the transfer of the property on their name due to the existence of encumbrances. To this effect, it is important to mention that in the event that the Purchaser signs the Form C of the Annex to the Law, there does not seem to be any protection mechanism in favour of the Purchaser and the procedures of specific performance indicated above, do not appear to apply. Author: Chrysovalanto Petrou, 02 February 2024 Content supplied by Giorgos Landas LLC

The Stamp Duty Law (Law No. 19/1963) historically constituted a mechanism for the imposition of stamp duty on a wide range of documents in Cyprus. By virtue of Law No. 239(I)/2025, the Stamp Duty Laws were abolished as of 1 January 2026, with the result that new documents executed from 2026 onwards are no longer subject to stamp duty, while documents signed up to 31 December 2025 continue to be governed by the previous legal framework, pursuant to the applicable transitional provisions. Stamp duty was an indirect tax imposed on specific documents, enabling them to be regarded as fully valid and admissible for use before courts or public authorities. This obligation was regulated by the Stamp Duty Law (Law No. 19/1963), which underwent multiple amendments up to 2025. Payment of stamp duty was effected either through physical stamps or via electronic means, and failure to comply within the prescribed timeframes resulted in the imposition of penalties. For this reason, proper and timely stamping constituted a substantive prerequisite for the smooth use of documents in both private transactions and legal proceedings. A significant change occurred with the enactment of the Stamp Duty (Abolition) Law of 2025, pursuant to which the Stamp Duty Laws were repealed with effect from 1 January 2026. From that date onwards, documents and contracts executed or signed are no longer subject to stamp duty. Nevertheless, documents that were executed or signed up to 31 December 2025 remain subject to the provisions of the previous legislative framework, even where stamp duty had not been paid by that date. This transitional arrangement renders it necessary to review older agreements in order to determine whether any outstanding stamp duty obligations subsist. The abolition of stamp duty represents an important step towards simplifying administrative procedures and reducing transactional costs for both individuals and businesses. At the same time, it enhances flexibility in contractual arrangements and aligns the Cypriot legal system with modern practices aimed at facilitating business activity. Notwithstanding the abolition of stamp duty for new contracts, a proper understanding of the former regime remains important, particularly in cases involving older documents that continue to produce legal effects. It is important to note, however, that the abolition of stamp duty has not resulted in the abolition of court fees. The historical use of stamps as a means of paying court fees has caused a degree of confusion within the courts. As matters currently stand, court documents are still required to bear stamps as evidence of payment of court fees, which will continue to be used until existing stocks are exhausted. Court fees arise under the Court Fees Procedural Regulation (Cap. 546/1953) and relate to the fees payable for the use of judicial procedures, which were traditionally collected through stamp duty. In the meantime, a new method for the payment of court fees is being explored. Consequently, parties appearing before the courts should be aware that they will continue to be required to pay the prescribed fees applicable to the processing of their cases. In conclusion, the abolition of stamp duty marks a broader effort to simplify procedures and modernise the legal framework. Despite these changes, certain obligations remain in force, making proper awareness and adjustment essential.   Author: Myria Pornari, January 2026