FREEHOLD CONVERSION OF NAZUL LAND: LEGAL LOOPHOLES, ADMINISTRATIVE IRREGULARITIES AND THE GROWING THREAT OF LAND MAFIA
Abstract Nazul land constitutes one of the largest repositories of public property in India. Historically vested in the Government through escheat, confiscation, acquisition, lapse, or succession from colonial authorities, Nazul lands were intended to serve public purposes and governmental functions. However, the policy of converting leasehold Nazul land into freehold ownership, introduced in several States …
Central Rules under the Labour Codes: Operationalizing India’s Labour Law Reform
Pursuant to notifying and bringing the consolidated Labour Codes (“Codes”) into implementation on 21 November 2025, the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, has now taken the next decisive step. On 8 May 2026, the Ministry formally notified the Central Rules under each of the four Codes i.e., the Code on Wages, 2019; …
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Insolvency And Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2026
INTRODUCTION The Insolvency Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2026[1] (hereinafter refereed as the “Act”) received the President’s assent on 6th April, 2026 and was subsequently notified by the legislative department of the Ministry of Law and Justice. It has been introduced to further amend the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (hereinafter referred to as the “Code”).
Renewable Energy and Competition Law: Market Power, DISCOM Behaviour, and Auctions Design
India’s renewable energy sector operates at the intersection of two competing policy objectives: accelerating capacity deployment through competitive markets and protecting investor returns through regulatory mechanisms. The interplay between reverse auctions, preferential tariffs, DISCOM procurement authority, and competition law principles reveals fundamental tensions in market design that have forced regulatory recalibration. This article examines how …
RECOGNITION OF CROSS BORDER INSOLVENCY IN INDIA
In India, the framework for insolvency and bankruptcy resolution is primarily governed by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (“the Code” or “IBC”). The said Code is a comprehensive legislation aimed at consolidating and amending existing laws relating to insolvency resolution of companies, limited liability entities, partnerships, and individuals.
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Comprehensive Framework, Latest Developments, and Compliance Roadmap
Introduction The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) represents India’s comprehensive response to the pressing need for digital privacy protection in an increasingly data-driven economy. Enacted on 11 August 2023 following Parliamentary approval, the DPDP Act establishes a citizen-centric legal framework that balances individual privacy rights with the legitimate need for lawful data …
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Comprehensive Framework, Latest Developments, and Compliance Roadmap
Introduction The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) represents India’s comprehensive response to the pressing need for digital privacy protection in an increasingly data-driven economy. Enacted on 11 August 2023 following Parliamentary approval, the DPDP Act establishes a citizen-centric legal framework that balances individual privacy rights with the legitimate need for lawful data …
Enforcement of Foreign Judgments and Awards in India: Emerging Issues in Recognition, Reciprocity, and Public Policy Exceptions
The Indian system of recognizing and enforcing foreign judgments and arbitral awards is constituted by Sections 13-14 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908[1], as far as judgments are concerned, and Sections 44-52 of the Arbitration and Conciliation (A&C) Act, 1996[2], as far as awards under the New York Convention are concerned.
Uncovering Virtual Digital Assets: Tracing Cryptoassets under Insolvency Proceedings
Abstract Cryptocurrencies and digital assets are now embedded within the corporate balance sheets, investment portfolios, and individual wealth. Their pseudonymous decentralized, and borderless characteristics pose unique difficulties for insolvency practitioners tasked with asset tracing and recovery.
FOREIGN MANUFACTURES CERTIFICATION SCHEME
INTRODUCTION In a global marketplace where product safety, consumer rights and regulatory compliance are paramount, foreign manufacturers seeking access to the Indian market must contend with robust standards. The Foreign Manufacturers Certification Scheme (“FMCS”) of the Bureau of Indian Standards is one such standard that determines whether manufactured goods made in foreign jurisdictions may bear …
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