The Four Labour Codes and Their Rules: A Complete Guide for Karnataka’s Manufacturing Sector
Introduction On 21 November 2025, the Ministry of Labour and Employment notified India’s four Labour Codes, the Code on Wages, 2019 (Wage Code); the Industrial Relations Code, 2020 (IR Code); the Code on Social Security, 2020 (SS Code); and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code), bringing one of the most …
The Four Labour Codes and Their Rules: A Complete Guide for Karnataka’s Manufacturing Sector
Incorporating all four sets of Central Rules notified on 8 May 2026, the Model Standing Orders 2026, and Karnataka State Rules.
INDIA’S ONLINE GAMING RESET: DECODING PROGA AND THE 2026 RULES
INTRODUCTION April 22, 2026 marks the day India’s online gaming sector stepped out of the grey zone and into a comprehensive, centralised regulatory framework. On this date, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (“MeitY”) issued a series of Gazette notifications[1] that together operationalise the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025[2] (“PROGA” or …
Continue reading “INDIA’S ONLINE GAMING RESET: DECODING PROGA AND THE 2026 RULES”
INDIA’S ONLINE GAMING RESET: DECODING PROGA AND THE 2026 RULES
INTRODUCTION April 22, 2026 marks the day India’s online gaming sector stepped out of the grey zone and into a comprehensive, centralised regulatory framework. On this date, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (“MeitY”) issued a series of Gazette notifications[1] that together operationalise the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025[2] (“PROGA” or …
Continue reading “INDIA’S ONLINE GAMING RESET: DECODING PROGA AND THE 2026 RULES”
When a Prefix Is Not Enough: Deceptive Similarity and the Essential Feature Doctrine
By Himanshu Deora Introduction In a significant ruling dated February 10, 2026, the Delhi High Court revisited core principles of trademark law particularly prior use, deceptive similarity, and the essential feature doctrine, in the context of competing marks in the same commercial space.
Public Utilities as Fiduciaries, Not Arbitrary Authorities: Calcutta High Court Quashes Inflated Electricity Demand
By Nivedita Bhardwaj Introduction The supply of electricity, a critical public utility, is not merely a commercial activity but a statutory obligation imbued with public law responsibilities. Distribution licensees often state-controlled entities, operate within a framework that demands fairness, transparency, and accountability. Disputes relating to excessive billing, defective meters, and retrospective demands frequently test the …
Strengthening Merger Oversight in India
By Surbhi Kapoor Introduction The merger control regime in India has undergone significant transformation following recent reforms under the Competition Act, 2002. Pursuant to the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 and subsequent regulations operationalised in 2024, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has introduced a more structured, modern, and principle-driven framework for reviewing combinations.
D&O Insurance in the Age of Data Governance: Premium Realities under India’s DPDP Regime
Introduction India’s enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (“DPDP Act”) marks a decisive shift toward a modern data protection regime anchored in accountability, consent, and enforcement. While the statute is primarily directed at “data fiduciaries,” its implications extend well beyond operational compliance. At the boardroom level, the Act has triggered a reassessment …
Strengthening REIT Governance in India: An Analysis of SEBI’s 2023 Regulatory Reforms
By Aurelia Menezes Introduction India’s Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) regime has witnessed significant regulatory evolution in recent years, driven by the need to enhance governance standards, strengthen investor protection, and align with global best practices. In 2023, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduced a series of amendments and circulars impacting REITs, …
Digital Forced Labour in the Age of AI: A Human Rights Perspective
By Rohitaashv Sinha Introduction The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital platforms has fundamentally transformed the nature of work. Labour is no longer confined to physical workplaces; instead, it is increasingly mediated through digital infrastructures that enable cross-border participation in global labour markets.