Introduction
Financial assurance (FA) requirements are a common feature of
many environmental programs. Parties remediating contaminated
sites, or engaging in certain operations involving hazardous
substances, must often demonstrate that they have the long-term
resources and short-term cash flow to meet their obligations. While
FA requirements can sometimes be satisfied by a showing that the
obligated party or parties, or their affiliates, have the financial
strength to guaranty the obligations themselves, often third-party
instruments like bonds or letters of credit are required. Federal
and state regulators impose these financial assurance requirements
to ensure that, if potentially responsible parties (PRPs) or site
owner/operators become unwilling or unable to perform, private
funds are readily available for environmental regulators to
complete any required remediation. The goal is to preserve public
resources for sites and remediation projects where there are