1. General
1.1 Please identify the scope of claims that may be
brought in your jurisdiction for breach of competition
law.
The United States has both federal and state competition
laws.
Under the federal antitrust laws, the government, through the
Department of Justice (DOJ), brings criminal claims. The DOJ, the
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and private plaintiffs can bring
civil claims. State antitrust laws vary.
Federal antitrust law governs both coordinated and unilateral
behaviour. It prohibits multi-firm conduct and "contract[s],
combination[s], or conspirac[ies]" that unreasonably restrain
trade. Classic examples of multi-firm behaviour likely to
"unreasonably" restrain trade include price-fixing, bid
rigging, and market-allocation schemes. Other conduct, like
exclusive dealing, non-compete agreements, non-solicitation
provisions, resale price maintenance, and other vertical and
horizontal restraints are subject to scrutiny under the