The doctrine of sovereign immunity can be traced back to early international law theories. Traditionally, sovereign immunity was considered absolute, meaning that states could not be sued under any circumstances.

Established under the ICSID Convention, ICSID operates independently of local legal systems, providing an autonomous legal framework for dispute resolution.

Multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses are a common feature of modern arbitration agreements. Typically, these provide that the parties to a contract are precluded from bringing a dispute to

The UNCITRAL Model Clauses on Specialised Express Dispute Resolution (SPEDR) introduce a framework for rapid, interim-binding dispute resolution in construction projects, combining expedited adjudication with compliance arbitration mechanisms. This analysis examines how SPEDR differs from traditional arbitration and FIDIC dispute boards, its potential to preserve cash flow and project continuity, and the practical considerations parties must weigh when implementing this emerging international framework.

Arbitration is an increasingly popular choice for resolving disputes arising from Share Purchase Agreements, offering key advantages such as confidentiality, flexibility...

As every arbitration practitioner knows, securing a favourable arbitral award is often the culmination of months, or even years, of effort. Parties invest substantial time, money, and energy in arbitration to resolve their disputes.

The Indus Waters Treaty arbitration has become one of the most significant treaty arbitration developments of 2026. It is no longer only about dams, rivers or hydropower.

The use of international arbitration for tariff-related disputes is becoming increasingly relevant as the Trump administration's tariffs disrupt global supply chains...

"It is not merely of some importance but is of fundamental importance that justice should not only be done but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done"[1], Lord Hewart said and made history.

Sharia law shapes the legal frameworks in the Middle East. Traditionally, it was the primary uncodified source of law in the region. However, throughout the 20th century, many Middle Eastern countries developed...

In contrast to domestic judicial settings, where counsel adhere to a single set of clearly defined rules governing acceptable ethical conduct, for counsel in international arbitration...

The arbitrator is perhaps the most important part of any international arbitration. Indeed, it has been said that the quality of an arbitration "cannot rise above the quality of the arbitrator."

Saudi Arabia's Civil Transactions Law has transformed construction arbitration by codifying rules on variations, payment, delay, defects and termination. With construction disputes representing 47% of SCCA cases in 2025, understanding how these statutory provisions interact with arbitration procedures and enforcement mechanisms has become essential for parties navigating complex project disputes in the Kingdom.

The Swiss Private International Law Act ("PILA"), codified in the Federal Act on Private International Law of 18 December 1987, is likely the most complete codification of private international law...

On 12 September 2025, China adopted a comprehensive revision of its Arbitration Law (English version; Chinese version), which will enter into force on 1 March 2026 ("2025 Arbitration Law")...

Parties wishing to initiate arbitration often have two key concerns in addition to whether a case has merit: the costs and duration of the proceedings.

The Panama Canal ports dispute reveals how strategic infrastructure assets can rapidly transform from stable commercial ventures into high-stakes international arbitrations. When Panama seized control of ports operated by CK Hutchison Holdings, it triggered billion-dollar arbitration claims and exposed critical vulnerabilities that foreign investors face in sensitive sectors worldwide.

Over the past decades, Morocco has been committed to enhancing its appeal as an arbitration-friendly jurisdiction. Significant reforms have been introduced to its arbitration regime...

International arbitration in the Maldives is governed by the Maldives Arbitration Act No. 10/2013 (the "Arbitration Act"), whose key features are discussed below.

The enforcement of arbitral awards against sovereign states in the United States is governed by a carefully structured statutory framework rooted in the New York Convention..