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Thanks to its separate legal personality, limited shareholder liability, and flexible governance system, the JSC model ensures both legal security and operational efficiency.

As the previous formulation was interpreted expansively to include undertakings that provided services to Turkish users, the new criterion appears to represent a deliberate choice which allows interpretations that narrows the scope. Whether digital platforms without a Turkish corporate entity but systematically targeting Turkish consumers can be considered "established" remains to be clarified through guidelines and Board decisions. Similarly, whether a formal incorporation would be required, or more