Enforceability Of Contracts Executed By Using Electronic Means

GRATA International presents a comparative overview of the enforceability of contracts executed by using electronic means across multiple jurisdictions, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Philippines, Russia, Türkiye and Uzbekistan.

The publication explores the key legal and practical aspects of electronic contracting, including the use of scanned copies, electronic and facsimile signatures, contracts concluded through online platforms and mobile applications, and the requirements for executing contracts entirely electronically. It also highlights key risks for businesses, evidentiary issues in disputes, cases where a paper original or specific form of signature may still be required, and the consequences of a compromised electronic signature or account.