Mamo TCV Advocates > Firm Profile

The firm: Mamo TCV Advocates is one of Malta’s leading law firms, with significant depth and expertise across a broad range of practice areas. As an integrated corporate and commercial legal practice, the service delivery is the firm’s pride. The team always strives to exceed the expectations of clients by providing expert advice and legal insight.

With a team of over fifty lawyers and professionals from other disciplines, the firm is confident of the ability to continuously act as a point of reference for the clients.

Over the years the firm has built strong relationships with its clients and will remain committed to supporting them at all times as they face complex business and legal issues as well as trying to adapt to changing markets and regulatory landscapes.

The firm’s broad range of expertise, client relationships, sector-specific knowledge and the quality of its people, is what makes the firm a unique proposition to clients.

Over recent years Mamo TCV has been top ranked by The Legal 500, IFLR 1000, Martindale-Hubbell, Chambers Global and Chambers Europe.

A fast-changing and inter-connected world requires fresh thinking combined with proven experience. That’s what the team at Mamo TCV provides to each and every client. Mamo TCV has assisted clients in complex transactions and has become the preferred correspondent in Malta for some of Europe’s largest legal firms. The firm is highly connected within a global network of lawyers giving access to global expertise.

The world continues to change at a fast pace. Whether change brings about new opportunities, additional risk or even challenges, the team at Mamo TCV is always ready to support and guide clients throughout the process.

Areas of practice: Mamo TCV is retained by a number of clients, including private and institutional investors, financial institutions, governments and public authorities, on a wide range of matters with a special focus on company law issues, mergers and takeovers, investment services, aviation and shipping, intellectual property, employment, expatriates and permanent residence, banking and finance, insurance, conveyancing of property, franchising including licensing, distributorship and agency agreements, syndicated loans and refinancing facilities, immigration matters, litigation and general commercial matters. The firm is also the preferred correspondent in Malta for various leading international law firms based in Europe, particularly those operating out of the UK.

Press Releases

Extension of Consultation Period

2nd May 2019

The MFSA has notified industry participants and interested parties that the Consultation period for the Guidance on Cybersecurity, issued on the 8 February 2019, has been extended to Monday 25 March 2019. 

Legal Developments

Beware of ‘Positive Discriminatory’ Measures

3rd May 2019 Court of Justice of the European Union slams a provision of Austrian law.

Significant Number of Personal Data Breaches Reported to the Maltese Supervisory Authority Post GDPR

3rd May 2019 There have been more than 100 personal data breaches notified to the Maltese IDPC post GDPR. 17 GDPR fines have been imposed. Click below to learn more about the situation across the EU.

Articles of the Customs Ordinance and Excise Duty Act Declared Unconstitutional

3rd May 2019 First Hall Civil Court (Constitutional Jurisdiction) finds articles of the Customs Ordinance and Excise Duty Act in breach of human rights.

A1-P1 Cases Decided by the ECtHR in February 2019

3rd May 2019 Human Rights Legal Update

Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad

3rd May 2019 The Maltese government has launched its AI Strategy for public consultation, in which it declares its intentions to establish Malta as “amongst the top 10 nations with the highest impact national AI programme.”

General Good Provisions applicable to European insurance undertakings passporting in Malta.

3rd May 2019 MFSA Issues Note for Information on the General Good Provisions Applicable to European Insurance Undertakings Passporting in Malta

EP Approves New Draft Law for Union Whistleblowers

3rd May 2019

On the 16th April 2019 the European Parliament approved new rules on the disclosure of information regarding illegal, fraudulent or harmful activities acquired in a work-related context

Jurisdiction of the Industrial Tribunal in the Case of Fixed Term Contracts Successfully Challenged

3rd May 2019 Employment Law Update

UK CFC rules in breach of Article 107 TFEU

3rd May 2019

On the 2nd April 2019 the European Commission concluded its high-profile investigation into a UK tax scheme for the intra-group financing of multinationals. The investigation was opened in October 2017 and is a way of ensuring that all companies "pay their fair share of tax".

Artificial Intelligence: Some of the Challenges Ahead

3rd May 2019 AI promises to dominate the news in 2019. This article highlights some of the challenges ahead.

Can an Employee Appeal from the Amount of Compensation Established by the Industrial Tribunal?

3rd May 2019 Wide interpretation given by the Court of Appeal to the right of appeal on a point of law in unfair dismissal cases

Increase in Annual Leave and Minimum Wage

3rd May 2019 News Update: Increase in Annual Leave and Minimum Wage

Suspended Legal Notices Come into Force with Some Amendments

3rd May 2019 Employment Law Update

European Union Blockchain Observatory and Forum Publishes its First Thematic Report

3rd May 2019 European Union Blockchain Observatory and Forum publishes its first thematic report.

Which GDPR Rules Led to Google Being Fined 50 Million Euros?

3rd May 2019 Google has just been fined 50 million euros by France’s data protection watchdog. Read our article to find out why.

EU Company Law to be Adapted to the Digital Era

2nd May 2019 The EU has announced a draft directive to facilitate company formations and other company matters entirely online.

Regulations to Relieve Stamp Duty on Transfers of Business Property

2nd May 2019 Stamp Duty relief relating to transfers of business property extended to 31st December 2019.

New Regulations on the Importation of Plant Material from Foreign Countries

2nd May 2019 Obligation to notify authorities introduced.

Employee Share Schemes

2nd May 2019

Employee Share Schemes.

Employee share schemes have not been as widely used in Malta as they have in some of our European neighbours. However, in general, companies use employee share schemes to attract, retain and reward talent by offering their employees a share in the success they help to create in the company. They provide a form of cash free reward and/or remuneration for employers as well as align the interests of employees with those of the company's shareholders to enhance performance and the company's success.

Establishment of Land Registration Agency

2nd May 2019 A new agency has been established to carry out the functions and duties of public administration in relation to land and condominium registration.

EU Regime on Greener Ship Recycling Enters into Force

2nd May 2019 EU Regime on Greener Ship Recycling enters into force.

ESMA update in the event of a no-deal Brexit.

2nd May 2019 Precautionary Measures Adopted by ESMA and Other EU Securities Regulators in the Case of a No-Deal Brexit Scenario

European Parliament Adopts a Resolution on the Restitution of Plundered Artwork

2nd May 2019 A potential new law on plundered art and cultural artefacts.

Cartel Leniency and Non-Cartel Cooperation Tool Taken Online

2nd May 2019 European Commission Launches Online Cartel Leniency Tool.

Extension of Consultation Period

2nd May 2019 Maltese law allows for the continuation of foreign foundations and associations in Malta.

European Commission Issues Public Consultation on the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation

2nd May 2019 The European Commission is evaluating the Block Exemption Regulation. Read more about it here.

CJEU: Change in ownership of company renders purchaser liable for anti-competitive behaviour

2nd May 2019 Buyer beware: purchasing a company may render you liable in damages for breach of the competition rules committed by the purchased company.

Commission Seeks Feedback on Commitments Offered by Visa and Mastercard.

2nd May 2019 Commitments offered by Visa and Mastercard on interchange fees being scrutinised by the European Commission.

Update to the Circular addressed to Credit Institutions on the imposition of negative interest rates

2nd May 2019 News Update: Update to the Circular addressed to Credit Institutions on the imposition of negative interest rates on euro denominated deposits

EU Adopts Regulation Prohibiting Geo-Blocking

2nd May 2019 The EU has adopted a new Regulation prohibiting unjustified geo-blocking, effective from 3 December 2018.

Merchant Shipping Directorate issues Non-Convention Vessel Code

2nd May 2019 Merchant Shipping Directorate issues Non-Convention Vessel Code.

Amendments to the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006

2nd May 2019

Amendments to the Maritime Labour Convention

Amendments to the Family Business Act Come Into Force

2nd May 2019 Changes to the Family Business Act provide further clarity on the status of family businesses established in Malta.

Regulations to Aid Undertakings Providing Professional Training to Employees

2nd May 2019 Financial aid to undertakings which train their employees.

MasterCard Fined €570 Million for Breaching Competition Rules

2nd May 2019 European Commission fines MasterCard €570 million for its anti-competitive conduct in setting inter-regional interchange fees.

Government Surveillance – Watchful Protector or Immoral Spy?

14th November 2018

European Court of Human Rights finds that UK government breached the right to privacy of virtually all UK citizens due to government mass surveillance systems which intercepted tremendous amounts of data via citizens’ communications.

Extension for Reduced Rate of Stamp Duty on the Transfer of a Family Business

14th November 2018

Extension on the reduced rate of duty for family business transfers.

The Malta Digital Innovation Authority to issue a set of guidance notes

13th November 2018

The Malta Digital Innovation Authority to issue a set of guidance notes aimed at assisting service providers and innovative technology arrangements applicants.

Proposal to Establish New Building and Construction Regulator

13th November 2018

A White Paper has been published proposing the setting up of a new regulator to consolidate the building and construction industry.

Court of Appeal Criticises Industrial Tribunal in a Transfer of Business Case

13th November 2018

Recent decision of the Court of Appeal regarding transfer of business.

Tower Crane Passing over Airspace Owned by a Third Party

13th November 2018

The passing of a tower crane over third party airspace is an invasion of such party’s airspace but it is not necessarily prohibited.

The Malta Digital Innovation Authority issues guidelines on Resident Agents

13th November 2018

The MDIA issues a consultation paper on guidelines applicable to resident agents.

Proposal to Reform the Rental Market

13th November 2018

A White Paper has been published proposing a reform of the residential rental market in Malta.

Court Considers Public Policy and Public Security Restrictions to Right of Freedom of Movement of EU

13th November 2018

European Union national previously convicted for trafficking drugs challenges freedom of movement restrictions imposed on him by Maltese authorities.

The Implications of the Constitutional Court Decision in Thake v Kummissjoni Elettorali

13th November 2018

The Implications of the Constitutional Court Decision in Thake v Kummissjoni Elettorali on the Proposed Amendments to the Competition Act and Other Related Legislation

Utmost Good Faith in Insurance Contracts

13th November 2018

The principle of utmost good faith in insurance contracts applies not only at the moment of conclusion of the contract but also throughout the course of the performance of such contract.

Unfair Trading Practices in the Food Industry

13th November 2018

European Commission issues a proposal for a Directive on unfair trading practices to tackle power imbalances in business-to-business relationships in the food supply chain.

Foundations and Cryptos

13th November 2018

Maltese foundations can be used to issue tokens and carry out trading activities resulting from such operations.

Virtual Financial Asset Act and Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act

13th November 2018

The Virtual Financial Asset Act and the Innovative Technology Arrangement and Services Act to come into force in Malta on the 1st November 2018.

Cases of a Criminal Nature have to be Heard by a Court at Every Stage of the Proceedings

12th November 2018

Cases of a criminal nature, including cases where an administrative penalty which has a deterrent or punitive effect is imposed, should be heard by a court at every stage of the proceedings.

Office for Competition Issues its First Commitments Decision

12th November 2018

The Office for Competition has adopted what appears to be its first commitments decision, in a case where it raised concerns about exclusivity agreements lasting for five years or more.

Ico Imposes Eur224,000 Fine For ‘bcc’/’cc’/’to’ Blunder

10th October 2018

In imposing the significant fine as a result of the data breach, the UK’s ICO found, among other things, that the IICSA (which erroneously sent a bulk email using the ‘TO’ field instead of the ‘BCC’ field) failed to make use of an email account that could send separate messages to each participant and also failed to provide its staff with appropriate training and guidance.

MFSA issues consultation paper with the Financial Services Industry

10th October 2018

MFSA issues consultation with the financial services industry regarding VFA Regulations to be issued under the VFA Act.

DLT Exchanges Under the Newly Enacted VFA Act

10th October 2018

Malta approves legislation regulating crypto exchanges.

Malta Approves Crypto Acts and Creates A Regulated Framework for ICOs and Exchanges

10th October 2018

Malta publishes legislation regulating ICOs.

The MFSA publishes Financial Instrument Test

10th October 2018

Step aside Howey Test, here comes the Financial Instrument Test!

Amendments to Housing (Decontrol) Ordinance (Chapter 158 of the Laws of Malta)

10th October 2018

Amendments to Chapter 158 were introduced by Act No. XXVII of 2018. The amendments affect the leases created by virtue of a previous title of emphyteusis or sub-emphyteusis which commenced before the 1st June 1995 through the application of article 5, 12, or 12A of Chapter 158.

Unconventional Trademarks Post-KitKat:

10th October 2018

Nestle’s ongoing campaign to secure trademark protection over the shape of their famous four-fingered KitKat bar suffered a major blow last July after their loss at the EU Court of Justice to American confectionary giant Mondelez International in the ultimate clash of the confectionary titans. But does Nestle’s loss really signal the end of the unconventional EU trademark?

The Uniformity of ‘Energy Labels’ under EU Law

10th October 2018

The Uniformity of Energy Labels on Electric Products.

Of Annual Leave, Payslips, Transfers of Business and Temporary Agency Workers

4th October 2018

Four employment-related Legal Notices came into force on the 10th of August 2018.

Analysing the major amendments to be brought about by The Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive

4th October 2018

Analysing the major amendments to be brought about by The Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive

Copyright and Freely Accessible Photos: The Implications for Website Operators & Social Media Users

4th October 2018

Copyright and Freely Accessible Photos: The Implications for Website Operators and Social Media Users.

Proposed Amendments to the Competition Act and the Consumer Affairs Act

2nd October 2018

Government launches public consultation on amendments to the Competition Act and the Consumer Affairs Act.

Maltese Parliament has unanimously approved second reading of all three Cryptocurrency/Blockchain/DL

22nd August 2018

Maltese Parliament unanimously approves second reading of all three Crypto-currency Bills.

Publication of the Insurance Distribution Act and Insurance Distribution Rules

22nd August 2018

The Insurance Distribution Rules published by the MFSA come into force as of 1st October 2018.

Employees Beware of What You Post on Facebook!

28th June 2018

The Italian highest court decides termination of employment was lawful after employee posts disparaging remarks about her employer.

The CJEU Pronounces Itself on Christian Louboutin’s Famous Red Sole

28th June 2018 The CJEU has added a new chapter to a long saga of jurisprudence concerning one of the most well-known trademarks in IP circles worldwide. The decision marks a new victory for world-famous designer Christian Louboutin in his ongoing international struggle for trademark protection over his “red sole” mark in the market for high-heeled shoes.

Harsher Penalties Introduced for Harassment and Victimisation at Work

22nd June 2018

Amendments to the Employment and Industrial Relations Act introduced by Act XIII of 2018.

EIOPA Opinion on the solvency position of insurers and reinsurers in the light of Brexit

22nd June 2018

EIOPA issues an Opinion on the solvency position of insurers and reinsurers in the light of Brexit.

The European Commission proposes to amend the Motor Insurance Directive

22nd June 2018

The European Commission proposes to strengthen EU rules on motor insurance to better protect victims of motor vehicle accidents and improve the rights of insurance policyholders.

The Virtual Financial Assets Act and the legal framework for Virtual Financial Asset Exchanges

4th June 2018

Second Reading in Parliament for Blockchain Bills: The Virtual Financial Assets Act and the legal framework for Virtual Financial Asset Excha

The Virtual Financial Assets Act and the legal framework for ICO’s

4th June 2018

Second Reading in Parliament for Blockchain Bills: The Virtual Financial Assets Act and the legal framework for ICO’s

Second Reading in Parliament for Blockchain Bills: The Malta Digital Innovation Authority Act

1st June 2018

Second Reading in Parliament for Blockchain Bills: The Malta Digital Innovation Authority Act

The Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act

1st June 2018

Second Reading in Parliament for Blockchain Bills: The Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act

Sub-Letting of Commercial Tenements After 31st May 2018 – Let it Be!

25th April 2018

Proposed amendments being discussed in Parliament aimed at providing sub-lessees of commercial premises, whose sub-lease is going to end on 31st May 2018 by operation of law, with an option to demand the Rent Regulation Board to allow them to continue the sub-lease under revised conditions reflecting market conditions for a maximum period of 10 years.

Silence is Golden: Holding the Breach on Free Speech with Trade Secret Law on the Horizon

25th April 2018

“EU Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information” is coming soon to a legislature near you. If you didn’t know (or care) until now, here are a few reasons why you should.

Positive Update on EU Trademark and Industrial Design Rights Post-Brexit

25th April 2018

The UK government has published an updated Draft Withdrawal Agreement, highlighting consensus on the future of existing EU IP rights in the UK.

MGA launches guidance on DLT and VC use through sandbox approach.

25th April 2018

Malta Gaming Authority on the use of Distributed Ledger Technology and on the acceptance of Virtual Currencies in the remote gaming industry.

Employer files counter-claim against ex-employee seeking damages

25th April 2018

Court decides on issue of jurisdiction.

Does ‘on-call’ time qualify as ‘working time?

6th April 2018

In a recent judgment, Ville de Nivelles v Rudy Matzak,decided on the 21st February 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union tackled the issue of 'working time' in terms of Directive 2003/88/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, and provided guidance as to when being on-call must be considered as 'working time' within the meaning of the Directive, even if the worker is at home.

European Commission gives nod of approval to the Maltese Tonnage Tax Scheme

3rd April 2018

The European Commission has approved the revised Maltese tonnage tax scheme (exemption) under EU State rules for a period of 10 years, after an investigation and review lasting more than five years.

EU Commission Notices to Stakeholders

3rd April 2018

On the 8 February 2018, the EU Commission issued two Notices to Stakeholders in connection with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU, titled "Withdrawal of the United Kingdom and EU rules in the Field of Banking and Payment Services" and "Withdrawal of the United Kingdom and EU rules in the field of Post-Trade Financial Services" respectively.

Regulatory framework in Malta on Blockchain, Distributed Ledger Technology & Virtual Currencies

3rd April 2018

The Parliamentary Secretary for Financial Services, Digital Economy and Innovation has issued a public consultation document on the 17th February 2018 regulating the proposed establishment of an Authority to be known as the Malta Digital Innovation Authority ('MDIA'),

Social Networks: When are you a consumer?

3rd April 2018

In Case C-498/16 Maximilian Schrems v Facebook Ireland Limited (nyr, 25 January 2018), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) had to decide when an individual who uses a social network for different purposes qualifies as a consumer.

SEC and CFTC hearing on Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology

3rd April 2018

Earlier this month the United States Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs met in open session to conduct a hearing entitled 'Virtual Currencies:

Sub-Letting of Commercial Tenements After 31st May 2018 – Let it Be!

3rd April 2018

In terms of article 1531I of the Civil Code, as introduced by the amendments to the rent laws in 2009, a lease of commercial premises made before the 1st June 1995 shall terminate on 31st May 2028, unless a specific period has been stipulated in a contract and subject to the other specific provisions contained in this provision as may be applicable in a given case.

Amendments to the Guidelines regarding VAT treatment of Yacht Leasing

3rd April 2018

The Commissioner for Revenue has recently published an amended version of the Guidelines regarding the VAT treatment of Yacht Leasing in Malta.

Postponement of the applicability of the Insurance Distribution Directive

3rd April 2018

On 14 March 2018, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted Directive 2018/411 postponing the application of the Insurance Distribution Directive ('IDD') to 1 October 2018. 

Keep Track of the Latest WP29 Guidelines & Opinions Relating to the GDPR

3rd April 2018

Keep Track of the Latest WP29 Guidelines & Opinions Relating to the GDPR by Visiting Mamo TCV’s Dedicated GDPR Microsite.

Binance, largest crypto currency exchange announces move to Malta

3rd April 2018

Cryptocurrency exchange Binance, one of the world's largest cryptocurrency exchanges by trade value, is to set up offices in Malta as was announced by Chief Executive Officer Zhao Changpeng.

What Can You Legally “Watch Free Online” and When?

6th March 2018

Putlocker. BitTorrent. PirateBay. Napster. Mediafire.

Ring any bells?

We'll bet they do.

UBO Registry: New Reporting Requirements for Companies and Trusts

22nd February 2018

New reporting requirements under the Companies Act (Register of Beneficial Owners) Regulations and the Trusts and Trustees Act (Register of Beneficial Owners) Regulations.

A More Poignant New Year than Usual for French Winemakers After CJEU Ruling on “Champagner Sorbet?

13th February 2018

A recent court judgment of the CJEU on the use of the term “Champagne” might have broader implications for protected geographical indications in other agricultural sectors.

MFSA launches Supplementary Licence applicable to Investor Funds investing in Virtual Currencies.

13th February 2018

The Malta Financial Services Authority launches Supplementary Licence Conditions applicable to Professional Investor Funds investing in Virtual Currencies.

The importance (or otherwise) of disciplinary proceedings in dismissal cases

13th February 2018

Decision by the Court of Appeal stresses the importance of examining substance over form.

Sexual Harassment and Discrimination at the Forefront of the News

13th February 2018

Are employers sufficiently aware of their obligations?

The Maintenance of Roofs, Floors & Ceilings under Maltese Law

15th January 2018

The continuous urbanization and gentrification of the Maltese landscape has augmented the importance of maintaining well-regulated neighbourly relations among residents living in densely populated areas of the Island.

MFSA – Discussion Paper on Initial Coin Offerings, Virtual Currencies and Related Service Providers

15th January 2018

The Malta Financial Services Authority launches a Discussion Paper on Initial Coin Offerings, Virtual Currencies and Related Service Providers.

Protection of Employment for those on a minimum wage.

15th January 2018

In April of last year, mandatory supplements were introduced for those earning the minimum wage, (and for those who earn slightly more than the minimum wage but less than the new minimum wage with the €3 supplement), by means of amendments to the National Minimum Wage National Standard Order (S.L. 452.71).

Getting the Deal Through: Dispute Resolution 2017

4th December 2017

Mamo TCV has contributed the Malta chapter to the 2017 online issue of "Dispute Resolution", a yearly comparative law guide published by Getting the Deal Through. Getting the Deal Through was the first legal publication series to present the concept of a "question and answer format". This is a convenient way for law firms, universities, regulators, and corporate counsel at to have at their fingertips a reliable introduction to various subject matters, as regulated in different jurisdictions. The series now covers over 890 practice areas with analysis on more than 150 

MSE plc obtains regulatory approval to launch the Institutional Financial Securities Market

4th December 2017

Malta Stock Exchange plc. ("MSE") has obtained regulatory approval to launch the Institutional Financial Securities Market ("IFSM"), a securities market intended for issuers seeking to list securities falling within the scope of the Wholesale Securities Market rules, including but not limited to asset-backed and convertible debt securities, derivatives and insurance-linked notes, having a minimum denomination requirement of €100,000 (or its equivalent in any other currency).

Michael Psaila moderates securitisation panel during the launch of the IFSM at the MSE

4th December 2017

Mamo TCV partner Michael Psaila moderated a panel on "Opportunities within the Securitisation Sector" during an event organized by the Malta Stock Exchange on Wednesday 18th October 2017 to launch the Institutional Financial Services Market.

New Managing Partner at Mamo TCV Advocates

1st December 2017

Mamo TCV Advocates has announced that Dr Michael Psaila will be taking over the role of managing partner of the firm from Prof Andrew Muscat with effect from 1st November, 2017. Prof Muscat will continue to lead the firm's corporate and banking and finance departments.

Blockchain Technology & the Law: Myriad Business Opportunities

1st December 2017

 What is Blockchain?

Blockchain can be described as a digital database or ledger which is shared between a network of computers. The premise of blockchain, as well as its distinctive feature, is that it works on distributed trustless consensus. Each transaction entered into the ledger (known as a block) is connected to the block before it and the block after it, creating a chain of transactions which is traceable back to the original transaction.

GDPR Administrative Fines: New Guidelines Recently Adopted

1st December 2017

On 25 May 2018, Regulation 2016/679, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will come into effect across the European Union (including Malta). As has been widely reported, infringement of the GDPR may lead to fines as high as €20,000,000 or 4% of an entity's total worldwide annual turnover (whichever is higher). 

€350,000 in damages for breaching fiduciary obligations

1st December 2017

In the recent judgment of M.A.I.N. Services Limited et v Albert Galea et (case 1246/07 JZM) delivered on the 28th September 2017, the Court examined in quite extensive detail the nature and the effects of fiduciary duties.

Cryptocurrencies in Malta – A Legal Perspective

1st December 2017

 Explaining Cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrencies (also referred to as virtual currencies) are a form of digital currency which utilise encryption techniques for security. The same cryptography techniques are used in order to verify transactions involving virtual coins, and further coins are generated using complex mathematical algorithms in a process termed 'mining'.

Employers Beware before ‘Spying’ on Employees!

26th September 2017

Bosses have limited rights to monitor employees’ private correspondence. Landmark judgement delivered by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to monitoring of employees’ communications.

Confirmed: Employers Should Not Use Consent as a Legal Basis for Processing Employee Personal Data

26th September 2017

On 8 June 2017, the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party ("WP29") adopted Opinion 2/2017 on data processing at work ("the Opinion") ​[1]. This authoritative document complements previous WP29 publications on similar issues ​​​​​[2]. The Opinion now takes into account new technologies that affect the processing of employees' personal data at work. Moreover, the Opinion takes into account both the Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC) that is still in force at time of writing – transposed into Maltese legislation via the present Data Protection Act[3]​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​ – as well as the EU General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") that will enter into force on 25 May 2018. The GDPR will repeal and replace Directive 95/46/EC and the Maltese Data Protection Act ("DPA") on such date.