The State Administration of Press and Publishing ("SAPP") and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation ("MOFTEC") jointly promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Enterprises for distributing Books, Newspapers and Periodicals ("Publications Measures") on 17 March 2003, which set out the regulatory framework for the establishment of foreign-invested enterprises ("FIEs") to conduct wholesaling and retailing of books, newspapers, magazines and periodicals.