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The opposite interpretation would deprive consumers from the protection granted by the Consumer Sales Directive.

On 5 July 2012, the Court of Justice of the European Union ("ECJ") handed down a judgment on a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Oberlandesgericht Wien (Austria) concerning the interpretation of Article 5 (1) of Directive 97/7/EC of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts ("Distance Selling Directive") (ECJ, case C-49/11, Content Services Ltd v. Bundesarbeitskammer).

On 9 December 2015 the European Commission (the "Commission") published two proposed Directives (the "Proposed Directives") that aim to harmonise the rules governing two aspects of the digital economy.

Independent service providers in the Netherlands have the right to join a trade union or employers' or professional association.

On 30 June 2017, the new Belgian regulatory framework on public procurement entered into force.

On 4 December 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union answered a preliminary question from the Landgericht Darmstadt in the case H. vs. H.K. (Case C-295/13).

On 18 November 2014, Advocate General Yves Bot issued his opinion on two cases in which Spain challenges the "unitary patent package".

The central question was whether a sign represented as a colour drawing (as above) can be registered as a colour mark.

On 25 October 2012, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the "ECJ") issued a preliminary ruling on the ‘genuine use’ of a trade mark.

The ECJ offered guidance on whether the technical effects caused by a 2D mark as a 3D shape should be considered when assessing absolute grounds for refusal.

On 11 October 2017, the Court of Justice of the European Union ("ECJ") handed down a judgment in a case concerning the genuine use requirement for trade marks.

On 12 July 2011, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the "ECJ") gave judgment in a case involving the liability of an operator of an Internet marketplace on account of trade mark infringements committed by its users (Case C-324/09, L’Oréal and others v. eBay and others).

On 29 November 2017, the European Commission presented an intricate set of policy documents designed to increase the level of protection afforded by intellectual property rights in the European Union.

Most importantly, a code should not just re-state the GDPR.

On 10 April 2018, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (the "ECJ") delivered a judgment confirming that Uber's UberPop ridesharing service ...

On 17 July 2014, the Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2014 was passed by the Irish Parliament.

On 9 October 2013, the Court of The Hague in The Netherlands (the "Court"), dismissed the claims of Hormel, the proprietor of an earlier Community and Benelux trademark "SPAM" for canned meat (the "Hormel trade mark"), to declare void Dukka’s international and Benelux trade marks "Living on the edge/Spam/Energy drink" and Dukka’s Benelux trade mark "SPAM" for drinks (the "Dukka trade marks").

T European Commission has recently adopted legislative proposals aimed at facilitating private antitrust damages and collective redress.