As regards Request 1, the Court overturned the Commission's decision denying AXA access to the section of the index which described documents relating to leniency applications.

In October 2018, the German Federal Cartel Office ("FCO") published its fourth paper in the series "Competition and Consumer Protection in the Digital Economy".

The Royal Decree entered into force on 15 July 2017.

The ECJ then referred to its case-law according to which concession agreements should qualify as contracts for the supply of services.

The Court of Justice of the European Union ("ECJ") overruled the General Court and OHIM in its judgment of 24 May 2012.

On 24 November 2011, the Court of Justice of the European Union ("ECJ") delivered its judgments in case C-322/10 Medeva BV ("Medeva") v. Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks and case C-422/10 Georgetown University, University of Rochester, Loyola University of Chicago v. Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks.

The Court of Justice of the European Union handed down a preliminary ruling in joined cases C-217/13 and C-218/13 on the registration of a colour trade mark.

The ECJ handed down an interesting judgment interpreting the notion of infringement of copyright and trade mark law in the context of Regulation 1383/2003.

On 20 October 2011, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the "ECJ") delivered its judgment in case C-140/10 Greenstar-Kanzi Europe NV ("GKE") v Jean Hustin and Jo Goossens, addressing two questions referred to it by the Supreme Court (the "Referring Court").

On 19 June 2012, the Court of Justice of the European Union handed down its judgment in the "IP Translator" case.

On 3 September 2014, the ECJ handed down its judgment in Case C-201/13 Deckmyn en Vrijheidsfonds in which it gave guidance regarding the parody exception to copyright.

On 29 June 2012, the EU Council of Ministers reached a historic agreement in relation to the creation of an EU–wide patent and the creation of a centralised EU Patent Court.

On 17 December 2012, the EU Council adopted two Regulations on the creation of an EU patent with unitary effect and on the language regime applicable to the EU Patent.

On 13 January 2012, the European Commission published two studies exploring the need for further harmonisation in the field of EU intellectual property rights.

Europe’s relationship with GMO crops has traditionally been a very stormy one, to say the least.

Towards end-2011, the EU's Forum for Exchange of Information on Enforcement published a Facts Report on the Coordinated Forum REACH Enforcement Project.

On 10 January 2017, the General Court ("GC") issued a judgment in which it ordered the European Union to pay Gascogne and Gascogne Sack Deutschland ("Gascogne") a total of about € 57,000 in damages . . .

The European Commission adopted an opinion providing guidance on law enforcement measures that may interfere with the right to protection of personal data.

On 12 December 2013, Advocate General Villalón (the "AG") delivered an interesting opinion (the "Opinion") in cases C-293/12 Digital Rights Ireland and C-594/12 Seitlinger and Others.

The Court therefore, in effect, took the view that it was legitimate to exclude this particular online-only platform from the network.