The effects of COVID-19 on the global economy are well-documented and need not be discussed in detail here.

On 24 November 2020, the European Parliament adopted the Directive on representative actions for the protection of collective interests of consumers, which became a decisive step of the European Union (EU) towards building collective redress mechanism in all 27 EU Member States.

Chapter V of the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARS) codifies the circumstances precluding the wrongfulness of a state's measures...

Austrian law knows two – arguably three – versions of the principal witness rule: On the one hand, the "small" and "large" principal witness rules, found in Section 41a of the Austrian Criminal Code...

The recent release of the 2020 IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence marks their second revision since being promulgated in 1999.

Although not a novel concept - London Commercial Court dates back to 1895 - International commercial courts (ICCs) have expanded significantly in recent years.

Starting in late February 2022, the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and others have imposed far-reaching sanctions against Russia and Belarus.

The year 2025 will be a milestone for the Austrian arbitration community as the leading arbitration institution in Austria, the Vienna International Arbitration Centre (hereinafter VIAC), celebrates its 50th anniversary.

In light of the decrease of new infections, Austria's economy slowly began to reopen in April this year.

As funding activity becomes more and more widespread in both arbitration and litigation, various jurisdictions and arbitral institutions are introducing regulations to address the risks posed by this evolving practice.

While 2020 may have drawn to a close, marking the end of the transition period of Brexit, uncertainty remains over the future of the EU-UK trading relationship.

On 19 September 2021, the Expedited Arbitration Rules (EAR) of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) entered into force.

An order for security for costs serves as a procedural safeguard, ensuring that a claimant can cover the respondent's legal costs should the claim be unsuccessful.

Since their introduction in 2009, cryptocurrencies have gained mainstream interest all over the world. While many states, as well as the international community...

Artificial intelligence in alternative dispute resolution and international arbitration, in particular, is no longer a tale of the distant future but an objective reality that was given legislative shape last summer at the European Union law level.

Most jurisdictions protect the confidentiality of communications between the lawyer and the client, which is commonly referred to as legal privilege.

The recent presentation of the draft Electronic Securities Act (Gesetz über elektronische Wertpapiere, eWpG) by German lawmakers.

As of 1st January, the 2021 ICC Rules have officially come into force. Building on the recent revisions introduced in 2012 and 2017...

The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) adopted amendments to its rules on 21 March 2022. They are set to come into force on 1 July 2022 and...

The legal background of the tribunal, the parties, and their counsel can influence the scope of disclosure and discovery, which is a major point of divergence between common and civil law.