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Venezuela started including collective action clauses (CACs) in its international bonds issued under New York law in 2003. Currently, Venezuelan international bonds that include CACs represent an aggregate principal amount of approximately U.S.$ 4.17 billion out of a total principal of foreign external indebtedness of approximately U.S.$ 24 billion (excluding foreign external indebtedness of Venezuelan quasi-sovereigns such as Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.).