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Cross-border litigation has seen a boost with the ratification of the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements by Singapore in June this year, following the establishment of the Singapore International Commercial Court in 2015.

In Japan, a product invention can be identified in a claim by its production process (product-by-process claim). In this case, the Supreme Court judged an interpretation of a technical scope of the product-by-process claim in patent-infringement litigation.