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The Supreme Court of India, in a criminal appeal decided on 17 July 2026 by a Bench comprising Justice Sanjay Kumar and Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva, has set aside a long chain of concurrent convictions under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, on the ground that the cheque in question was materially altered. The case, arising out of Special Leave Petition (Criminal) No. 17025 of 2025, highlights the fundamental principle that a materially altered negotiable instrument cannot form the basis of criminal liability for its dishonour.

This is one of the most significant recent judgements that have helped shape the evolving landscape of the law to prevent money laundering in India. Decided by the Allahabad High Court, it pertains to