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The seven different forms of intellectual property rights stipulated in TRIPS are patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indications, protection of IC layout design and protection of undisclosed information. Each one is independent of each other and protects different aspects of an inventive work and extends different rights to the owner.

Research and Development (R&D) is the critical foundation and driver for innovation and the new product growth regime of many organisations, specifically in knowledge-intensive industries like pharmaceuticals and deep technology-enabled businesses.