Introduction
An enduring image on TV screens at the outbreak of the covid-19
pandemic was one of cruise ships being refused docking permission
at ports around the globe. While sympathies were extended to the
holidaymakers trapped onboard, not everybody appreciated the fact
that the crew members were also incarcerated. Worse still, while
passengers were eventually repatriated, many of the crew remained
unable to leave their vessel due to complex passport, quarantine
and visa arrangements that had been hastily introduced with the
intention of restricting travel across the globe. Less high proGle
still was the fate of the much larger number of men and women
operating within the various merchant Heets across the world. The
shipping industry accounts for 80% to 90% of global trade,
providing the transport of important goods such as food, medicines
and raw materials. Seafarers have played a vital role in keeping
supplies Howing throughout the past 18 months, yet many