Force Majeure vs Hardship under Ukrainian Law
In today’s unpredictable world, businesses often face circumstances that disrupt contractual performance. Whether it’s war, sanctions, pandemic, or skyrocketing costs, many turn to legal safety nets such as force majeure and hardship to mitigate the consequences. Yet, in Ukraine, commercial actors often conflate the two doctrines, leading to uncertainty and practical difficulties in their application. …
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Government contracts in Ukraine. How not to get into trap
The public procurement market in Ukraine has been rapidly developing despite the ongoing war and is expected to experience even greater growth in the post-war period. This opens up attractive business opportunities for foreign companies, yet it also requires a solid understanding of the specific regulatory framework governing government contracts in Ukraine.
Investment Protection in Ukraine During Wartime: BITs, ICSID and Local Remedies
Investment disputes in Ukraine increasingly arise because of wartime measures and regulatory interference – including cases where losses occurred through Russia’s military aggression, occupation of territories, destruction of infrastructure, seizure of assets, and extensive sanctions regimes. These circumstances have fundamentally reshaped how foreign investors seek protection and when they require legal representation.
Income Reform: Dividend Taxation and Risks on Retained Earnings
The Federal Senate approved the main text of Bill No. 1,087/2025, which reforms income taxation in Brazil and represents one of the federal government’s main economic priorities. The bill now moves to Presidential approval, with expectations of swift promulgation and effectiveness starting January 1, 2026, if enacted into law before the end of this year.
Reform to the National Water Law: A New Paradigm with Questionable Effectiveness.
On October 9, 2025 the President of Mexico proposed a bill to Congress that creates the General Waters Act and reforms different sections of the National Waters Act.
Refining Indonesia’s Risk-Based Licensing Regime: Key Developments under GR 28/2025
The promulgation of Government Regulation No. 28 of 2025 concerning the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing (“GR 28/2025”) marks a significant milestone in the evolution of Indonesia’s business licensing regime, effectively repealing Government Regulation No. 5 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Risk-Based Business Licensing (“GR 5/2021”).
Automated Content Recognition: The big brother of creativity
Creativity Under Surveillance Modern creativity lives under constant observation. Every video, sound, or image uploaded to most digital platforms is scanned by automated copyright filters before it ever reaches an audience. These tools –collectively known as Automated Content Recognition (ACR) systems– promise to protect copyright owners from infringement. In practice, they have become powerful, but …
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Protecting foreign businesses from illegal actions by state bodies and enterprises under martial law: challenges and legal instruments
The introduction of martial law in Ukraine in February 2022 has created a difficult legal and operational environment for the activities of not only domestic but also foreign companies in Ukraine. The actions of state bodies and enterprises, dictated by the specifics of martial law, sometimes create significant challenges for the stability of foreign business. …
Kuwait Merger Control: Practical Guidance and Impact of the 2025 Constitutional Court Ruling
This year, Kuwait’s merger control regime has been reshaped by legislative reforms and constitutional challenges.
A New Era for Arbitration in Saudi Arabia: Key Insights from the Draft Arbitration Law
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has taken a significant step forward in reshaping its arbitration landscape with the release of the Draft Arbitration Law.