{"id":154102,"date":"2026-11-04T10:38:33","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T10:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=154102"},"modified":"2026-11-04T12:43:13","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T12:43:13","slug":"oman-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/oman-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Oman: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-154102","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-oman"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">DLA Piper Oman LLP<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/11\/DLA-logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">DLA Piper Oman LLP<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/11\/DLA-logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Oman<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principal statute relating to arbitration in Oman is <em>Royal Decree 47\/97 Issuing the Law of Arbitration in Civil and Commercial Disputes<\/em> (<strong>Oman Arbitration Law<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>The Oman Arbitration Law is largely based on the principles of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration.\u00a0 Other important legislation includes <em>Royal Decree 29\/2002 Issuing the Civil and Commercial Procedures Law<\/em> (<strong>Civil Procedure Law<\/strong>) (Articles 352-353) which outlines the criteria for the recognition of arbitral awards issued outside Oman.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes.\u00a0 Oman acceded to the New York Convention via Royal Decree 36\/98.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In addition to the New York Convention, Oman is a signatory to:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a) Riyadh Arab Agreement for Judicial Cooperation (1983);<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b) GCC Convention for the Execution of Judgments, Delegations, and Judicial Notifications (1995\/1996); and<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c) Separate country-to-country judicial cooperation treaties, which including arbitration recognition provisions, including with Egypt (2012) and India (2020).<\/p>\n<p>Further, Chapter Ten of the U.S.-Oman FTA permits U.S. investors to initiate arbitration under the UNCITRAL or ICSID rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country? Has your jurisdiction adopted, or is it considering adopting, the amendments of 6 July 2026 regarding electronic awards and communications?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law is narrower than the Model Law regarding interim relief. While Article 17 of the Model Law expressly empowers tribunals to order interim measures, Article 24 of the Oman Arbitration Law requires the parties to agree that the tribunal has this power.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, this distinction is principally relevant to ad hoc arbitration. Where institutional rules apply, the parties\u2019 adoption of rules permitting interim relief should satisfy the requirement for agreement under Article 24. For example, an agreement to arbitrate under the ICC Rules would incorporate the ICC provisions on interim measures.<\/p>\n<p>There have been no public announcements of any proposed amendments to the Oman Arbitration Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Commercial Arbitration Centre (OCAC) was established by Royal Decree 26\/2018.\u00a0 Its rules (<strong>OCAC Rules<\/strong>) were most recently amended in 2026.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no specialist arbitration courts <em>per se<\/em>; however applications seeking the nullification of an Oman-seated arbitral award must be filed in the Appeal Court (Article 54).\u00a0 Any other disputes or requests relating to arbitration are subject to the jurisdiction of the Investment and Trade Court, as per Royal Decree 35\/2025 (Article 11(7)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An arbitration agreement must be in writing, otherwise it is invalid (Article 12 of the Oman Arbitration Law). It is treated as written if it is contained in a document signed by both parties, or alternately in correspondence exchanged between them.<\/p>\n<p>The parties must be legally competent, and the dispute must be capable of settlement by compromise (Article 11). A submission agreement made after a dispute has arisen must specify the issues referred, otherwise it is void (Article 10(2)).<\/p>\n<p>Of note, other statutes impact arbitration agreements with respect to employment and insurance matters.\u00a0 Article 58(4) of <em>Royal Decree No. 12 of 1997 Promulgating the Insurance Companies Law<\/em> stipulates that provisions relating to arbitration, if included in the insurance policy as part of general printed conditions and not via a special agreement, will be null and void.<\/p>\n<p>Arbitration agreements in employment agreements will be void by virtue of Article 4 of <em>Royal Decree No. 53 of 2023 on the Promulgation of the Labour Law<\/em>, which provides that any contract provisions contravening the statute are void unless deemed beneficial to the worker.\u00a0 The Oman Supreme Court confirmed the supremacy of the courts over employment disputes in the\u00a0 matter of <em>Challenge No. 790\/2017 &#8211; Session dated January 16, 2019) Principle No. (28) &#8211; Judicial Year (19), <\/em>although arbitration is permissible for industrial conciliation involving trade unions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Article 23 of the Oman Arbitration Law treats an arbitration clause as independent of the other terms of the contract.<\/p>\n<p>If the contract is invalid, rescinded or terminated, the clause is not affected, provided the clause is itself valid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. The Oman Arbitration Law contains no validation principle, and we are not aware of any court decision applying one. The courts generally apply the law chosen by the parties, failing which Omani law as the law of the seat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not address asymmetric clauses. Their validity therefore turns on whether the clause demonstrates the parties&#8217; clear and unequivocal consent to arbitrate (Article 10(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law).<\/p>\n<p>That said, the Omani Supreme Court generally views arbitration as a distinct and exclusive mechanism through which parties expressly consent to opt out of litigation. As such, where an arbitration clause gives one party the option to litigate, the courts may interpret that option as a waiver of the right to arbitrate, thereby rendering the arbitration clause invalid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitration under the Oman Arbitration Law is founded on consent (Article 10(1)). Non-signatories may nevertheless be bound in limited circumstances, such as agency, assignment or succession, or conduct clearly showing acceptance of the arbitration agreement. The courts require clear evidence of consent before treating a non-signatory as bound.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions and\/or legislative reform in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. The Oman Arbitration Law has not been substantively amended since Royal Decree 3\/2007.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The parties are free to choose the law applicable to the substance of the dispute (Article 6(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law). Where they choose the law of a particular country, its substantive rules apply and its conflict of laws rules do not, unless agreed otherwise (Article 39(1)). Absent a choice, the tribunal applies the substantive rules of the law it considers most closely connected to the dispute (Article 39(2)).<\/p>\n<p>There is no separate set of choice of law rules for arbitration beyond Article 39 of the Oman Arbitration Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 16(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law, an arbitrator may not be a minor, under guardianship, or deprived of civil rights because of a conviction for an offence involving honour or trust, or because of bankruptcy, unless rehabilitated. No particular gender or nationality is required unless the parties agree, or the law provides, otherwise (Article 16(2)).<\/p>\n<p>Acceptance of an appointment must be in writing (Article 16(3)). Where there is more than one arbitrator, the number must be odd, otherwise the arbitration is invalid (Article 15(2)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, but only where the parties&#8217; agreed procedure fails or no procedure has been agreed (Article 17 of the Oman Arbitration Law). In that case, on a party&#8217;s application, the court will:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a) appoint a sole arbitrator;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b) appoint a co-arbitrator where a party fails to nominate one within 30 days of a request; or<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c) appoint the chair where the co-arbitrators fail to agree within 30 days.<\/p>\n<p>The court&#8217;s decision is not subject to appeal (Article 17(3)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Under Article 18(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law, the only ground for challenging an arbitrator is that circumstances exist which give rise to serious doubts about the arbitrator&#8217;s impartiality or independence. A party cannot challenge an arbitrator it appointed, or helped to appoint, unless it became aware of those circumstances only after the appointment was made (Article 18(2)).<\/p>\n<p>The challenging party must submit a written challenge to the tribunal, stating its reasons. The deadline is 15 days from the date that party became aware of the tribunal&#8217;s constitution or of the circumstances justifying the challenge. If the challenged arbitrator does not withdraw, the tribunal decides the challenge (Article 19(1)). If the tribunal rejects the challenge, the challenging party may appeal to the court within 30 days of being notified of the decision. The court&#8217;s ruling on that appeal is final (Article 19(3)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any recent developments. The duty of disclosure remains governed by Article 16(3) of the Oman Arbitration Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not grant arbitrators immunity from liability. However, it is common practice for arbitral tribunals to stipulate in their terms of appointment that they will be immune from both contractual and tort liability, absent fraud.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Under Article 22(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law, the tribunal rules on pleas challenging its jurisdiction. These include pleas that the arbitration agreement does not exist, is invalid, or does not cover the dispute. A tribunal decision rejecting such a plea may only be challenged through an action for nullification of the final award (Article 22(3)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The court must dismiss the claim, provided the defendant raises the arbitration agreement before submitting any other request or defence (Article 13(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law). The Oman Supreme Court has ruled that a failure to do so will result in the forfeiture of the right to arbitration (<em>Challenge No. 106\/2014 (Rent Department), Session dated Wednesday, 21\/01\/2014<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Principle No. (161) &#8211; Judicial year (15-16)<\/em>).\u00a0 The Oman Supreme Court has further held that only the defendant, and never the claimant, may challenge the court&#8217;s jurisdiction on the basis of an arbitration agreement, because a claimant who commences court proceedings is deemed to have waived that agreement (<em>Challenge No. 642\/2020, Session dated Tuesday, 30\/03\/2020<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Filing the lawsuit does not prevent an arbitration from starting or continuing, or an award from being issued (Article 13(2)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If the respondent does not submit a statement of defence, the tribunal must continue the proceedings. That failure is not, in itself, treated as an admission of the claim (Article 34(2) of the Oman Arbitration Law). If a party fails to attend a hearing or submit documents, the tribunal may continue and issue its award on the evidence before it (Article 35).<\/p>\n<p>The Oman Arbitration Law gives the courts no power to compel a respondent to participate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law contains no provisions on joinder or intervention by third parties. Whether a third party may join, and whether the tribunal is bound by the parties&#8217; agreement, depends on the parties&#8217; agreement and any applicable institutional rules.<\/p>\n<p>Without the agreement of all parties, the Oman Arbitration Law gives the tribunal no power to allow intervention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country? What is the approach of local courts in your jurisdiction to anti-arbitration injunctions issued in breach of arbitration agreements?  Have there been any recent decisions on this point?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If the parties agree, the tribunal may order interim or precautionary measures and require security to cover their cost (Article 24(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law). The court may also order interim or precautionary measures, either before or during the arbitration (Article 14). Court measures are therefore available before the tribunal is constituted.<\/p>\n<p>Anti-suit injunctions are not a feature of Omani civil procedure. A party instead raises its jurisdictional or arbitration objection before the court hearing the case. We are not aware of any Omani decisions on anti-arbitration injunctions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law contains only limited evidentiary rules:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a) Witnesses and experts give evidence without taking an oath (Article 33(4)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b) The tribunal may order production of original documents (Article 30(3)).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c) The tribunal may appoint experts (Article 36). The Omani Supreme Court has, however, confirmed that a failure to appoint one is not a ground for nullification (Appeal No. 167 of 2026 (Commercial), 24 February 2026).<\/p>\n<p>On the tribunal&#8217;s request, the President of the competent court of first instance may fine a witness who fails to attend or refuses to testify between OMR 5 and OMR 20. The President may also order judicial delegation (Article 37). The courts cannot otherwise compel witnesses to participate.<br \/>\n25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specific ethical code for counsel or arbitrators in arbitration proceedings in Oman. Arbitrators are subject to the duties of independence, impartiality and disclosure under Article 16(3) of the Oman Arbitration Law, together with any applicable institutional rules.<\/p>\n<p>These duties apply regardless of nationality. Article 16(2) of the Oman Arbitration Law does not require an arbitrator to be of any particular nationality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not expressly provide for the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings. It does, however, prohibit publication of all or part of an award without the parties&#8217; approval (Article 44(2)).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied? Have any developments under the 2024 IBA Guidelines, including the expanded Orange List, the treatment of social media conduct, or due diligence obligations on parties, and the UNCITRAL Code of Conduct for Arbitrators been addressed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest are not binding under Omani law, but widely used. Oman seated tribunals frequently refer to the IBA Guidelines and UNCITRAL Code of Conduct as a benchmark of good practice.<\/p>\n<p>We are not aware of any Omani decisions addressing the 2024 IBA Guidelines or the UNCITRAL Code of Conduct for Arbitrators.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included in the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not address how costs are estimated or allocated. Costs are therefore governed by the parties&#8217; agreement or the applicable institutional rules. Tribunals usually allocate costs at their discretion, having regard to the parties&#8217; relative success.<\/p>\n<p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not address interest, and does not distinguish between pre- and post-award interest. Omani law allows interest to be claimed on commercial debts, subject to the maximum rates set under Article 80 of <em>Royal Decree 55\/90 Issuing the Commercial Law<\/em> (<strong>Commercial Law<\/strong>) and the Ministerial Decisions thereunder (which as of November 2026 is 6% per annum)\u00a0 Arbitral awards in Oman commonly award interest at the statutory rate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law contains no general provision for security for costs. Where the parties have agreed, Article 24(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law allows the tribunal to require security covering only the cost of an interim measure it orders. Any broader power to order security for costs depends on the applicable institutional rules.\u00a0 Notably, the OCAC Rules empower the tribunal to order security for cost as an interim measure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><em>Domestic awards<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The process for the enforcement of a domestic (i.e., Oman-seated) award in Oman begins with an application filed to the President of the competent court attaching the following documents (Article 56 of the Oman Arbitration Law):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a) The original award or a signed copy;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b) A copy of the arbitration agreement;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c) A certified Arabic translation, if the award is in a foreign language; and<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">d) The minutes recording the deposit of the award under Article 47.<\/p>\n<p>The court will order enforcement only once the nullification period has expired (Article 58(1)). It must also be satisfied that the award (Article 58(2)):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a) Does not conflict with a prior Omani judgment;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b) Does not contravene Omani public order; and<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c) Was properly notified to the losing party.<\/p>\n<p>An award must be reasoned, unless the parties agree otherwise or the law applicable to the proceedings does not require reasons (Article 43(2) of the Oman Arbitration Law).<\/p>\n<p><em>International awards<\/em><\/p>\n<p>An international award is enforced by filing a lawsuit, in the ordinary manner, before the primary court of three judges in whose jurisdiction enforcement is sought (Articles 352 and 353 of the Civil Procedure Law). The Civil Procedure Law provides no separate procedure for recognition.<\/p>\n<p>The court will order enforcement only after verifying that:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a) The award was issued by a competent authority under the rules of the country where it was issued, has become final under that law, and was not obtained by fraud (Article 352(a));<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b) The parties were summoned and duly represented (Article 352(b));<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c) The award does not include a claim based on a violation of a law in force in Oman (Article 352(c));<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">d) It does not conflict with a prior Omani judgment or order, or with Omani public order or morals (Article 352(d)); and<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">e) The country where it was issued enforces Omani judgments (Article 352(e)).<\/p>\n<p>The award must also concern a matter capable of arbitration under Omani law and be enforceable in the country where it was issued (Article 353). These provisions apply without prejudice to treaties to which Oman is a party, including the New York Convention (Article 355 of the Civil Procedure Law).<\/p>\n<p>In practice, foreign arbitral awards in a language other than Arabic must be translated into Arabic before being filed with the Omani courts. Foreign awards must also be apostilled in the arbitral seat or, if the seat is in a country that is not party to the 1961 Hague Apostille Convention, legalized by the relevant Omani embassy or consular mission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Enforcement cannot begin until the 90-day nullification period has expired (Articles 54(1) and 58(1) of the Oman Arbitration Law). In our experience, domestic awards usually take 6-10 months to enforce, while international awards take 8-16 months to enforce.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, an application for the enforcement of a domestic award may be brought <em>ex parte<\/em> \u2013 this is not the case for an international award, which requires the filing of a lawsuit, i.e., a full action against the other party.<\/p>\n<p>Please see standard of review covered in our answer to question 30 above.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><em>Domestic awards <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Domestic awards cannot be appealed, but they may be challenged by an action for nullification (Article 52 of the Oman Arbitration Law). The grounds are exhaustively listed in Article 53(1):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">a. There is no valid arbitration agreement;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">b. A party lacked capacity;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">c. A party was unable to present its case;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">d. The tribunal did not apply the law agreed by the parties;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">e. The tribunal was improperly constituted;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">f. The tribunal exceeded the scope of the arbitration agreement; or<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">g. The award or the proceedings are void.<\/p>\n<p>The court must also nullify an award that is contrary to Omani public order (Article 53(2)).<\/p>\n<p>The Omani Supreme Court has confirmed that nullification is an exceptional remedy confined to the grounds listed in Article 53, which the courts may not expand. Procedural objections not raised promptly before the tribunal are waived and cannot later be relied on as grounds for nullification (<em>Appeal No. 167 of 2026 (Commercial), 24 February 2026<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>The action for nullification must be filed with the competent Court of Appeal within 90 days of notification of the award (Article 54).<\/p>\n<p>The right to bring a nullification action cannot be waived before the award is issued (Article 54(1)).<\/p>\n<p><em>International awards<\/em><\/p>\n<p>International awards cannot be appealed in Oman. The Oman Arbitration Law does not provide for their nullification, because it applies only to arbitrations seated in Oman, or to international arbitrations seated abroad where the parties have agreed to apply it (Article 1). International awards may therefore be challenged only by opposing enforcement on the grounds in Articles 352 and 353 of the Civil Procedure Law (please see our response to question 30 above).<\/p>\n<p>In an anomalous decision, however, the Omani Supreme Court held that the Omani courts had jurisdiction to hear a nullification action brought by an Omani party against a London-seated ICC award made under foreign law (Decision No. 709\/8103\/2024). That decision appears inconsistent with Article 1 of the Oman Arbitration Law, and it remains to be seen whether it will be followed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An award generally binds only the parties to the arbitration agreement. Third parties may, however, become bound in certain recognised circumstances, including through assignment or succession to a party\u2019s rights and obligations under the underlying contract, through agency, or where their conduct demonstrates clear acceptance of, or reliance on, the arbitration agreement, such that it would be inequitable to allow them to disclaim it.<\/p>\n<p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not give third parties a right to challenge the recognition of an award.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Third-party funding is neither expressly permitted nor prohibited under Omani law, and there is no dedicated regulatory regime. We are not aware of any Omani court decisions on the issue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available and recognized in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not provide for emergency arbitrators. Whether such relief is available depends on the institutional rules the parties have chosen. Because the law does not address emergency arbitrator decisions, their enforceability is uncertain. In practice, a party may still need to apply to the competent court for interim measures under Article 14 of the Oman Arbitration Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Oman Arbitration Law does not provide for expedited procedures. The OCAC Rules provide for an expedited procedure, under which the final award must be made within three months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any such decisions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any recent court decisions on corruption in arbitration. The Oman Arbitration Law does not set a standard or burden of proof for corruption. An award procured through fraud may, however, be refused enforcement on public policy grounds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country withdrawn from, or announced its intention to withdraw from, the Energy Charter Treaty?  What is the status of the sunset clause in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Oman is not a Contracting Party to the Energy Charter Treaty, so the sunset clause does not apply.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions or legislative developments in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration, the Energy Charter Treaty, or the enforcement of intra-EU? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. We are not aware of any decisions, legislative developments or pending cases on these issues.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In June 2026, OCAC issued revised Arbitration Rules aimed at improving procedural efficiency and further aligning its practice with international standards. The amended OCAC Arbitration Rules introduce greater flexibility for virtual hearings and meetings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent judicial and\/or legislative developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any judicial or legislative developments on ESG issues in the context of arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of Oman recently implementing any international sanctions regimes, or of any Omani decisions on the impact of sanctions on arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country enacted any regulation and\/or implemented any rules, guidlines or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI), generative AI or large language models in the context of dispute resolution?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. We are not aware of any rules or guidance on the use of AI in dispute resolution in Oman.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any specific legal, institutional, or procedural frameworks in your jurisdiction governing the arbitration of digital asset or blockchain-related disputes?  Have there been any court decisions in your jurisdiction concerning the validity or enforceability of arbitration agreements incorporated into smart contracts or digital asset terms?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Oman&#8217;s financial regulator has announced plans for a Virtual Assets Regulatory Framework covering crypto assets, tokens and exchanges. This does not specifically address arbitration. We are not aware of any decisions on arbitration agreements in smart contracts or digital asset terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">4874<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/154102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=154102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}