{"id":153776,"date":"2026-11-04T10:38:34","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T10:38:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=153776"},"modified":"2026-11-05T11:53:45","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T11:53:45","slug":"uzbekistan-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/uzbekistan-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Uzbekistan: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-153776","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-uzbekistan"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">PraeLegal Uzbekistan<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/10\/PraeLegal-Uzbekistan-Logo-1.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">PraeLegal Uzbekistan<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/10\/PraeLegal-Uzbekistan-Logo-1.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Uzbekistan<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>International commercial arbitration seated in Uzbekistan is governed by Law No. ZRU-674 \u201cOn International Commercial Arbitration\u201d of 16 February 2021, in force since 18 August 2021 (the \u201cICA Law\u201d). Domestic arbitration is governed by Law No. ZRU-64 \u201cOn Arbitration Courts\u201d of 16 October 2006, as amended in 2026 (the \u201cLaw on Domestic Arbitration\u201d). Related court proceedings are governed by the Economic Procedure Code (the \u201cEP Code\u201d) or the Civil Procedure Code (the \u201c\u0421P Code\u201d). Constitutional Law No. ZRU-1158 of 13 July 2026 establishes the Tashkent International Financial Centre (the \u201cTIFC\u201d) and the Tashkent International Commercial Court (the \u201cTICC\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>Mandatory provisions include equal treatment of the parties, the written form of the arbitration agreement, arbitrability limits, restricted court intervention and the exhaustive grounds for setting aside and refusing enforcement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Uzbekistan acceded to the New York Convention on 7 February 1996, with effect from 7 May 1996, without making the reciprocity or commercial reservation. The Convention therefore applies to all foreign awards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Uzbekistan is a party to:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the ICSID Convention (1965), in force for Uzbekistan since 25 August 1995;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the Energy Charter Treaty (1994) (the \u201cECT\u201d), in force since 16 April 1998;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the CIS Agreement on Settling Disputes Related to Economic Activity (Kyiv, 1992), providing for mutual enforcement of court and arbitral decisions; and<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 numerous bilateral investment treaties, most providing for ICSID or ad hoc (typically UNCITRAL) arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country? Has your jurisdiction adopted, or is it considering adopting, the amendments of 6 July 2026 regarding electronic awards and communications?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The ICA Law follows the 1985 Model Law, as amended in 2006, with four mostly additive divergences:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Immunity (Article 6): arbitrators, experts and institutions are immune save for intentional misconduct.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Confidentiality (Article 53): proceedings are confidential by default.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Representation (Article 38): parties may choose any representatives, including foreigners.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Enforcement (Article 51): as under Article IV of the New York Convention, both the award and the arbitration agreement must be produced.<\/p>\n<p>There are no pending amendments to the ICA Law. Recent reforms include the 2022 EP Code amendments on court assistance and Constitutional Law No. ZRU-1158 establishing the Tashkent International Financial Centre (the \u201cTIFC\u201d) and the TICC.<\/p>\n<p>The UNCITRAL amendments of 6 July 2026 have not been adopted and no initiative has been announced, although Article 12 of the ICA Law already permits electronically concluded arbitration agreements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The leading institution is the Tashkent International Arbitration Centre (\u201cTIAC\u201d), operating under the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Uzbekistan since April 2019. Its 2019 Rules were last amended with effect from 1 October 2021, mainly for technology disputes: they allow tribunal-initiated production of documents and data (Article 20) and \u201cexperimental evidence\u201d of how software operates (Article 21), and add Cybersecurity Rules protecting case materials and excluding hacked evidence (Schedule 2). No further amendments, including to the TIAC-HKIAC Cross-Institutional Rules (2023), have been made or announced.<\/p>\n<p>The International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber (\u201cICAC\u201d), established in 2011, is an independent permanent institution; its Rules remain unamended, with none announced.<\/p>\n<p>Domestic disputes may also go to permanent arbitration courts established by non-state, non-commercial organisations and registered with the justice authorities (over 287 as of 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no court dedicated exclusively to arbitration; arbitration-related matters are heard by the economic courts or, when an individual is acting outside the course of business, by the civil courts.<\/p>\n<p>A specialised forum has, however, recently been created: the TICC is an independent two-tier judicial body of the TIFC; its judges may be of any nationality, and proceedings are conducted in English. Within the TIFC, the common law and equity of England and Wales apply on a subsidiary basis. Once operational, the TICC will have exclusive jurisdiction over arbitration-related matters, from interim measures to setting aside and enforcement, where the arbitration is seated in the TIFC, where it is administered by TIAC and the parties have agreed that the TICC is to act as the supervisory court, or where the parties have otherwise submitted to its jurisdiction. It may also recognize and enforce international arbitration awards. At the time of writing, neither the TIFC nor the TICC is yet operational.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 12 of the ICA Law, the agreement must be in writing, which is satisfied by a record in any form, including electronic communications, by an undenied allegation of the agreement in the pleadings, or by incorporation by reference. Under Article 12 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration, it must be signed by the parties or concluded by an exchange of letters or electronic messages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principle of separability is codified in Article 21 of the ICA Law and Article 24 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration: an arbitration clause is treated as an agreement independent of other contract terms, and a finding that the contract is invalid does not <em>ipso jure <\/em>invalidate the clause.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Uzbek law has no validation principle (<em>in favorem validitatis<\/em>) or general choice-of-law rule for the arbitration agreement; validity is assessed at the setting-aside and enforcement stages (Articles 50 and 52 of the ICA Law; Articles 232\u2078 and 256 of the EP Code).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no legislation or reported case law on asymmetric arbitration clauses, and such clauses are not expressly prohibited. Their validity has not been tested against the principle of equal treatment of the parties under Article 33 of the ICA Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitration is strictly consensual: no law extends arbitration agreements to non-signatories, and doctrines such as \u201cgroup of companies\u201d, <em>alter ego<\/em> or estoppel are not recognised. A non-signatory is bound only as a successor to a party\u2019s rights and obligations, e.g. by assignment, debt transfer or succession. There are no recent court decisions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions and\/or legislative reform in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no recent reforms or reported decisions, and neither law contains a general choice-of-law rule for the arbitration agreement. Absent the parties\u2019 choice, validity is assessed under Uzbek law in set-aside proceedings (Article 50 of the ICA Law) and under the law of the country where the award was made in enforcement proceedings (Article 52).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 44 of the ICA Law, the tribunal applies the rules of law chosen by the parties, understood as substantive law rather than conflict rules, or, failing a choice, the law determined by the conflict rules it considers applicable. It may decide <em>ex aequo et bono<\/em> only if expressly authorised. Uzbek conflict rules are set out in Articles 1189-1190 of the Civil Code. In domestic arbitration, Uzbek law applies (Article 10 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Articles 15-17 of the ICA Law, the parties determine the number of arbitrators (three by default) and the procedure; nationality is no bar unless otherwise agreed; and arbitrators must be independent and impartial and make continuing disclosure.<\/p>\n<p>Under Article 14 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration, a domestic arbitrator must be a citizen of Uzbekistan, at least 25 years old, impartial and free of any interest in the outcome, and a sole or presiding arbitrator must hold a higher legal education. Since 24 July 2026, under Law No. ZRU-1141 of 21 April 2026, domestic arbitrators must also complete a training programme approved by the Ministry of Justice and continuously maintain their qualifications.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In Uzbek-seated arbitrations, the economic court appoints on a party\u2019s application where a party or the co-arbitrators fail to act within 30 days, the parties cannot agree on a sole arbitrator, or an appointing institution fails to act (Article 16 of the ICA Law). The application is heard within 20 days and the decision is final (Article 232\u2074 of the EP Code).<\/p>\n<p>A recent example is a ruling of the Tashkent City Court of 26 December 2025. After the TIAC Court of Arbitration had appointed a sole arbitrator, one of the parties challenged that appointment, arguing that the TIAC Court of Arbitration\u2019s appointment decision was invalid, because its composition had changed three times within a single month and, contrary to the TIAC Rules, no longer included any local members. On that party\u2019s application, the Tashkent City court itself appointed the sole arbitrator.In domestic arbitration, the chair of the permanent arbitration court appoints within ten days at a party\u2019s request; in ad hoc arbitration, failure to form the tribunal in time terminates the arbitration agreement and refers the dispute to the competent court (Article 15 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An arbitrator may be challenged only for justifiable doubts as to impartiality or independence or for lacking agreed qualifications; a party may challenge its own appointee only for reasons discovered later (Article 17 of the ICA Law).<\/p>\n<p>Absent an agreed procedure, written reasons must be submitted to the tribunal within 15 days; unless the arbitrator withdraws or the other party agrees, the tribunal decides. An unsuccessful challenger may apply within 30 days to the economic court, whose decision is final; the tribunal may meanwhile continue (Article 18). The court also decides on an arbitrator\u2019s failure or inability to act (Article 19).<\/p>\n<p>A domestic arbitrator may be challenged for not meeting the Article 14 requirements (Article 16 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration); absent agreed or institutional rules, the remaining arbitrators decide, without recourse to the courts (Article 17).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no legislative changes or reported decisions. The TIAC Rules require a signed statement of acceptance, availability, impartiality and independence, and continuing disclosure. A domestic arbitrator must promptly disclose grounds for challenge arising during the proceedings and withdraw (Article 16 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration). Practitioners also refer to the 2024 IBA Guidelines and, in investment cases, the 2023 ICSID-UNCITRAL Code of Conduct.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, qualified immunity: arbitrators, experts, institutions and their employees are liable only for proven intentional misconduct and cannot be compelled to give explanations or testify in related proceedings (Article 6 of the ICA Law). A domestic arbitrator may not be examined as a witness about information learned in the arbitration (Article 28 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, under Article 21 of the ICA Law and Article 24 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration, including for objections to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement. Under the ICA Law, a jurisdictional plea must be raised no later than the statement of defence, unless the tribunal admits a justified later plea. A preliminary ruling upholding jurisdiction may be referred to the economic court within 30 days; its decision is final, and the tribunal may meanwhile continue. In domestic arbitration, the plea must precede the merits, the ruling is not appealable, and if jurisdiction is declined the dispute may go to the competent court (Articles 24 and 43-44).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 13 of the ICA Law, a court must, at a party\u2019s request made no later than its first statement on the substance of the dispute, refer the parties to arbitration unless the agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. Under Article 107(2) of the EP Code, the economic court leaves the claim without consideration where the dispute is subject to an arbitration agreement, recourse to arbitration has not been lost and the respondent so requests in time. Arbitral proceedings may continue while the court case is pending (Article 13).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The claimant\u2019s unjustified failure to submit its claim terminates the proceedings, but the respondent\u2019s default is not an admission; if a party fails to appear or produce evidence, the tribunal may rule on the evidence before it (Article 41 of the ICA Law). Courts cannot compel participation, but lack of proper notice is a ground for setting aside or refusing enforcement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Neither law addresses joinder or intervention. A third party may join with the consent of all parties, recorded in a form satisfying Article 12 of the ICA Law. Without such consent, joinder is possible only under agreed institutional rules providing for it, such as the TIAC Rules (Article 5 of the ICA Law).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country? What is the approach of local courts in your jurisdiction to anti-arbitration injunctions issued in breach of arbitration agreements?  Have there been any recent decisions on this point?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong><em>Interim measures ordered by the tribunal<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unless otherwise agreed, the tribunal may order measures to maintain or restore the status quo, prevent harm to the arbitral process, or preserve assets or evidence (Articles 22-23 of the ICA Law). The applicant must show likely harm not adequately reparable by damages that substantially outweighs the harm to the other party, and a reasonable possibility of success on the merits. The tribunal may require security (Article 27). Interim measures are binding and court-enforceable irrespective of the seat (Articles 30-31). Preliminary orders may be issued without notice; they bind the parties but are not court-enforceable and expire after 20 days (Articles 24-25).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Interim measures ordered by the courts<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Seeking court measures is compatible with the arbitration agreement (Article 14 of the ICA Law). The economic court may grant measures in support of international and domestic arbitration (Article 93 of the EP Code), including attachment of property or funds, prohibitions on specified actions and transfer of disputed property to a third-party custodian (Article 94). Applications, including for enforcement of tribunal-ordered measures, are decided no later than the day after receipt (Articles 96 and 232\u2074). Rulings are immediately enforceable (Article 98) and lapse if the award dismisses the claim (Article 99).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There is no statutory basis for such injunctions, and Article 8 of the ICA Law confines court intervention to the cases it provides for. There are no reported decisions, and Supreme Court Plenum Resolution No. 19 of 3 July 2026 on interim measures does not address them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong><em>Rules of evidence<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There is no mandatory code of evidence or discovery; the tribunal determines admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight (Article 34 of the ICA Law). In domestic arbitration, each party must prove the circumstances it relies on (Article 33 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Role of the courts and compelling witnesses<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The tribunal has no coercive powers, but it, or a party with its approval, may request court assistance in taking evidence (Article 43 of the ICA Law), which the court considers within 20 days (Article 232\u2074 of the EP Code). The Law on Domestic Arbitration has no equivalent, so domestic tribunals depend on the parties\u2019 voluntary co-operation. Witnesses, including third parties, can therefore be compelled only in international arbitration, through the court\u2019s powers under the EP Code.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no arbitration-specific ethics code. Arbitrators\u2019 statutory duties of independence, impartiality and disclosure (Article 17 of the ICA Law; Articles 14 and 16 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration) apply regardless of nationality, although only Uzbek citizens may sit in domestic arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>Uzbek-licensed advocates are bound by Law No. 349-I \u201cOn Advocacy\u201d of 27 December 1996, Law No. 721-I \u201cOn Guarantees of Advocacy and Social Protection of Advocates\u201d of 25 December 1998 and the Rules of Professional Ethics of Advocates, enforced by the Chamber of Advocates; these rules do not apply to other representatives. In international arbitration, parties may use foreign representatives not admitted to the Uzbek Bar (Article 38 of the ICA Law). In domestic arbitration, a former arbitrator may not represent a party in the same proceedings (Article 35 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Unless otherwise agreed, the proceedings and all related documents are confidential (Article 53 of the ICA Law). Disclosure is permitted only where required by law, to protect third parties\u2019 rights, or as necessary to enforce or challenge the award. In domestic arbitration, arbitrators may not disclose information without the parties\u2019 consent, and hearings are private unless otherwise agreed (Articles 28 and 35 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied? Have any developments under the 2024 IBA Guidelines, including the expanded Orange List, the treatment of social media conduct, or due diligence obligations on parties, and the UNCITRAL Code of Conduct for Arbitrators been addressed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The IBA Guidelines have no formal status, but parties and tribunals use them as persuasive guidance in applying the statutory \u201cjustifiable doubts\u201d standard. No reported decision has addressed the 2024 revisions (the expanded Orange List, social media conduct or the parties\u2019 due-diligence obligations) or the 2023 UNCITRAL Code of Conduct for Arbitrators, which applies only in investment arbitration where the treaty or the parties so provide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included in the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong><em>Costs<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The ICA Law contains no costs regime; costs follow the parties\u2019 agreement and institutional rules, and in practice \u201ccosts follow the event\u201d. In domestic arbitration, costs, including arbitrators\u2019 fees and representation costs (shifted only if claimed), are allocated by agreement or <em>pro rata<\/em> to the claims upheld, and an advance may be required (Articles 20-23 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Interest<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pre-award interest may form part of the claim where the applicable law and agreement allow, for example under Article 327 of the Civil Code for unlawful retention of funds or delayed payment, at the statutory or contractual rate. Post-award interest is not specifically regulated but may be awarded on the same basis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Neither law provides for security for costs, and there is no reported practice. The tribunal may require security only from a party requesting an interim measure or preliminary order (Article 27 of the ICA Law). A domestic tribunal may only require an advance on costs (Article 23 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong><em>Recognition and enforcement<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An award is recognised and enforced upon written application to the court, irrespective of where it was made (Article 51 of the ICA Law; Chapter 33 of the EP Code). The application is filed with the Court of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, a regional court or the Tashkent City Court at the debtor\u2019s location or, if unknown, place of registration (Article 249 of the EP Code), together with the award, the arbitration agreement, a certified Uzbek translation, and proof of notice to any defaulting respondent, service on the debtor and payment of state duty (Article 252). The court does not review the merits and may refuse recognition only on the grounds in Article 52 of the ICA Law and Article 256 of the EP Code, which reflect Article V of the New York Convention.<\/p>\n<p>Domestic awards are enforced by a writ of execution, applied for within six months after the period for voluntary performance expires; enforcement may be refused only on grounds similar to those for setting aside (Articles 50-51 and 53 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Reasoned award<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An award made in Uzbekistan must be in writing, signed, dated, state the place of arbitration and be reasoned, unless the parties agree otherwise or it records a settlement (Article 47 of the ICA Law). A domestic award must be signed by all arbitrators and always reasoned (Article 39 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration). Lack of reasons is not a separate ground for refusing recognition of a foreign award; it matters only if the procedure breached the parties\u2019 agreement or the law of the seat (Article 52 of the ICA Law).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Applications concerning foreign awards are considered within six months of receipt unless a treaty provides otherwise (Article 254 of the EP Code), and those concerning domestic awards within the general one-month time limit (Article 164). If granted, a writ of execution is issued (Articles 257-258), which must be presented within three years (Article 6(2) of Law No. 258-II \u201cOn the Enforcement of Judicial Acts and Acts of Other Authorities\u201d). The Bureau of Compulsory Enforcement may then levy execution against, among other assets, the debtor\u2019s bank accounts and receivables (Articles 47 and 48(5) of that Law).<\/p>\n<p>Neither procedure is <em>ex parte<\/em>, although the parties\u2019 absence does not prevent a decision. The merits are not reviewed in either case; the main difference is that public policy is a ground for refusing enforcement of international and foreign awards (Article 52 of the ICA Law; Article 256 of the EP Code) but not of domestic awards (Articles 47 and 53 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An application to the economic court to set aside is the exclusive recourse against an award, and the court may not review the merits (Article 50 of the ICA Law). The grounds mirror Article V of the New York Convention, including non-arbitrability and conflict with Uzbek public policy. The application must be filed within three months of receipt of the award (Article 232\u2075 of the EP Code). The ICA Law does not provide for waiver of this right.<\/p>\n<p>A domestic award may be challenged within 30 days of receipt on comparable grounds, including breach of the rules on applicable law but excluding public policy; the application suspends enforcement (Articles 46-47 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration; Article 223 of the EP Code).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An award binds a non-signatory only as a successor to a party\u2019s rights and obligations. Non-parties whose rights are affected may apply to set it aside within three months of learning of the grounds in international arbitration (Article 232\u2075 of the EP Code), or within 30 days of learning of the award in domestic arbitration (Article 46 of the Law on Domestic Arbitration). In recognition proceedings, only the party against whom the award is invoked may rely on the grounds in Article 52(1) of the ICA Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Neither law addresses third-party funding, which is left to institutional rules, and there are no reported court decisions. The TIAC Rules, for example, require a funded party to disclose the funding agreement and the funder\u2019s identity (Article 33).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available and recognized in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Emergency arbitrator relief has no statutory basis and is available only under agreed institutional rules; the decision binds the parties contractually but is not readily enforceable. The ICA Law provides for court enforcement only of interim measures ordered by the \u201carbitral tribunal\u201d (Articles 30-31); an emergency arbitrator is not part of that tribunal, and its mandate ends once the tribunal is constituted. Nor is it enforceable as an award, and there is no court practice; parties usually comply voluntarily to avoid prejudicing their position before the tribunal.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, once the claim is filed, a party can obtain interim measures from the economic court within one day (Articles 93 and 232\u00b3-232\u2074 of the EP Code).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Neither law provides for expedited procedures. The TIAC Rules provide one for disputes below USD 3,000,000, where the parties agree, or in cases of exceptional urgency: a sole arbitrator decides on documents only, and the award is due within six months (Article 35). No usage statistics are published.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no reported decisions. An Uzbek court may refuse to recognize a foreign award that has been set aside or suspended at the seat (Article 52(1) of the ICA Law and Article 256 of the EP Code, reflecting Article V(1)(e) of the New York Convention).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no reported Uzbek decisions on corruption in arbitration. Corruption may be invoked as a breach of public policy, a ground for setting aside (Article 50 of the ICA Law; Article 232\u2078 of the EP Code) or refusing recognition and enforcement (Article 52 of the ICA Law; Article 256 of the EP Code).<\/p>\n<p>There is no specific standard of proof. A criminal judgment in force binds the economic court as to whether the acts occurred and who committed them (Article 73 of the EP Code). Under general law, the burden of proof lies on the party alleging corruption (Article 68 of the EP Code).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country withdrawn from, or announced its intention to withdraw from, the Energy Charter Treaty?  What is the status of the sunset clause in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Uzbekistan remains a Contracting Party to the ECT and has announced no intention to withdraw. If it withdrew, Article 47(3) of the ECT would protect existing investments for 20 years after withdrawal takes effect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions or legislative developments in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration, the Energy Charter Treaty, or the enforcement of intra-EU? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no such decisions or developments, and none are pending. Uzbekistan is not an EU Member State, so <em>Achmea<\/em> and <em>Komstroy<\/em> do not bind it. Intra-EU awards would be enforced like any other foreign award, under the New York or ICSID Convention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The 2021 TIAC Rules (in force since 1 October 2021) allow hearings by electronic means, deemed held at the seat (Article 14.2), and electronic communications (Article 3.1). They also include Cybersecurity Rules (Schedule 2) and an expedited procedure for disputes below USD 3 million (Article 35). Neither the ICA Law nor the Law on Arbitration Courts regulates virtual hearings, so they may be held by agreement or at the tribunal\u2019s discretion. There have been no other developments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent judicial and\/or legislative developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no judicial decisions on ESG issues in arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Uzbekistan has no autonomous sanctions regime and does not implement EU, UK or US sanctions. UN Security Council sanctions are implemented through targeted financial measures under AML\/CFT Law No. 660-II of 26 August 2004 (Articles 9 and 12).<\/p>\n<p>In case No. 4-10-2225\/540, the Supreme Court on appeal (ruling of 2 March 2023) upheld the Tashkent City Court\u2019s decision of 13 January 2023 enforcing a Russian Arbitration Centre award against JSC \u201cUzbekneftegaz\u201d. It rejected the argument that payment to the creditor\u2019s US-sanctioned bank would breach Uzbek public policy, reasoning that the bank was merely a replaceable payment channel, and the sanctions did not affect the contractual obligations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country enacted any regulation and\/or implemented any rules, guidlines or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI), generative AI or large language models in the context of dispute resolution?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no AI-specific rules for dispute resolution. Under Law No. ZRU-1115 of 21 January 2026 (Article 7\u00b9 of the Law on Informatization), legally significant decisions affecting human rights may not rely solely on AI. The Ethics Rules on AI (No. 3787, in force since 17 June 2026) require the final decision to be made by a human. Arbitrators and judges may therefore use AI only as an aid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any specific legal, institutional, or procedural frameworks in your jurisdiction governing the arbitration of digital asset or blockchain-related disputes?  Have there been any court decisions in your jurisdiction concerning the validity or enforceability of arbitration agreements incorporated into smart contracts or digital asset terms?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specific framework, so general rules apply. Crypto-assets are regulated by Resolution No. PP-3832 of 3 July 2018, which also defines smart contracts, and Decree No. UP-121 of 27 April 2022. Transactions must go through licensed providers, and crypto-assets may not be used as a means of payment. Violations attract administrative and criminal liability (Law No. ZRU-899 of 19 January 2024). An award giving effect to a transaction that breaches this regime may be set aside or refused enforcement on public policy grounds. Since 1 January 2026, a regulatory sandbox has permitted stablecoin payments and tokenised securities.<\/p>\n<p>A separate digital-asset regime is being created within the TIFC, with related disputes referred to the TICC.<\/p>\n<p>An arbitration agreement in a smart contract satisfies the writing requirement if it is recorded in any form, including electronically (Article 12 of the ICA Law). There are no court decisions on the point.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">5520<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/153776","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=153776"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}