{"id":152612,"date":"2026-11-04T10:39:14","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T10:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=152612"},"modified":"2026-11-04T12:28:54","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T12:28:54","slug":"mexico-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/mexico-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Mexico: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-152612","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-mexico"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">COMAD, S.C.<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/60ani-Comad-Logo-vectores-BLACK.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">COMAD, S.C.<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/60ani-Comad-Logo-vectores-BLACK.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Mexico<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Commercial arbitration is governed by Title IV, Book Five of the Commercial Code (Articles 1415\u20131480), enacted in 1993 on the basis of the 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law. As commerce is a federal matter, the regime is uniform nationwide and applies to both domestic and international arbitrations seated in Mexico. Civil arbitration is governed by local procedural codes, now being replaced by the National Code of Civil and Family Procedure (in force nationwide by 1 April 2027). The General Law on Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (26 January 2024) recognizes arbitration but refers it back to the Commercial Code. That same rule is established in the General Law of Alternative Dispute Resolution, which entered into force in January, 2024.<\/p>\n<p>For public contracts, the Public Works Law and the new Public Procurement Law allow arbitration of interpretation and performance disputes but exclude administrative rescission and early termination. The new laws governing CFE and Pemex still allow them to agree to arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Mexico acceded to the New York Convention on 14 April 1971 (in force since 13 July 1971) without any reservations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Mexico is also party to the Panama Convention (1975) and the Montevideo Convention (1979), and to a bilateral treaty with Spain on the recognition of judgments and awards. It ratified the ICSID Convention (in force since 26 August 2018) and is party to around thirty BITs and to free trade agreements with investment chapters, notably the USMCA and the CPTPP.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country? Has your jurisdiction adopted, or is it considering adopting, the amendments of 6 July 2026 regarding electronic awards and communications?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Title IV follows the 1985 Model Law but has not incorporated the 2006 amendments or those of 6 July 2026 on electronic awards and communications, and no reform is pending. Electronic communications are nonetheless accepted under the Commercial Code\u2019s e-commerce provisions, and the CAM (2022) and CANACO (2025) rules allow electronic communications and awards.<\/p>\n<p>The main differences are: a chapter on judicial intervention added in 2011 (Articles 1464\u20131480), which creates a special court proceeding; a sole arbitrator as the default (Article 1426); the tribunal\u2019s power to determine the applicable law directly, without conflict-of-laws rules (Article 1445); and the arbitrators\u2019 liability for damages caused by interim measures (Article 1480).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The main domestic institutions are the Centro de Arbitraje de M\u00e9xico (CAM), whose current rules entered into force on 1 December 2022, and the C\u00e1mara Nacional de Comercio de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (CANACO), which adopted new rules on 12 May 2025, including expedited rules. The ICC has a strong presence through ICC M\u00e9xico; its 2026 Rules have been in force since 1 June 2026.<\/p>\n<p>It is common to continue to seeing London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) arbitral clauses, in contracts with some companies owed by the Estate.<\/p>\n<p>The Internacional Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) of the American Arbitration Association clauses have being increasing, specifically in the construction sector.<\/p>\n<p>We are not aware of further amendments under consideration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>To answer this question, it is important to note that in Mexico, commercial arbitration involves disputes of a commercial nature. The commercial subject in Mexico, at the parties&#8217; election, can be either federal or local.<\/p>\n<p>Having said the foregoing, the State of Quintana Roo (located on the peninsula of the Gulf of Mexico) has expanded the functions of a local court to specialize in arbitration.<br \/>\nOther than that, judicial support and control are handled in general by the ordinary federal or local first-instance courts of the seat, which have concurrent jurisdiction, through the special proceeding for commercial transactions and arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 1423, the agreement must be in writing: in a signed document, in an exchange of communications (including electronic means) that records it, or in an exchange of claim and defense in which one party asserts it and the other does not deny it. Incorporation by reference is accepted. The general contractual requirements of consent, capacity and a lawful, arbitrable object also apply, and courts require consent to arbitrate to be express and unequivocal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Article 1432 expressly provides that an arbitration clause is independent of the other terms of the contract, and that a finding that the contract is null does not automatically invalidate the clause.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Mexican law does not codify a validation principle as such. However, courts take a pro-arbitration approach under Articles 1424 and 1465: referral to arbitration is denied only if the agreement is manifestly null, inoperative or incapable of being performed. Validity is assessed under the law chosen by the parties or, failing that, under Mexican law (setting aside) or the law of the place of the award (enforcement).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no express prohibition, and case law is scarce. Under party autonomy, asymmetric clauses are generally considered valid in commercial matters, provided they respect public policy and equal treatment. They may, however, be challenged under Article 1797 of the Federal Civil Code, which prevents the validity or performance of a contract from being left to the discretion of one party, so careful drafting is advisable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Consent is the rule, and Mexico has not embraced the \u201cgroup of companies\u201d doctrine. Non-signatories may be bound through assignment, subrogation, succession, representation, implied consent, incorporation by reference or estoppel. Courts require a clear consent-based link: a leading precedent (registro 178813) holds that a chain of related contracts is not enough if the clause was not expressly agreed in each of them. Recent decisions are limited.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions and\/or legislative reform in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Mexican law has no general rule on this point. The grounds for setting aside refer to the law chosen by the parties or, failing that, Mexican law (Article 1457), and the grounds for refusing enforcement refer to the law of the country where the award was made (Article 1462). In practice, this points to the law of the seat. There is no statutory default rule similar to the UK Arbitration Act 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 1445, the tribunal applies the rules of law chosen by the parties (referring to substantive law, not conflict rules). Failing a choice, and unlike the Model Law, the tribunal determines the applicable law directly, considering the characteristics and connections of the case, without applying conflict-of-laws rules. It may decide ex aequo et bono only if expressly authorised and always takes into account the contract and trade usages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The parties are free to agree on the number of arbitrators and the method of appointment; failing agreement, there is a sole arbitrator (Article 1426). There are no nationality or professional requirements, unless agreed by the parties. Arbitrators must be independent and impartial and disclose any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts (Article 1428).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, on a supplementary basis. Under Article 1427, if the agreed appointment mechanism fails and no institution has been entrusted with the appointment, either party may ask the court to appoint. The court hears the parties, may consult arbitral institutions or chambers of commerce, and proposes a list of at least three candidates, seeking to ensure an independent and impartial arbitrator.<\/p>\n<p>It is also common to see, in <em>ad hoc<\/em> procedures, that the parties request to correspondent Court to appoint to the arbitrator.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Under Article 1428, an arbitrator may be challenged only for justifiable doubts as to impartiality or independence, or for lacking the qualifications agreed by the parties; a party may challenge its own appointee only for reasons learned after the appointment. Unless otherwise agreed, the challenge must be filed with the tribunal within 15 days of learning of the grounds (Article 1429). If rejected, the challenging party may ask the court to decide within 30 days; the decision is not appealable, and the tribunal may continue meanwhile.<\/p>\n<p>Courts have recognized that a successful challenge affects the arbitrator\u2019s own reputation and fees, giving the arbitrator a legal interest in the matter (registro 2023673), which is relevant given the tactical use of challenges in Mexico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There has been no statutory change: the continuing duty of disclosure remains in Article 1428. However, the CAM (2022) and CANACO (2025) rules reinforce disclosure, require disclosure of third-party funding, and allow the tribunal to prevent changes of counsel that would create a conflict with an arbitrator. The 2024 IBA Guidelines are the usual reference.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Mexican law grants no express immunity; arbitrators may be liable for willful misconduct or gross negligence. Courts treat the arbitrator\u2019s obligation as one of means, so fees need not be returned merely because an award is annulled. The only express liability provision is Article 1480, which makes the tribunal liable, together with the requesting party, for damages caused by interim measures. Institutional rules include exclusion-of-liability clauses. We are not aware of any case in which an arbitrator has been held liable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Article 1432 empowers the tribunal to rule on its own jurisdiction. A preliminary ruling may be reviewed by the court within 30 days, while the arbitration continues. Courts must not review it as an appeal: they apply the agreement if its wording is clear and otherwise defer to the tribunal\u2019s interpretation unless it is arbitrary (Supreme Court, Amparo Directo 71\/2014).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Courts must refer the parties to arbitration if a party so requests (Article 1424), but not on their own motion. The request should be made in the first submission on the merits (Article 1464), although one precedent allows it until final judgment. Referral is immediate and may be denied only if the agreement has been annulled by a final decision or is manifestly null, inoperative or incapable of performance (Article 1465). The arbitration may continue while the court action is pending.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, a party that obstructs an arbitral procedure may be prosecuted for procedural fraud.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The tribunal continues the proceedings, and the respondent\u2019s default is not treated as an admission (Article 1441); the award may be made on the available evidence. Courts cannot compel participation. As improper notice is a ground for annulment, it is advisable to have a notary certifies service of the request for arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Commercial Code does not regulate third-party intervention, so it depends on consent of the parties and the applicable rules (the CAM, CANACO and ICC rules provide for joinder). If all parties and the third party agree, the tribunal will generally give effect to the agreement, subject to its control of the proceedings and equal treatment. Without unanimous consent, the tribunal cannot allow intervention unless the rules permit it and the third party is bound by the arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country? What is the approach of local courts in your jurisdiction to anti-arbitration injunctions issued in breach of arbitration agreements?  Have there been any recent decisions on this point?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Both arbitral tribunals and Mexican courts may grant interim measures. As a general rule, there is no exhaustive list of the measures that courts or arbitral tribunals may order. Under Article 1433 of the Mexican Commercial Code, an arbitral tribunal may order any interim measures it considers necessary in connection with the subject matter of the dispute and may require the requesting party to provide appropriate security. Mexican courts must enforce such measures without reviewing their merits or substance (Articles 1479 and 1480).<\/p>\n<p>In practice, when Mexican courts grant interim measures, they apply the standards set out in the Commercial Code. Although those provisions do not strictly limit the types of measures that may be ordered, they do establish the requirements that must be satisfied for their issuance.<\/p>\n<p>Mexican judges may also grant interim measures before or during the arbitration, including prior to the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and in support of arbitrations seated abroad. Such measures may be granted without prior notice to the opposing party.<\/p>\n<p>In Mexico, anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions lack a clear legal basis, as Article 1424 of the Commercial Code allows an arbitration to continue notwithstanding the existence of parallel court proceedings. While certain local courts have, on occasion, ordered the suspension of arbitral proceedings, those orders have generally been overturned on appeal or through <em>amparo<\/em> proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no specific statutory rules of evidence. The tribunal determines the admissibility, relevance and weight of the evidence (Article 1435), and the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence are often used as guidance. The tribunal, or a party with its approval, may request court assistance in taking evidence (Article 1444); this is the only way to compel a witness, but it is rarely used in practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no mandatory ethics code for arbitration. Bar membership is voluntary in Mexico, so bar association codes bind only their members. Arbitrators are subject to the statutory duties of independence, impartiality and disclosure and to institutional rules, and soft law such as the IBA Guidelines applies when adopted. These standards apply regardless of nationality, and foreign counsel need no local licence to appear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no statutory confidentiality rule. Confidentiality derives from the parties\u2019 agreement, institutional rules (CAM and CANACO) and the arbitrators\u2019 professional duty. Related court files may be consulted only by the parties. Where a public entity is a party, confidentiality is limited by transparency obligations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied? Have any developments under the 2024 IBA Guidelines, including the expanded Orange List, the treatment of social media conduct, or due diligence obligations on parties, and the UNCITRAL Code of Conduct for Arbitrators been addressed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest are the standard reference and are regularly applied by tribunals and institutions as persuasive guidance, although they are not binding unless adopted. We are not aware of court decisions addressing the 2024 IBA Guidelines or the UNCITRAL Code of Conduct for Arbitrators.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included in the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The tribunal fixes the costs in the award (Articles 1452\u20131456), including reasonable arbitrator fees, expenses, expert costs, legal costs and institutional fees; in institutional arbitration they are estimated using the institution\u2019s schedule. As a rule, costs follow the event, although the tribunal may apportion them (Article 1455). Pre- and post-award interest may be awarded; absent agreement, the commercial legal rate is 6% in annually basis, and compound interest requires agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Security for costs is not regulated. Tribunals may order it as an interim measure or under the applicable rules, but it is rarely requested and granted only exceptionally, typically where there is evidence of insolvency or bad faith.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Domestic and foreign awards follow the same regime. The applicant must file the authenticated original award or a certified copy, the arbitration agreement and, if needed, a Spanish translation (Article 1461); notarial authentication of signatures is not required. Enforcement may be refused only on the New York Convention grounds (Article 1462). The award must be in writing, signed and reasoned, unless otherwise agreed or it is a consent award (Article 1448).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A first-instance judgment in the special proceeding usually takes nine to twelve months. It is not appealable but may be challenged through amparo in two instances, so the whole process may take one to two years. The proceeding is adversarial and cannot be conducted ex parte, although interim measures to secure enforcement may be sought. The standard of review is the same for domestic and international awards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitral awards are not subject to appeal in Mexico. The only available remedy is an action to set aside the award before the courts at the seat of arbitration, based on the grounds established in the UNCITRAL Model Law and incorporated into Article 1457 of the Mexican Commercial Code. The action must be filed within three months of notification of the award (Article 1458).<\/p>\n<p>Mexican courts may not review the merits of the dispute in set-aside proceedings. In particular, the public policy ground is interpreted narrowly and is generally limited to manifest and serious violations of fundamental legal principles. The decision rendered in the set-aside proceedings may, in turn, be challenged through an <em>indirect<\/em> <em>amparo<\/em> proceeding.<\/p>\n<p>Mexican law does not provide for agreements excluding set-aside proceedings, and the prevailing view is that the right to seek annulment of an award cannot be validly waived in advance.<\/p>\n<p>As a recent and particular development in Mexican court practice, courts have held that a judgment issued in an ordinary commercial proceeding concerning the nullity of an arbitration agreement is subject to appeal. Such appeal must be exhausted before initiating <em>amparo<\/em> proceedings, given that the matter is resolved through ordinary commercial proceedings and is therefore subject to the procedural rules applicable to that type of action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An award binds only the parties and those bound by the arbitration agreement (e.g. assignees or successors). Third parties cannot oppose recognition in the special proceeding, but those whose property is affected by enforcement may defend their rights through amparo or third-party claims.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Third-party funding is neither regulated nor prohibited, and there are no court decisions on the matter. The CAM and CANACO rules, like the ICC Rules, require disclosure of the existence and identity of a funder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available and recognized in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Commercial Code does not provide for emergency arbitrators, but the CAM, CANACO, ICC and ICDR rules do. Whether their decisions are enforceable as measures of an \u201carbitral tribunal\u201d under Article 1479 is untested, so parties often seek urgent relief directly from the courts under Article 1425.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Not in the Commercial Code, but institutional rules do. The CAM has simplified rules for disputes under MXN 3 million, CANACO has expedited rules (updated in 2025), and the ICC Rules include an expedited procedure. Their use is growing for smaller commercial disputes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No recent decisions. The leading case remains Commisa v. Pemex: the award was set aside in Mexico in 2011 but enforced in the United States (affirmed by the Second Circuit in 2016). Commentators see it as an anomaly. The Supreme Court has also held that Mexican courts cannot annul awards made abroad (Amparo Directo 8\/2011).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of recent decisions on corruption in arbitration. It would be analysed under the public policy ground, which courts may raise on their own motion. There is no special standard of proof: the party alleging corruption bears the burden of proving it by ordinary means of evidence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country withdrawn from, or announced its intention to withdraw from, the Energy Charter Treaty?  What is the status of the sunset clause in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Mexico is not a party to the Energy Charter Treaty, so the question does not arise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions or legislative developments in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration, the Energy Charter Treaty, or the enforcement of intra-EU? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Mexico is not an EU Member State, and there have been no decisions or developments on this issue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. The CAM (2022) and CANACO (2025) rules provide for electronic communications and awards, remote and hybrid hearings, and simplified procedures to reduce costs. Virtual hearings are now standard practice and are accepted as consistent with due process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent judicial and\/or legislative developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, not specifically in relation to arbitration. More generally, the new Public Procurement Law (2025) incorporates sustainability and social responsibility criteria in public contracting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Mexico has no autonomous sanctions regime and implements only UN Security Council sanctions. US sanctions nevertheless have a practical impact on Mexican companies. We are not aware of court decisions on sanctions in arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country enacted any regulation and\/or implemented any rules, guidlines or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI), generative AI or large language models in the context of dispute resolution?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specific regulation. A collegiate court has set minimum criteria for the ethical use of AI in judicial proceedings, including human control and transparency (registro 2031640), and some state judiciaries have begun using AI tools. Arbitral institutions have not adopted AI rules, so tribunals rely on international soft law (e.g. the CIArb Guideline) and procedural orders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any specific legal, institutional, or procedural frameworks in your jurisdiction governing the arbitration of digital asset or blockchain-related disputes?  Have there been any court decisions in your jurisdiction concerning the validity or enforceability of arbitration agreements incorporated into smart contracts or digital asset terms?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. There is no specific framework and no court decisions. An arbitration agreement in a smart contract could meet the writing requirement through the Commercial Code\u2019s rules on data messages and electronic signatures, provided consent can be identified.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">4401<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/152612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=152612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}