{"id":150082,"date":"2026-10-07T11:19:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T11:19:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=150082"},"modified":"2026-10-08T12:48:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T12:48:21","slug":"ukraine-franchise-licensing","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/ukraine-franchise-licensing\/","title":{"rendered":"Ukraine: Franchise &amp; Licensing"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-150082","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-franchise-licensing","jurisdictions-ukraine"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Advance Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/08\/Logo_AP.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Advance Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/08\/Logo_AP.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Franchise &amp; Licensing laws and regulations applicable in Ukraine<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a legal definition of a franchise and, if so, what is it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Ukrainian law does not define a \u201cfranchise\u201d or \u201cfranchising\u201d as a standalone statutory term. The functional equivalent is the commercial concession agreement governed by Chapter 76 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. Under Articles 1115-1116, the franchisor (right holder), for consideration, grants the franchisee (user) the right to use a bundle of rights for the manufacture and\/or sale of goods or provision of services. The bundle may include trade marks and other IP rights, trade secrets, commercial experience and business reputation.<\/p>\n<p>Both parties must be business operators. The contractual label is not decisive: a conventional franchise will generally qualify as a commercial concession if its substantive elements are present, while mixed structures combining licensing, distribution, supply or services are also possible. Since the Commercial Code ceased to have effect on 28 August 2025, Chapter 76 of the Civil Code is the principal statutory franchise framework.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any structuring considerations for foreign franchisors (e.g. use of master franchisees, local presence requirements)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no requirement for a foreign franchisor to establish a Ukrainian subsidiary, branch or representative office, or to appoint a local master franchisee, solely in order to grant a franchise. A foreign franchisor may contract directly with a Ukrainian franchisee, which must be a registered business operator. A Ukrainian franchisee may be wholly foreign-owned.<\/p>\n<p>Master franchising is permitted. Under Article 1119 of the Civil Code, sub-franchising must be authorised by the principal agreement, and the scope and terms of the sub-franchise must be approved by the franchisor or determined by the master franchise agreement. Any Ukrainian master franchisee or subsidiary that licenses the franchisor&#8217;s IP must have an express right to do so. A local entity is therefore optional, although permanent-establishment, tax, sector-specific licensing, sanctions and IP-licensing issues should be considered when selecting the structure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any requirements that must be met prior to the offer and\/or sale of a franchise? If so, please describe and include any potential consequences for failing to comply.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Ukraine has no franchise-specific pre-offer or pre-sale regime. There is no mandatory franchise disclosure document, cooling-off period, franchise-offering registration, minimum operating history or prescribed financial disclosure.<\/p>\n<p>General contract rules nevertheless apply. By the time the franchise agreement is concluded, the parties must have the required business status; the commercial concession agreement must be in writing; and the franchisor must have authority to grant the relevant IP and other rights. False or misleading pre-contractual statements, or intentional concealment of material circumstances, may lead to invalidity, restitution and\/or damages under the Civil Code and may also engage advertising or unfair-competition rules. Sector-specific licences or approvals may additionally be required before the franchised business begins operating.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any registration requirements for franchisors and\/or franchisees? If so, please describe them and include any potential consequences for failing to comply. Is there an obligation to update existing registrations?  If so, please describe.  Are there any practical or timing implications (e.g. typical registration timelines, delays in practice)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no franchise register in Ukraine and a commercial concession or sub-concession agreement does not require state registration, filing or approval. The former registration requirement was abolished in 2015. Consequently, there is no franchise-specific filing deadline, renewal or update obligation, or registration-related delay.<\/p>\n<p>The Ukrainian franchisee must, however, be duly registered as a business operator. Registration or publication of IP licences, including trade mark licences, is generally optional rather than a condition of validity, although the underlying registered IP rights must be maintained. Ordinary corporate, tax and sector-specific registrations remain applicable where relevant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any disclosure requirements (franchise specific or in general)? If so, please describe them (i.e. when and how must disclosure be made (is there a minimum disclosure period before signing or payment (e.g. cooling-off period)), is there a prescribed format, must it be in the local language, do they apply to sales to sub-franchisees) and include any potential consequences for failing to comply.   Is there an obligation to update and\/or repeat disclosure (for example in the event that the parties enter into an amendment to the franchise agreement or on renewal)? What are the consequences of late or incomplete disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Ukraine has no franchise-specific pre-contractual disclosure regime. There is no prescribed disclosure document, mandatory disclosure period, cooling-off period or prescribed format, and the same applies to sub-franchising.<\/p>\n<p>Article 1120 of the Civil Code nevertheless requires the franchisor, as part of performance of the agreement, to provide the technical and commercial documentation and other information necessary to use the franchised rights and to instruct the franchisee and its employees. This is an operational obligation rather than a statutory pre-sale disclosure requirement.<\/p>\n<p>There is no statutory obligation to update or repeat a franchise disclosure document on amendment or renewal. However, contractual representations or information obligations should be updated where required, and materially false or misleading information may result in contractual remedies, invalidity for mistake or fraud, damages, or liability under advertising\/unfair-competition rules. There is no automatic statutory rescission or penalty merely because voluntary disclosure was late or incomplete.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">If the franchisee intends to use a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to operate each franchised outlet, is it sufficient to make disclosure to the SPVs' parent company or must disclosure be made to each individual SPV franchisee?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Because Ukraine has no statutory franchise disclosure regime, there is no requirement to deliver a prescribed disclosure document separately to every SPV. If the parent company is the sole franchisee and the SPVs merely operate outlets, disclosure and operational information may be provided centrally to the parent, provided the structure validly authorises the SPVs to use the franchised IP and system.<\/p>\n<p>If each SPV is itself a franchisee or sub-franchisee, the Article 1120 obligation to provide the information and documentation necessary to exercise the granted rights should be satisfied in relation to each SPV, either directly or through an expressly authorised centralised mechanism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What actions can a franchisee take in the event of mis-selling by the franchisor?  What are the main legal grounds for such claims (e.g. misrepresentation, statutory disclosure breaches, unfair commercial practices)?  To what extent can liability be excluded or limited by non-reliance or entire agreement clauses or disclaimers in the franchise agreement, disclosure document or sales material?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Ukrainian law does not recognise \u201cmis-selling\u201d as a separate cause of action and there is no statutory franchise disclosure claim. A franchisee may instead rely on general civil-law remedies. A transaction may be invalidated for a material mistake (Article 229) or intentional deception, including deliberate concealment of material circumstances (Article 230); invalidity generally entails restitution, and fraud may also give rise to enhanced damages. False contractual representations may also support a damages claim under Article 650-1, and ordinary breach-of-contract remedies apply where the relevant promise forms part of the agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Misleading franchise advertising may also breach advertising law and, where the required competitive nexus exists, the Law on Protection Against Unfair Competition.<\/p>\n<p>Entire-agreement, non-reliance and disclaimer clauses are generally permissible in a B2B franchise and may help define which statements are contractual or relied upon. They are not absolute: they cannot safely exclude liability for intentional fraud, intentional breach or mandatory statutory violations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Would it be legal to issue a franchise agreement on a non-negotiable, \"take it or leave it\", basis?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Ukrainian law does not require a franchise agreement to be individually negotiated. A standard \u201ctake it or leave it\u201d agreement may constitute a contract of adhesion under Article 634 of the Civil Code.<\/p>\n<p>The franchisee may seek amendment or termination of clearly burdensome adhesion terms in the circumstances specified by Article 634. However, protection is narrower for business operators: the franchisor may resist such a claim if it proves that the franchisee knew or could have known the terms on which it contracted. Mandatory law, competition law and rules on fraud and abuse of rights remain applicable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are trademarks, know-how, trade secrets and copyright protected in your country?  Are there any specific requirements or risks relating to the licensing of know-how and trade secrets in a franchise context?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Trade marks are protected principally through Ukrainian registration or an international registration designating Ukraine; well-known marks may be protected without registration. Trade mark licences must be in writing, should clearly define the permitted use and must address quality control; state recordal of the licence is not required for validity. Franchisors should ensure that the core brand portfolio is protected in Ukraine before granting the franchise.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright arises automatically and commonly protects franchise manuals, software, training materials and marketing content. The franchisor should ensure a clear chain of title and define the franchisee&#8217;s permitted use and post-termination obligations.<\/p>\n<p>Trade secrets are protected under Articles 505-508 of the Civil Code and unfair-competition law where the information is secret, commercially valuable because of its secrecy and subject to adequate confidentiality measures. Know-how is protected principally through the trade-secret framework and contract. No registration is required, but franchise agreements should precisely identify protected know-how, restrict access and disclosure, extend confidentiality obligations to personnel\/sub-franchisees where appropriate, and provide for confidentiality to survive termination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any franchise specific laws governing the ongoing relationship between franchisor and franchisee? If so, please describe them, including any terms that are required to be included within the franchise agreement.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Although Ukraine has no separate Franchise Act, Chapter 76 of the Civil Code specifically governs the ongoing commercial concession relationship. The agreement must be in writing and should clearly identify the bundle of rights granted and the manner in which they may be used.<\/p>\n<p>Article 1120 requires the franchisor to provide the necessary technical\/commercial documentation and instructions. Unless otherwise agreed, it must also provide continuing technical and consultancy assistance, including training support, and exercise quality control. Article 1121 requires the franchisee, among other things, to use the franchisor&#8217;s designations as agreed, maintain equivalent quality, follow system instructions, identify itself as operating under a commercial concession and protect confidential information.<\/p>\n<p>Article 1122 permits certain exclusivity and non-compete restrictions but makes specified pricing and customer\/territorial restrictions void. Article 1123 also imposes statutory liability on the franchisor for certain customer claims relating to inadequate quality. Other operational, payment, audit, confidentiality, termination and post-termination terms are principally matters for contract, subject to mandatory law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any aspects of competition law that apply to the franchise transaction (i.e. is it permissible to prohibit online sales or use of online marketplaces (e.g. Amazon, third-party platforms), insist on exclusive supply, fix or set maximum retail prices, operate dual distribution\/hybrid franchisor models)? If applicable, provide an overview of the relevant competition laws.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Franchise arrangements are subject to the Law on Protection of Economic Competition and the AMCU Standard Requirements for Vertical Concerted Practices. A vertical arrangement generally benefits from the safe harbour where both the supplier&#8217;s and buyer&#8217;s relevant market shares do not exceed 30%, provided it contains no excluded restrictions. Exceeding 30% does not automatically make an arrangement unlawful, but removes the general safe harbour and requires individual assessment.<\/p>\n<p>Fixed or minimum resale prices are hardcore restrictions. Maximum or recommended prices may be acceptable under the general vertical rules if genuinely non-binding; however, Article 1122 of the Civil Code is stricter for commercial concessions and makes void a term giving the franchisor the right to determine the franchisee&#8217;s price or set an upper or lower price limit. Non-binding recommended prices are therefore safer.<\/p>\n<p>Exclusive territories are permissible in principle, but Article 1122 also makes void a term requiring the franchisee to sell only to specified customers or only to customers within its territory. Competition rules permit more scope to restrict certain active sales into another exclusive territory than passive sales. An absolute ban on effective online selling or unsolicited online orders is therefore high risk. Marketplace restrictions should be assessed case by case and are more defensible where they protect objective brand\/quality standards without preventing effective online sales.<\/p>\n<p>Exclusive sourcing is not prohibited, but an obligation to buy more than 80% of requirements from the franchisor or a designated supplier is treated as a non-compete for vertical-rule purposes; an indefinite or more-than-five-year obligation falls outside the general safe harbour, subject to limited exceptions. Dual distribution is also permissible in principle, but exchanges of competitively sensitive information between franchisor and franchisee at the level where they compete require care. Serious competition infringements may attract substantial AMCU fines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any ESG, compliance or supply chain-related legal requirements impacting franchise systems?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no franchise-specific ESG, sustainability or supply-chain due diligence requirements in Ukraine. Franchise systems are instead affected by generally applicable environmental and waste rules, product and food safety requirements, employment and occupational-safety law, anti-corruption rules, sanctions, beneficial-ownership requirements and sector-specific regulation. Responsibility normally follows the entity&#8217;s actual role as employer, importer, manufacturer, distributor, food-market operator or other regulated person.<\/p>\n<p>Ukraine is progressively aligning its sustainability framework with EU law. In August 2026 the Government approved draft ESRS-aligned sustainability-reporting legislation, but it is not yet a generally applicable operative requirement. International franchisors may nevertheless impose their own ESG, supplier-code, audit, traceability and compliance requirements contractually, subject to competition and other mandatory law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are in-term non-compete and non-solicitation clauses enforceable and are there any limitations on the franchisor's ability to impose and enforce them?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Article 1122 of the Civil Code expressly permits an in-term obligation not to compete with the franchisor within the franchise territory in relation to the franchised activity, and an obligation not to obtain analogous rights from the franchisor&#8217;s competitors or potential competitors.<\/p>\n<p>Such restrictions remain subject to competition law. Under the AMCU vertical rules, a non-compete (including an obligation to source more than 80% of requirements from the supplier or its nominee) of indefinite duration or exceeding five years falls outside the general vertical safe harbour, subject to limited exceptions. This does not automatically make it void, but requires individual competition-law assessment. Non-solicitation clauses are not specifically regulated by franchise law and should be narrowly drafted so that they protect legitimate franchise interests without becoming prohibited customer allocation, market partitioning or an unduly broad no-poach arrangement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there an obligation (express or implied) to deal in good faith in franchise relationships?  If so, what practical effects does this have on the relationship between franchisor and franchisee?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, although there is no separate franchise-specific duty of good faith. Good faith, reasonableness and fairness are general principles of Ukrainian civil law (including Articles 3, 13 and 509 of the Civil Code) and apply to the exercise of rights and performance of obligations under a franchise agreement.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, they may affect the exercise of approval, inspection, discretionary and termination rights and may prevent abusive or clearly contradictory conduct (including under the doctrine of venire contra factum proprium). They do not create a fiduciary relationship, guarantee profitability or permit a court simply to rewrite a commercially disadvantageous bargain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any employment or labour law considerations that are relevant to the franchise relationship? Is there a risk that the staff of the franchisee could be deemed to be the employees of the franchisor? What level of operational control may a franchisor exercise without creating employment or agency risk?  What steps can be taken to mitigate this risk?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The franchisee will normally be the employer of its own staff and responsible for Ukrainian employment, payroll and occupational-safety obligations. Use of the franchisor&#8217;s brand, manuals, training and quality standards does not by itself make franchisee staff employees of the franchisor.<\/p>\n<p>Risk increases if the franchisor in substance performs employer functions &#8211; for example, directly hiring or dismissing staff, fixing individual remuneration or schedules, allocating day-to-day work or applying discipline. The franchisor may prescribe brand, service, qualification, training and quality standards, but employment decisions should remain with the franchisee. The agreement and actual practice should identify the franchisee as an independent business and employer, maintain separate HR\/payroll systems and avoid giving franchisee staff authority to bind the franchisor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a risk that a franchisee could be deemed to be the commercial agent of the franchisor? What steps can be taken to mitigate this risk?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The risk is generally limited if the franchisee operates in its own name, for its own account and at its own commercial risk. Following repeal of the Commercial Code in 2025, the relevant general concept is commercial representation under the Civil Code: agency risk arises principally where the franchisee is authorised to conclude transactions or otherwise act on behalf of the franchisor.<\/p>\n<p>The agreement should state that the franchisee is an independent contractor and not the franchisor&#8217;s agent or representative; customer and supplier contracts, invoices and receipts should identify the franchisee as the contracting party; and the franchisee should have no authority to bind the franchisor except under a specific written authorisation. Actual conduct must be consistent with these provisions, as a \u201cno agency\u201d clause alone is not conclusive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any laws and regulations that affect the nature and payment of royalties to a foreign franchisor and\/or how much interest can be charged? Are there any requirements for payments in connection with the franchise agreement to be made in the local currency?  Are there any restrictions on structuring payments (e.g. royalties vs service fees vs mark-ups)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Ukrainian law allows considerable flexibility in structuring franchise remuneration. The parties may use initial fees, periodic royalties, service fees, product mark-ups or combinations of these, but the contractual classification should reflect the actual economic substance because it affects withholding tax, VAT, transfer pricing and, for imported goods, customs value.<\/p>\n<p>Cross-border payments to a foreign franchisor may be denominated and paid in foreign currency through an authorised bank, subject to the NBU&#8217;s wartime foreign-exchange rules and banking\/financial-monitoring requirements. Payments between Ukrainian residents are generally made in hryvnia. The current NBU rules should be checked at the payment date, as the wartime regime is amended regularly.<\/p>\n<p>There is no franchise-specific cap on contractual interest. Under Article 625 of the Civil Code, the default interest for delay in a monetary obligation is 3% per annum unless another rate is set by contract or law. Contractual penalties for late payment are a separate concept and are subject to their own statutory limitations and possible judicial reduction. Artificially re-labelling royalties as services or mark-ups is not advisable; the tax authorities and banks may apply a substance-over-form approach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it possible to impose contractual penalties on franchisees for breaches of restrictive covenants etc.? If so, what requirements must be met in order for such penalties to be enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Ukrainian law recognises contractual penalties (neustoika\/fines) as a means of securing performance and they may be used for valid restrictive covenants, confidentiality, IP-use and other franchise obligations. The penalty arrangement must be in writing, the underlying covenant must itself be valid and enforceable, and the breach and amount or calculation method should be sufficiently clear.<\/p>\n<p>A penalty may generally be claimed without proving actual loss, but a court may reduce it where it is clearly excessive or other material circumstances justify reduction. The agreement should also state how the penalty interacts with a damages claim. Claims for contractual penalties are generally subject to the one-year limitation period under Article 258 of the Civil Code.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What tax considerations are relevant to franchisors and franchisees? Are franchise royalties subject to withholding tax?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Franchise arrangements may give rise to corporate income tax, withholding tax, VAT, transfer-pricing and permanent-establishment issues. Royalties paid by a Ukrainian resident to a foreign franchisor are Ukrainian-source income and are generally subject to 15% withholding tax on the gross amount, unless an applicable double-tax treaty provides a reduced rate or exemption. Treaty relief normally requires, among other things, a valid tax-residence certificate and satisfaction of any beneficial-owner and anti-abuse requirements.<\/p>\n<p>The Tax Code definition of \u201croyalty\u201d is decisive: the contractual label alone does not determine the tax treatment. Cash payments that qualify as royalties are generally outside the scope of Ukrainian VAT, while services supplied by a non-resident may give rise to Ukrainian reverse-charge VAT. Royalty deductibility may also be restricted under the corporate-income-tax rules, and related-party franchise charges may be subject to transfer pricing and the arm&#8217;s-length principle.<\/p>\n<p>A Ukrainian corporate franchisee is generally subject to 18% corporate income tax. A foreign franchisor may also have Ukrainian permanent-establishment exposure if its activities in Ukraine go beyond ordinary offshore licensing\/support and satisfy the domestic or applicable treaty PE tests. Product-based franchises should additionally consider whether royalties must be included in the customs value of imported goods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is e-commerce regulated and does this have any specific implications on the relationship between franchisor and franchisee?  For example, can franchisees be prohibited or restricted in any way from using e-commerce in their franchise businesses?  Are there any rules regarding online sales within or outside a franchisee\u2019s territory?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>E-commerce is governed by the Law on Electronic Commerce, the Civil Code, consumer-protection, advertising, data-protection and competition law, plus any sector-specific rules. The franchisee will normally be the online seller where it contracts with customers in its own name and must provide the required seller\/product information and comply with distance-selling rules. The current consumer law generally gives consumers a 14-day withdrawal right for distance contracts, subject to statutory exceptions.<\/p>\n<p>A franchisor may regulate how the franchisee operates online &#8211; including trade mark use, website appearance, product presentation, service standards, approved domains and system integration &#8211; but restrictions on whether and to whom the franchisee may sell online must comply with competition law. Targeted online solicitation into another franchisee&#8217;s exclusive territory may in some circumstances be restricted as active sales, whereas unsolicited orders placed through a generally accessible website are generally treated as passive sales.<\/p>\n<p>Article 1122 of the Civil Code additionally makes void a clause requiring the franchisee to sell only to customers in its contractual territory or to specified customer categories. An absolute ban on effective online sales or passive cross-territory sales is therefore high risk. Marketplace restrictions are not specifically regulated and should be tied to objective brand or quality requirements without effectively preventing online selling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the applicable data protection laws and do they have any specific implications for the franchisor\/franchisee relationship?   In particular, what are the key data protection considerations in a franchise relationship, including: (a) allocation of controller\/processor roles; (b) use of customer databases; (c) cross-border data transfers; and (d) marketing and CRM activities?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principal statute is the Law of Ukraine \u201cOn Personal Data Protection\u201d No. 2297-VI. The Ombudsman currently acts as the supervisory authority. Ukrainian law uses the concepts of a personal-data holder and processor, broadly corresponding to controller and processor under the GDPR.<\/p>\n<p>(a) Roles should reflect the actual data flows. A franchisee will normally be a controller for customer data used for its own sales and customer service. A franchisor operating a central CRM solely on the franchisee&#8217;s instructions may act as processor; if it determines its own purposes, such as network analytics, loyalty programmes or central marketing, it is likely to have controller responsibilities. Processor arrangements should be documented in writing.<\/p>\n<p>(b) Customer databases cannot be treated as unrestricted commercial assets. Use and sharing must remain consistent with the stated processing purposes and a valid legal basis. The franchise documentation should allocate access, privacy notices, security, retention, data-subject requests and treatment of data on termination.<\/p>\n<p>(c) Cross-border transfers are governed by Article 29. Transfers to jurisdictions recognised as providing adequate protection, including EEA states and Convention 108 parties, are generally permitted; other transfers require an applicable statutory basis and appropriate safeguards. There is no general Ukrainian data-localisation requirement. An EU-to-Ukraine transfer must separately comply with the GDPR because Ukraine does not currently have an EU adequacy decision.<\/p>\n<p>(d) Marketing and CRM processing requires an appropriate legal basis and compliance with electronic-marketing rules. In practice, documented marketing consent and an effective opt-out mechanism are the lower-risk approach, particularly for network-wide CRM and loyalty programmes. Draft Law No. 8153 would substantially align Ukrainian data law with the GDPR but, as at September 2026, has not yet been enacted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the franchisor permitted to restrict the transfer of (a) the franchisee's rights and obligations under the franchise agreement or (b) the ownership interests in the franchisee?  Can the franchisor impose conditions on transfers (e.g. approval rights, fees, qualification criteria)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. The franchise agreement may prohibit or condition assignment of the franchise relationship. Although contractual rights may generally be assigned unless the contract or law provides otherwise, transfer of the franchisee&#8217;s obligations to a new debtor requires the franchisor&#8217;s consent under Article 520 of the Civil Code. A transfer of the franchise agreement as a whole will therefore normally require franchisor approval.<\/p>\n<p>The franchisor may impose reasonable consent conditions, including financial and managerial qualifications, training, compliance checks, assumption of obligations and an agreed transfer fee. A transfer of shares in the franchisee is different: the franchisee remains the same legal entity, so a share sale is not itself an assignment. If the franchisor wishes to control ownership changes, the agreement should contain an express change-of-control clause. Such a clause normally creates contractual remedies against the franchisee; it does not automatically invalidate a shareholder&#8217;s transfer of shares unless separate corporate arrangements provide otherwise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">To what extent can a franchisor impose audit rights, reporting obligations, and operational controls on a franchisee, and what legal limits apply?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A franchisor may impose extensive operational and quality controls. Articles 1120-1121 of the Civil Code expressly contemplate quality control, operating instructions, training and compliance with the franchisor&#8217;s system. Requirements concerning brand presentation, premises, product\/service standards, approved equipment, training and corrective action are therefore generally permissible.<\/p>\n<p>General financial audit, reporting, POS\/CRM access and record-inspection rights are not automatically conferred by franchise law and should be expressly set out in the agreement, including scope, frequency, notice, access, confidentiality and cost allocation. Such controls remain subject to competition law (including pricing\/customer restrictions), data protection, confidentiality, employment-law boundaries and the general prohibition on abuse of rights. The franchisor should control system standards and output rather than assume day-to-day management of the franchisee as an independent business.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Does a franchisee have a right to request a renewal on expiration of the initial term? In what circumstances can a franchisor refuse to renew a franchise agreement? If the franchise agreement is not renewed or it if it terminates or expires, is the franchisee entitled to compensation? If so, under what circumstances and how is the compensation payment calculated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Under Article 1124 of the Civil Code, a franchisee that has properly performed its obligations has a statutory right to enter into a commercial concession agreement for a new term on the same conditions. A franchisee that has not properly performed the agreement cannot rely on that protection; the Civil Code does not otherwise provide a detailed statutory refusal procedure.<\/p>\n<p>There is no automatic statutory goodwill indemnity or compensation merely because a franchise lawfully expires or terminates. Damages may, however, be available if a franchisor unlawfully refuses a renewal to which the franchisee is entitled or otherwise breaches the agreement. There is no statutory compensation formula.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any mandatory termination rights which may override any contractual termination rights? Is there a minimum notice period that the parties must adhere to?  Are there any requirements regarding notice periods and opportunities to remedy breaches before termination?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For an indefinite-term commercial concession, either party may terminate without cause on at least six months&#8217; notice, unless the agreement provides a longer period (Article 1126). The agreement also terminates if the franchisor&#8217;s right to the relevant trade mark or other contractual designation ceases without replacement by an equivalent right, or if either party is declared insolvent (bankrupt).<\/p>\n<p>For a fixed-term agreement there is no franchise-specific minimum termination notice or mandatory cure period; the contractual terms and general Civil Code rules apply, including rules on material breach. Article 1128 also gives the franchisee a right to seek termination and damages if the franchisor changes the relevant trade mark or other designation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any intangible assets in the franchisee's business which the franchisee can claim ownership of on expiry or termination, e.g. customer data, local goodwill, etc.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no franchise-specific rule transferring intangible assets on termination. The franchisee must cease using the franchisor&#8217;s licensed trade marks, copyright materials, know-how and other IP, but may retain intangible assets it independently owns, subject to the agreement and third-party rights.<\/p>\n<p>Customer personal data cannot be freely \u201cowned\u201d or transferred and remains subject to data-protection law. There is no statutory entitlement to compensation for local goodwill. The agreement should therefore expressly address customer relationships and data, domains, social-media accounts, telephone numbers and locally created materials.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What post-termination obligations are typically enforceable (e.g. de-branding, return of confidential information, non-compete, non-solicitation) and how readily are such post-term restrictions enforced in practice?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>De-branding, cessation of IP use, return or destruction of manuals and confidential information, and continuing protection of trade secrets are generally enforceable if clearly drafted. Continued unauthorised use of the franchisor&#8217;s IP may also constitute infringement independently of the contract.<\/p>\n<p>Post-term non-competes require greater care. To benefit from the AMCU vertical safe harbour, a post-term non-compete should relate to competing goods\/services, be limited to the premises or territory from which the franchisee operated, be necessary to protect transferred know-how and last no more than one year. Non-solicitation clauses should likewise be narrowly tailored. In practice, de-branding, IP and confidentiality obligations are generally easier to enforce than broad post-term restraints.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a national franchising association? Is membership required?  If not, is membership commercially advisable? What are the additional obligations of the national franchising association?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Ukraine has industry organisations in the franchising sector, including the Franchising Development Federation of Ukraine. Membership is voluntary and is not required to grant or operate a franchise. It may offer networking, industry information and best-practice benefits; any additional obligations arise from the association&#8217;s internal rules or code of ethics, not from franchise legislation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are foreign franchisors treated differently to domestic franchisors? Does national law\/regulation impose any debt\/equity restrictions?  Are there any restrictions on the capital structure of a company incorporated in your country with a foreign parent (thin capitalisation rules)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Foreign franchisors are generally treated on the same basis as domestic franchisors, subject to sector-specific and sanctions restrictions. There are no franchise-specific foreign ownership or debt\/equity requirements, and a Ukrainian subsidiary may generally be wholly foreign-owned.<\/p>\n<p>Thin-capitalisation rules may restrict interest deductibility where a Ukrainian corporate taxpayer&#8217;s debt obligations arising from transactions with non-residents exceed its equity by more than 3.5 times; Article 140.2 of the Tax Code then applies the statutory interest-deduction limitation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Must the franchise agreement be governed by local law?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Where the franchise agreement contains a foreign element, the parties may generally choose the governing law under the Law on Private International Law. Mandatory Ukrainian rules and public-policy provisions may nevertheless apply irrespective of the chosen law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What dispute resolution procedures are available to franchisors and franchisees?  Are there any advantages to out of court procedures such as arbitration versus litigation, in particular if the franchise agreement is subject to a foreign governing law?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Franchise disputes may be resolved by Ukrainian courts, negotiation\/mediation or, in qualifying international relationships, international commercial arbitration. Arbitration is often attractive to foreign franchisors because the parties may choose the tribunal, seat, language and governing law, and awards are enforceable under the New York Convention framework. Ukrainian litigation may be preferable where urgent local measures or enforcement against Ukrainian assets is the primary concern.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Must the franchise agreement and disclosure documents be in the local language?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No franchise-specific rule requires a cross-border franchise agreement to be exclusively in Ukrainian. The parties to an agreement between a Ukrainian and a foreign business may generally choose the contractual language; bilingual Ukrainian\/English agreements are common. A Ukrainian translation may be required for courts, authorities, banks or other official purposes. There is no mandatory franchise disclosure document and therefore no separate statutory language requirement for it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it possible to sign the franchise agreement using an electronic signature (rather than a wet ink signature)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Ukrainian law recognises written electronic transactions and electronic signatures. A commercial concession agreement may therefore be signed electronically if the applicable requirements for written form and identification of the signatories are met. A qualified electronic signature provides the strongest evidentiary position in Ukraine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do you foresee any significant commercial or legal developments that might impact on franchise relationships over the next year or so?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The most significant development is continuing approximation of Ukrainian law to the EU acquis, affecting competition, consumer protection, data protection, IP and related areas relevant to franchise networks.<\/p>\n<p>In particular, Draft Civil Code No. 15150, which would recodify Ukrainian private law and directly affect the current commercial-concession framework, was adopted at first reading on 28 April 2026 and remains under consideration. Other developments to monitor include the GDPR-oriented personal-data reform and the new Consumer Protection Law, whose principal provisions will take effect only after the termination or cancellation of martial law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">5633<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/150082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=150082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}