{"id":149512,"date":"2026-09-17T11:01:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T11:01:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=149512"},"modified":"2026-09-17T11:01:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T11:01:38","slug":"philippines-intellectual-property","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/philippines-intellectual-property\/","title":{"rendered":"Philippines: Intellectual Property"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-149512","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-intellectual-property","jurisdictions-philippines"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">SyCip Salazar Hernandez &amp; Gatmaitan<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/07\/SyCipLaw-80th-logo_colored_JPG.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">SyCip Salazar Hernandez &amp; Gatmaitan<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/07\/SyCipLaw-80th-logo_colored_JPG.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Intellectual Property laws and regulations applicable in Philippines<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What different types of intellectual property rights exist to protect: (a) Inventions (e.g. patents, supplementary protection certificates, rights in trade secrets, confidential information and\/or know-how); (b) Brands (e.g. trade marks, cause of action in passing off, rights to prevent unfair competition, association marks, certification marks, hallmarks, designations of origin, geographical indications, traditional speciality guarantees); (c) Other creations, technology and proprietary interests (e.g. copyright, design rights, semiconductor topography rights, plant varieties, database rights, rights in trade secrets, confidential information and\/or know-how).<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>a. Inventions (e.g. patents, supplementary protection certificates, rights in trade secrets, confidential information and\/or know-how);\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Patents<\/strong> are any technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable. Patents may be issued for any product, process, or any improvement thereof. <strong>Utility models <\/strong>cover the same matters and are similar in substance but lack an inventive step.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>Trade Secret <\/strong>is not a registered right, and the Philippines has no standalone trade secret statute; protection is derived from Republic Act No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines\u2019s (IP Code) recognition of undisclosed information as an intellectual property right and related unfair competition provisions, as well as the Revised Penal Code\u2019s penalties for revealing secrets with abuse of office and industrial secrets. In practice, trade secret protection is primarily enforced through contractual confidentiality obligations and related civil and criminal remedies.<\/p>\n<p>Jurisprudence defines a trade secret as \u201ca plan or process, tool, mechanism or compound known only to its owner and those of his employees to whom it is necessary to confide it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>b. Brands (e.g. trademarks, cause of action in passing off, rights to prevent unfair competition, association marks, certification marks, hallmarks, designations of origin, geographical indications, traditional speciality guarantees);\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A <strong>Mark<\/strong> is any visible sign capable of distinguishing the goods (trademark) or services (service mark) of an enterprise. A <strong>Collective Mark <\/strong>distinguishes the origin or any other common characteristics of goods or services of different enterprises under the control of the registered owner. A <strong>Certification Mark<\/strong> certifies regional or other geographic origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, accuracy or other characteristics of someone\u2019s goods or services, or that the work or labour on goods or services was performed by members of a group or association. A <strong>Trade Name<\/strong> is the name or designation identifying an enterprise. A <strong>Well-Known Mark<\/strong> is a mark declared by the competent authority to be well-known based on criteria in the IP Code, rules, regulations and issuances of the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL), and Supreme Court issuances. A <strong>Geographical Indication<\/strong> identifies a good as originating in a territory where a given quality, reputation, or other characteristic is essentially attributable to its geographical origin and\/or human factors.<\/p>\n<p><strong>c. Other creations, technology and proprietary interests (e.g. copyright, design rights, semiconductor topography rights, plant varieties, database rights, rights in trade secrets, confidential information and\/or know-how).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A <strong>Copyright<\/strong> protects original literary and artistic works from the moment of creation. An <strong>Industrial Design<\/strong> is any composition of lines or colours or any three-dimensional form giving a special appearance to an industrial product or handicraft. An <strong>Integrated Circuit<\/strong> is a product with interconnections which are integrally formed in and\/or on a piece of material, and which is intended to perform an electronic function. A <strong>Layout Design<\/strong> (synonymous with <strong>Topography<\/strong>) is the three-dimensional disposition of an integrated circuit. <strong>New Plant Varieties<\/strong> are protected under Republic Act No. 9168 or the Philippine Plant Variety Protection Act of 2002 (Philippine Plant Variety Protection Act), not under the IP Code. A Certificate of Plant Variety Protection is granted to plant varieties which are new, distinct, uniform, and stable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the duration of each of these intellectual property rights? What procedures exist to extend the life of registered rights in appropriate circumstances?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Patents<\/strong> are protected for twenty (20) years from filing and are non-extendible. <strong>Utility models<\/strong> are protected for seven (7) years from filing and are likewise non-extendible. <strong>Industrial designs<\/strong> are protected for five (5) years from filing, renewable for two (2) consecutive five (5)-year periods only upon payment of the renewal fees within twelve (12) months before each expiry.<strong> Layout designs<\/strong> are protected for ten (10) years from first commercial exploitation, if filed within two (2) years from such exploitation, or from filing if not yet commercially exploited, and are non-extendible. <strong>Trademarks<\/strong> are protected for ten (10) years from registration and are renewable indefinitely, subject to the proper filing of the Declarations of Actual Use. <strong>Copyright<\/strong> protection lasts for fifty (50) years after the author&#8217;s death. For joint authors, the term runs from the last surviving co-author&#8217;s death. For anonymous or pseudonymous works, the term runs from the first lawful publication. <strong>Geographical indications<\/strong> remain valid unless officially revoked. Trade names and trade secrets have no fixed terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who is the first owner of each of these intellectual property rights and is this different for rights created in the course of employment or under a commission?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The inventor or creator, his heirs or his assigns own the right to the <strong>patents, utility model, or industrial designs<\/strong>. Joint inventions are jointly owned. Inventions independently made by different individuals belong to the first filer. Commissioned inventions belong to the commissioning party, unless agreed otherwise. For employee inventions, ownership belongs to the employee if made outside regular duties, and to the employer if made in the course of assigned duties, unless agreed otherwise.<\/p>\n<p>The author or creator of the work owns the <strong>copyright<\/strong>. Joint works are co-owned, however, distinct attributable parts belong to their respective authors. Commissioned work product belongs to the commissioning party; however, the copyright remains with the creator, unless agreed otherwise. For employee works, copyright belongs to the employee if made outside regular duties, and to the employer if made in the course of assigned duties, unless agreed otherwise.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>trademark<\/strong> applicant acquires ownership through registration.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>collective mark<\/strong> is owned by the association, organisation, or collective body that controls the use of the mark by its members.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>certification mark<\/strong> is owned by the certifying body\/entity that sets and controls the certification standards.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>trade name<\/strong> is protected through prior adoption or use, even prior to or without registration, against any unlawful act committed by third parties which is likely to mislead the public.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Which of the intellectual property rights described in section A are registered rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Patents, utility models, industrial designs, layout-designs, and trademarks are all registered rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who can apply for registration of these intellectual property rights and, briefly, what is the procedure for registration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The inventor or their authorised representative may file a <strong>patent<\/strong> application. The application must identify the inventor and appoint a Philippine resident agent or representative (for a non-Philippine resident applicant) who may be served notice or process for judicial and administrative procedure relating to the application.<\/p>\n<p>The application must disclose the invention clearly and completely for it to be carried out by a person skilled in the art. After a formality check and prior-art search, it is accorded a filing date. Publication is after the expiration of eighteen (18) months from the filing or priority date. Third parties may inspect the application and submit written observations. The applicant must request substantive examination within six (6) months of publication, or the application is deemed withdrawn. The patent is issued after examination, subject to a right of appeal if refused.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>utility model<\/strong> is registered following the same basic process as a patent, without the requirement for publication, third-party observation, and substantive examination.<\/p>\n<p>An <strong>industrial design<\/strong> may be applied by the creator or his successor-in-title, subject to the same resident-agent requirement for non-resident applicants. The application must contain a request for registration, the applicant\u2019s information, the article of manufacture or handicraft to which the design will be applied, and drawings or photographs clearly disclosing the design. Once a filing date is accorded, the application is examined for compliance with the novelty and non-functionality requirements.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>trademark<\/strong> applicant may be a natural or juridical person subject to the same resident-agent requirement for non-resident applicants. The application must identify the mark, the applicant, and the goods or services by Nice Classification. The application undergoes formal and substantive examination and, if registrable, is published for opposition for thirty (30) days. If unopposed, or the opposition is denied, the Certificate of Registration is issued.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How long does the registration procedure usually take?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Patent<\/strong> registration generally takes five (5) to six (6) years from filing. <strong>Utility model<\/strong> registration takes approximately one (1) year from filing. <strong>Industrial design<\/strong> registration takes one (1) to three (3) months from filing. <strong>Trademark<\/strong> registration takes six (6) to twelve (12) months from filing. These are general timelines assuming there is no material delay resulting from examiner objections, inter partes oppositions, or other contingencies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do third parties have the right to take part in or comment on the registration process?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Upon publication of the patent application, any person may inspect and submit written non-adversarial observations concerning the invention\u2019s patentability which form part of the file and is subject to applicant\u2019s comment. A third party may file a petition for cancellation after the patent is already granted. The petition for cancellation is also available against utility model and industrial design registrations.<\/p>\n<p>Any person who believes he would be damaged by a trademark registration has thirty (30) days after publication to file a formal, verified opposition. The filing of an opposition triggers a notice and hearing process before the Bureau of Legal Affairs (BLA) of the IPOPHL.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What (if any) steps can the applicant take if registration is refused?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A final refusal of a <strong>patent<\/strong> application is appealable to the Director of Patents, then to the Director General of the IPOPHL (Director General), subject to the payment of the appeal fee before the expiry of the reglementary period. The Director General\u2019s decision is appealable to the Court of Appeals and thereafter to the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p>A final refusal of a <strong>trademark<\/strong> application may be appealed to the Director of Trademarks whose decision becomes final and executory after thirty (30) days unless a motion for reconsideration is filed or an appeal to the Director General is perfected under the IPOPHL Uniform Rules on Appeal. The Director General\u2019s decision may be appealed to the Court of Appeals and thereafter to the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p>An Order of Refusal of a <strong>geographical indication<\/strong> is appealable to the Director General under the IPOPHL Uniform Rules on Appeal. The same route applies to a refused <strong>well-known mark declaration<\/strong>, except that the appeal is from the Director of Trademarks. A refused <strong>copyright<\/strong> application may be challenged by a Request for Review with the Office of the Bureau Director within ten (10) days from receipt of the copyright registrability report; if the report is affirmed, the applicant may appeal to the Director General. The Director General\u2019s decision may be appealed to the Court of Appeals and thereafter to the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the current application and renewal fees for each of these intellectual property rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For <strong>patents<\/strong>, the filing fee covering the first five (5) claims is PhP2,000 for a small entity and PhP4,320 for a big entity, with substantive examination at PhP2,010\/PhP4,200, publication at PhP920\/PhP960, and the Letters Patent certificate at PhP600\/PhP1,200. Annual fees are payable from the fifth year and increase from PhP1,550\/PhP3,240 to PhP18,050\/PhP37,680 by the seventeenth year. For <strong>utility models<\/strong>, filing costs PhP1,720\/PhP3,600 and registration PhP600\/PhP1,200. For <strong>industrial designs<\/strong>, filing costs PhP1,720\/PhP3,600 and registration PhP600\/PhP1,200, while a Petition for Extension costs PhP1,030\/PhP2,160 for the first five (5)-year extension and PhP2,000\/PhP4,320 for the second. For <strong>trademarks<\/strong>, the filing fee is PhP1,200\/PhP2,592 per Nice Classification and publication for opposition is PhP900\/PhP960. The third-year Declaration of Actual Use (DAU) costs PhP900\/PhP1,920, while the fifth year and subsequent DAU costs PhP1,100\/PhP2,400. Filing a Petition for Renewal costs PhP3,100\/PhP6,600 per Nice Classification. A declaration of a well-known mark carries a flat filing fee of PhP50,000, with PhP10,000 for each additional class, and renewal at PhP10,000 per class. For <strong>copyright<\/strong>, deposit and recordation costs PhP450 to PhP625. For <strong>geographical indications<\/strong>, application costs PhP3,000\/PhP12,000.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the consequences of a failure to pay any renewal fees and what (if any) steps can be taken to remedy a failure to pay renewal fees?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Non-payment of the prescribed fees result in the withdrawal of the application or lapse of the <strong>patent<\/strong>, subject to a six (6)-month grace period from publication of the non-payment notice in the IPOPHL Electronic Gazette (E-Gazette), during which the annual fee, applicable excess claims fee, surcharge, and publication fee must be paid in full.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trademark <\/strong>renewal may be requested within six (6) months before expiry, or within six (6) months after expiry subject to the payment of a surcharge. After the grace period, the registration expires with no restoration mechanism. A fresh application may be filed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the requirements to assign ownership of each of the intellectual property rights described in section A?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In general, the assignment of rights must be in writing, signed by the contracting parties, acknowledged before a notary public or other authorised officer, and duly certified; if executed and notarised abroad, it must be authenticated or apostilled. There must be an English translation (if not in English or Filipino).<\/p>\n<p>For recording, in addition to the above, the assignment of a <strong>patent<\/strong>, <strong>utility model<\/strong>, <strong>industrial design<\/strong>, and <strong>layout-design<\/strong> must include the appointment of a resident agent (if the assignee is not a Philippine resident), identification the patent or patent application and the payment of the prescribed recordal and publication fees. The original and a signed duplicate (or, if unavailable, an authenticated copy in duplicate) must be submitted.<\/p>\n<p>For recording, the original or a certified true copy of the <strong>trademark<\/strong> assignment must be submitted to the IPOPHL. If the assignment is by merger or other succession, it may be evidenced by the relevant deed of merger or other supporting document.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright<\/strong> may be assigned or licensed <em>inter vivos<\/em>, in whole or in part, only through a written indication of that intention, and is distinct from the material object, the transfer of one does not transfer the other. Moral rights are neither assignable nor licensable, but may be waived in writing subject to statutory exceptions. The resale right is inalienable and passes only by succession as otherwise provided by law; any sale, waiver, assignment, encumbrance, or agreement to share or repay it is void.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a requirement to register an assignment of any of these intellectual property rights and, if so, what is the consequence of failing to register?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>IPOPHL records assignments, licences, and other instruments relating to the transmission of any right, title, or interest, of a <strong>patent<\/strong>, <strong>utility model<\/strong>, <strong>industrial design<\/strong>, and <strong>layout-design <\/strong>when in due form. Notice is published in the E-Gazette. An unrecorded instrument is void against a subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for consideration and without notice, unless recorded within three (3) months from the date of the instrument or before the subsequent purchase or mortgage.<\/p>\n<p>Assignments and transfers of <strong>trademarks<\/strong> have no effect against third parties until recorded with the IPOPHL. The date of recordal is the date the instrument is received in proper form with the prescribed fees. An assignee may act on the application or registration to the exclusion of the original owner, or earlier assignee, provided the assignment has been recorded; otherwise, no assignee will be recognised to act.<\/p>\n<p>Recordal of a <strong>copyright<\/strong> assignment is not mandatory but establishes a public record of the copyright claim. An assignment or exclusive licence <em>may<\/em> be filed in duplicate with the National Library of the Philippines upon payment of the prescribed fee; a notation of the recordal is returned and notice is published in the E-Gazette. Recordation with IPOPHL may also be requested.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the requirements to licence a third party to use each of the intellectual property rights described in section A?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A <strong>patent<\/strong> licence must satisfy the same formalities as an assignment for recording. Where the licence involves the transfer of systematic knowledge, it constitutes a technology transfer arrangement (TTA) subject to the Prohibited Clauses and Mandatory Provisions under Sections 87 and 88 of the IP Code. Non-conformance renders the entire arrangement unenforceable unless exempted by the Director of the Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau (DITTB) of the IPOPHL. Under the Civil Code of the Philippines (Civil Code), an unenforceable contract cannot be brought for proper action in court unless they are ratified. In the case of a TTA, ratification requires registration and obtaining an exemption from the DITTB Director.<\/p>\n<p>For validity, the <strong>trademark<\/strong> licence must provide for effective control by the licensor of the quality of the licensee\u2019s goods or services (quality-control clause). The licence must be submitted to the IPOPHL, which keeps its contents confidential but records it and publishes a reference, and cleared by the DITTB before recordal. If the licence contract includes the transfer of systematic knowledge, then it will be considered a TTA. Please refer to the discussion above as to the requirements and consequences of non-conformance and non-registration of a TTA.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>copyright<\/strong> licence must be in writing. Joint owners may not licence without the others\u2019 prior written consent. Where rights are licensed collectively, the licensing society must be accredited by IPOPHL. No notarisation or recordal is required for validity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a requirement to register a licence of any of these intellectual property rights and, if so, what is the consequence of failing to register?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An unrecorded <strong>patent<\/strong> licence is void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for consideration and without notice unless recorded within three (3) months from the date of the instrument or prior to the subsequent purchase or mortgage. Where the licence involves the transfer of systematic knowledge, it is a TTA. Please refer to the discussion in item 13 above as to the requirements and consequences of non-conformance and non-registration of a TTA.<\/p>\n<p>Recordal of a <strong>trademark<\/strong> licence is required to bind third parties. Please refer to the discussion in item 13 above as to requirements for recordal and the requirements and consequences of non-conformance and non-registration of a TTA.<\/p>\n<p>Recordal of a <strong>copyright<\/strong> licence is not mandatory but establishes a public record of the copyright claim.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are exclusive and non-exclusive licensees given different rights in respect of the enforcement of the licensed IP, and if so, how do those rights differ?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Exclusive licensees are generally afforded broader enforcement rights than non-exclusive licensees, although the extent of those rights depends on the nature of the IP right involved and the terms of the licence.<\/p>\n<p>For <strong>trademarks<\/strong>, the right to sue for infringement is generally vested in the registrant or owner. For <strong>patents<\/strong>, a licensee may sue for infringement to the extent permitted under the IP Code and the licence terms. For <strong>copyright<\/strong>, an exclusive licensee may sue for infringement of licensed rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there criminal sanctions for infringement of any intellectual property rights, and if so, what are they and how are they invoked?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Patent infringement becomes a criminal offence when repeated after a final judgment, punishable by imprisonment of six (6) months to three (3) years and a fine of PhP100,000 to PhP300,000.<\/p>\n<p>Trademark infringement, unfair competition, and false designation of origin are punishable by imprisonment of two (2) to five (5) years and a fine of PhP50,000 to PhP200,000.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright infringement carries imprisonment of one (1) to three (3) years and a fine of PhP50,000 to PhP150,000 for a first offence, rising to nine (9) years and a fine PhP1.5 million for repeat offences.<\/p>\n<p>A criminal action is instituted by filing a verified complaint with the Department of Justice or the Office of the Prosecutor. If there is a finding of prima facie evidence with reasonable certainty of conviction, an information is filed with the appropriate special commercial court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other enforcement options are available for each of the intellectual property rights described in section A? For example, civil court proceedings, intellectual property office proceedings, administrative proceedings, alternative dispute resolution.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A right holder may bring a civil action before a special commercial court for injunction and damages.<\/p>\n<p>Alternatively, a right holder may file an administrative complaint with the BLA, which has original jurisdiction over administrative claims where the total damages claimed are at least PhP200,000.<\/p>\n<p>The IPOPHL also enforces intellectual property rights administratively through its Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Office, whose powers extend to counterfeit and pirated goods and content, including by electronic, digital, or online means.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the length and cost of such procedures?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Administrative cases before the BLA generally take eight (8) months to two (2) years.<\/p>\n<p>Court actions may take two (2) to three (3) years at first instance. Subsequent appeals may take an additional two (2) to three (3) years at each level of review.<\/p>\n<p>Legal fees and costs for first-level proceedings are typically estimated at US$5,000 to US$10,000 for administrative proceedings and US$5,000 to US$20,000 for court actions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Where court action is available, please provide details of which court(s) have jurisdiction, how to start proceedings, the basics of the procedure, the time to trial, the format of the trial, the time to judgment and award of relief and whether any appeal is available.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Civil actions are brought before the Regional Trial Courts designated as Special Commercial Courts. Proceedings are commenced by filing a verified complaint, after which the case proceeds through responsive pleadings, pre-trial and mediation. The court may then render judgment on the pleadings, require position papers, or proceed to trial. While the rules prescribe expedited timelines of a judgment within one hundred eighty (180) days from close of pre-trial, in practice, trial proceedings may take at least two (2) years due to clogged dockets. The judgment is executory pending appeal An appeal may be brought to the Court of Appeals through a petition for review.<\/p>\n<p>Criminal proceedings follow a separate procedural track, with arraignment, pre-trial, and mediation on the civil aspect. The civil action for recovery of civil liability is deemed instituted with the criminal action unless waived, reserved, or previously filed. Appeals are governed by the ordinary rules of criminal procedure, but judgment of acquittal may not be appealed on the criminal liability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What customs procedures are available to stop the import and\/or export of infringing goods?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Infringing goods are prohibited importations under the Customs Modernization and Tariff Act. A right holder may record its registered rights with the Bureau of Customs and request an alert or hold order against a suspected infringing shipment, which may lead to the seizure and detention of such goods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are any non-court enforcement options or dispute resolution mechanisms mandatory in respect of intellectual property disputes in any circumstances? If so, please provide details.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Mediation is mandatory in administrative complaints involving IP rights violations and unfair competition, inter partes cases, and disputes concerning technology transfer payments or the terms of a licence involving an author\u2019s right of public performance.<\/p>\n<p>For both civil and criminal cases before the courts, court-annexed mediation is likewise mandatory<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What options are available to settle intellectual property disputes in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In proceedings before the IPOPHL, the mandatory mediation process provides an opportunity for settlement. The pre-mediation also briefs the parties on other mechanisms, including WIPO mediation and arbitration. In court proceedings, the mandatory court-annexed mediation process likewise provides an opportunity for amicable settlement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is required to establish infringement of each of the intellectual property rights described in section A? What evidence is necessary in this context?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For trademark infringement, the right holder must show that it owns a registered mark and that the defendant has used a confusingly similar sign, without its consent, on the same or related goods or services. The certificate of registration is prima facie evidence of the validity of the registration and of the registrant\u2019s ownership.<\/p>\n<p>Confusing similarity is determined under the dominancy test, which \u201cfocuses on the similarity of the prevalent features of the competing trademarks which might cause confusion or deception.\u201d Where an identical sign is used on identical goods or services, likelihood of confusion is presumed.<\/p>\n<p>Unfair competition requires no registration; the right holder must show the defendant gave its goods the general appearance of the plaintiff\u2019s in a manner calculated to mislead purchasers.<\/p>\n<p>In a copyright case, the plaintiff must prove copying of protected expression; subsistence and ownership are presumed on the plaintiff\u2019s affidavit. Registration and deposit are not prerequisites for protection or for the institution of an action.<\/p>\n<p>For patent infringement, the accused product or process must fall within the claims, read in light of the description and drawings; the claims extend to their equivalents. A patent is prima facie valid, and for a process patent, an identical new product is presumed made by the patented process.<\/p>\n<p>The standard of proof is preponderance of evidence in civil actions, substantial evidence in administrative actions, and proof beyond reasonable doubt in criminal actions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How does the court acquire any necessary information (fact or technical) and in what circumstances does it do so? In particular a) Is there a technical judge, a judge with technical experience, a court appointed expert, an expert agreed by the parties, and\/or parties\u2019 expert witness evidence? b) What mechanisms are available for compelling the obtaining and protecting of evidence? Is disclosure or discovery available?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>a. Is there a technical judge, a judge with technical experience, a court appointed expert, an expert agreed by the parties, and\/or parties&#8217; expert witness evidence?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There is no technical judge. IP cases are heard by presiding judges of Regional Trial Courts designated as special commercial courts. The propriety of referring factual issues to an expert is taken up at pre-trial. In patent cases, the court may appoint a single expert or a committee of three (3) experts to advise on technical aspects, including claim construction. The parties may also present their own expert witnesses, subject to cross-examination.<\/p>\n<p><strong>b. What mechanisms are available for compelling the obtaining and protecting of evidence? Is disclosure or discovery available? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Parties may avail of the modes of discovery within thirty (30) calendar days from joinder of issues, including depositions, written interrogatories, requests for admission, and production or inspection of documents and things.<\/p>\n<p>Evidence may also be secured through a writ of search and seizure where delay is likely to cause irreparable harm or evidence is at demonstrable risk of destruction. The writ permits the search, inspection, copying, photographing and seizure. The applicant must post a bond, and enforcement is supervised by a court-appointed commissioner. In criminal proceedings, the corresponding remedy is a search warrant. Where the case involves trade secrets, undisclosed information or patents, hearings may be held behind closed doors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is information and evidence submitted to the court scrutinised? For example, is cross-examination available and if so, how frequently is it employed in practice?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The court determines the sufficiency and evidentiary weight of the parties\u2019 submissions. If resolved on position papers, the court decides based on the judicial affidavits and documentary evidence on record.<\/p>\n<p>Where trial is necessary, the judicial affidavit of each witness serves as direct testimony, after which the adverse party may conduct cross-examination.<\/p>\n<p>The parties make an oral offer of their evidence immediately after their respective presentations, with the opposing party raising objections, after which the court rules on the offer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What defences to infringement are available?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Good faith is not a defence. Infringement under the IP Code is malum prohibitum. Unlike other jurisdictions which require intent for a criminal prosecution of copyright infringement, \u201cthe Philippines does not statutorily support good faith as a defence.\u201d Fraudulent intent on the part of the defendant need not be established, except where the defendant claims to be a prior user or where the question is the recovery of damages.<\/p>\n<p>For patents and utility models, a defendant may show invalidity of the patent, that the accused product falls outside the claims, prior use, or expiry or lapse.<\/p>\n<p>For trademarks, defences include absence of confusing similarity, invalidity of the registration, non-use, prior use in good faith, or fair and descriptive use.<\/p>\n<p>For copyright, a defendant may rely on fair use, independent creation, or expiry of the term.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who can challenge each of the intellectual property rights described in section A?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For <strong>patents<\/strong>, any person may submit written observations on patentability within six (6) months from publication or the request for substantive examination, whichever comes later.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Utility models and industrial designs <\/strong>cannot be challenged prior to the grant. After registration, any person may petition for cancellation on prescribed grounds.<\/p>\n<p><strong>For New Plant Varieties<\/strong>, any person may file an opposition on the ground that the oppositor is entitled to the breeder\u2019s right or that the variety is not registrable.<\/p>\n<p>For <strong>trademarks<\/strong>, any person who believes he would be damaged by the registration may file a notice of opposition to an application or a petition for cancellation of a registration.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, any IP right owner or anyone possessing any exclusive right, title, or interest under claim of ownership in an IP right, or an exclusive licensee, whose right has been violated may commence a civil or criminal action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">When may a challenge to these intellectual property rights be made (e.g. during any registration process or at any time during the subsistence of the right)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For <strong>patents<\/strong>, an observation may be made within six (6) months from publication or the request for substantive examination.<\/p>\n<p>For<strong> New Plant Varieties<\/strong>, an opposition may be filed within sixty (60) days from publication in the Plant Variety Gazette and before the issuance of the Certificate of Plant Variety Protection.<\/p>\n<p>For<strong> trademarks,<\/strong> an opposition to an application may be filed within thirty (30) days from publication in the E-Gazette. A petition to cancel a registered mark based on confusing similarity must be filed within five (5) years from registration; otherwise, the petition may be filed at any time during the subsistence of the registration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Briefly, what is the forum and the procedure for challenging each of these intellectual property rights and what are the grounds for a finding of invalidity of each of these intellectual property rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Petitions to cancel a patent or trademark registration are filed with the IPOPHL BLA.<\/p>\n<p>A<strong> patent cancellation <\/strong>may be based on the following grounds: (a) the invention is not new and patentable; (b) the patent does not disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by any person skilled in the art; or (c) contrary to public order or morality.<\/p>\n<p>A<strong> utility model cancellation <\/strong>may be based on the following grounds: (a) failure to meet registrability requirements, utility model is not novel or has no industrial applicability, or it is among the non-registrable utility models; (b) non-compliant descriptions and claims; (c) missing drawings; or (d) the owner is not the inventor or his successor in title.<\/p>\n<p>An<strong> industrial design cancellation <\/strong>may be based on the following grounds: (a) non-registrability; (b) lack of novelty; or (c) the subject matter extends beyond the application as filed.<\/p>\n<p>If the patent cancellation ground involves entitlement to the patent or true inventorship, the case may be file with the courts.<\/p>\n<p>A<strong> trademark<\/strong> <strong>cancellation<\/strong> may be based on the following grounds: (a) the mark has become generic; (b) abandonment; (c) fraudulently or unlawful registration; (d) misrepresentation of source; and (e) non-use for an uninterrupted period of three (3) years or longer.<\/p>\n<p>A<strong> trademark opposition <\/strong>may be based on any ground that would render the mark unregistrable under the IP Code, including conflict with prior rights, likelihood of confusion, bad faith, descriptiveness, genericness, or deceptiveness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any other methods to remove or limit the effect of any of the intellectual property rights described in section A, for example, declaratory relief or licences of right?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>IP rights may be limited by compulsory licensing and government use, including in cases involving public interest, national emergency, anti-competitive conduct, or other circumstances provided by law; prior user rights; fair use and other limitations on copyright; cancellation of trademark registrations for failure to comply with Declaration of Actual Use requirements; and court actions challenging the validity, scope, or enforcement of such rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What remedies (both interim and final) are available for infringement of each of the intellectual property rights described in section A?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Judicial remedies include: (i) preliminary and final injunction; (ii) damages, including reasonable lost profits; (iii) destruction of infringing goods and materials; (iv) imposition of fines; and (v) criminal actions.<\/p>\n<p>The court may also order the impounding of sales documents, and issue a writ of search and seizure for the search, inspection, copying, photographing, audio and audiovisual recording or seizure of any document and article specified in the order.<\/p>\n<p>An IP owner may also file an administrative complaint for violation of laws involving intellectual property rights, provided the total damages claimed are not less than PhP200,000. The BLA may impose administrative penalties including cease and desist orders, seizure or forfeiture of infringing goods, administrative fines, cancellation of permits or registrations, and an assessment of damages. The BLA may also grant provisional remedies, such as temporary restraining orders, preliminary injunctions, and preliminary attachments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the costs of enforcement proceedings and is any kind of costs recovery available for successful parties? Is there a procedural mechanism enabling or requiring security for costs?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Filing fees, investigation fees, storage fees, attorney\u2019s fees and costs of litigation range from US$5,000 to US$10,000. While technically possible to recover costs, it is difficult to obtain in practice.<\/p>\n<p>Attorney\u2019s fees and costs of suit may be awarded under Article 2208 of the Civil Code, including where the defendant\u2019s acts or omissions compelled the plaintiff to incur expenses to protect its interests, where the defendant acted in gross and evident bad faith, or where the court deems it just and equitable.<\/p>\n<p>In cases involving a writ of search and seizure, the applicant must also post a bond to answer for costs and damages that may be awarded if the writ is later found to have been improperly issued.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">6022<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/149512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=149512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}