{"id":145564,"date":"2026-07-15T09:57:22","date_gmt":"2026-07-15T09:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=145564"},"modified":"2026-07-15T09:57:22","modified_gmt":"2026-07-15T09:57:22","slug":"indonesia-litigation","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/indonesia-litigation\/","title":{"rendered":"Indonesia: Litigation"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-145564","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-litigation","jurisdictions-indonesia"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">SSEK Law Firm<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/SSEK-logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">SSEK Law Firm<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/SSEK-logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Litigation laws and regulations applicable in Indonesia<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the main methods of resolving disputes in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principal methods of resolving commercial disputes in Indonesia are litigation before the courts and arbitration, supplemented by other forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the main procedural rules governing litigation in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Civil litigation in Indonesia is governed by a body of procedural rules inherited largely from the Dutch colonial era and supplemented by legislation, Supreme Court regulations and circulars.<\/p>\n<p>The principal sources are the <em>Herzien Inlandsch Reglement <\/em>(\u201c<strong>HIR<\/strong>\u201d), which applies to Java and Madura, and the Rechtsreglement Buitengewesten (\u201c<strong>RBg<\/strong>\u201d), which applies to the regions outside Java and Madura. These instruments regulate the conduct of civil proceedings at first instance, including the filing of claims, summonses, examination of evidence and judgments. The <em>Reglement op de Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering<\/em> (Rv), although formally applicable only to a limited category of cases, continues to be referred to in practice, particularly in matters not addressed by the HIR or RBg.<\/p>\n<p>These rules are supplemented by Law No 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power, Law No 2 of 1986 on the General Courts (as amended) and various Supreme Court Regulations (<em>Peraturan Mahkamah Agung<\/em>) and Circular Letters (<em>Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung<\/em>) governing specific procedural matters, such as mediation and electronic litigation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the structure and organisation of local courts dealing with claims in your jurisdiction? What is the final court of appeal?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As a unitary state, Indonesia draws no distinction between federal and state courts. Judicial authority rests with the Supreme Court (<em>Mahkamah Agung<\/em>) together with the courts subordinate to it, and with the Constitutional Court.<\/p>\n<p>For civil claims, the relevant hierarchy falls within the general courts. At first instance, disputes are heard by the district courts (<em>Pengadilan Negeri<\/em>), located in each city or regency. Appeals on the merits are heard by the high courts (<em>Pengadilan Tinggi<\/em>) at the provincial level, which review both questions of fact and law.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court sits at the apex as the final court of appeal. It hears applications for cassation (<em>kasasi<\/em>), which are generally confined to questions of law, and may also hear an extraordinary review (<em>peninjauan kembali<\/em>) on limited grounds, such as the discovery of new decisive evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Specialised courts operating within the general court structure include the Commercial Court (<em>Pengadilan Niaga<\/em>), which handles bankruptcy, suspension of payment and intellectual property disputes, and the Industrial Relations Court (<em>Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial<\/em>), which hears labour and employment disputes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How long does it typically take from commencing proceedings to get to trial in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Once a claim is registered with the district court and the court fee paid, the matter proceeds directly to a series of hearings.<\/p>\n<p>After the case is registered, a panel of judges is appointed and the first hearing is typically scheduled within a few weeks. The parties are first directed to mandatory mediation under Supreme Court Regulation No 1 of 2016. The mandatory mediation is conducted within 30 days, and may be extended. If mediation fails, the examination of the merits proceeds through the exchange of the claim and response, the reply and rejoinder, the submission of evidence, witness examination and closing submissions.<\/p>\n<p>As a guideline, the Supreme Court directs that a civil case at first instance should be concluded within five months. In practice, the duration varies considerably depending on the complexity of the dispute, the number of parties and the court&#8217;s caseload, and many cases take longer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are hearings held in public and are documents filed at court available to the public in your jurisdiction? Are there any exceptions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As a general principle, court hearings in Indonesia are open to the public. A judgment delivered in a hearing that was not declared open to the public is invalid. The principal exception is for matters where the law requires proceedings to be closed, such as certain family law and child-related cases; commercial disputes are ordinarily heard in open court.<\/p>\n<p>Access to case documents is more limited. While judgments are increasingly published through the Supreme Court&#8217;s online decision directory, the underlying case file \u2014 the pleadings, evidence and exhibits \u2014 is not generally available to the public. Access is ordinarily confined to the parties and their authorised representatives.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the relevant limitation periods in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Limitation in Indonesia is governed principally by the Indonesian Civil Code (<em>Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata<\/em>). The general rule, under Article 1967, is that all claims, whether in rem or in personam, are extinguished by the lapse of 30 years. A party invoking prescription need not produce any title, and no objection founded on bad faith may be raised against that party. Shorter limitation periods may apply to particular categories of claim, whether under the Civil Code itself or under specific legislation governing the relevant field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the pre-action conduct requirements in your jurisdiction and what, if any, are the consequences of non-compliance?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesia does not impose formal pre-action protocols of the kind found in some common law jurisdictions. There is no general procedural requirement to engage in pre-action correspondence or to exchange information before a claim may be filed, and a failure to do so does not, of itself, bar the commencement of proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, however, a formal demand letter (<em>somasi<\/em>) is commonly issued before suit, particularly in claims for breach of contract. This is not merely a courtesy: under the Civil Code, a debtor must generally be placed in default before a claim for damages arising from non-performance can succeed. The demand therefore serves a substantive function in establishing default, and the absence of a proper notice may weaken or undermine a subsequent claim for damages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are proceedings commenced in your jurisdiction? Is service necessary and, if so, is this done by the court (or its agent) or by the parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Civil proceedings are commenced by filing a statement of claim (gugatan) with the registrar of the competent district court, accompanied by payment of the court fee. As a general rule, the claim is filed at the court in the place of the defendant&#8217;s domicile. The claim is then registered, a panel of judges appointed and a date set for the first hearing.<\/p>\n<p>Service is necessary and is carried out by the court, not by the parties. The summons to attend is issued and delivered by a court bailiff (<em>juru sita<\/em>). Where the defendant cannot be found, service is effected through the head of the relevant village or sub-district (<em>lurah<\/em> or <em>kepala desa<\/em>). If a defendant&#8217;s whereabouts are unknown, service may be made by public announcement.<\/p>\n<p>A defendant who, having been duly summoned, fails to appear may have judgment entered against them in default (<em>verstek<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How does the court determine whether it has jurisdiction over a claim in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesian courts distinguish between two forms of jurisdiction: absolute competence\u00a0 and relative competence.<\/p>\n<p>Absolute competence concerns which type of court has authority to hear a matter \u2014 for example, whether a dispute falls to the general courts, the religious courts, the administrative courts or a specialised court such as the Commercial Court. It also determines the boundary between the courts and arbitration: where the parties have agreed to arbitration, the court must declare itself without authority and refer the parties to arbitration. A defect in absolute competence may be raised at any stage of the proceedings and must be examined by the court.<\/p>\n<p>Relative competence concerns which particular court within a given category is the proper venue, determined principally by territory. The general rule is that a claim is filed at the district court of the defendant&#8217;s domicile. An objection to relative competence must be raised by the defendant at the outset of proceedings, failing which it is treated as waived.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How does the court determine which law governs the claims in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesian courts apply Indonesian procedural law to all proceedings as well as apply Indonesian substantive law to the disputes before them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what circumstances, if any, can claims be disposed of without a full trial in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesian civil procedure does not provide for summary judgment or strike-out mechanisms of the kind found in common law jurisdictions, by which a claim may be determined on its merits without a full examination. As a general rule, a registered civil claim proceeds through the ordinary examination process.<\/p>\n<p>Nonetheless, a claim may be brought to an end without a full hearing on the merits in several ways. A successful preliminary objection (<em>eksepsi<\/em>) \u2014 for instance that the court lacks absolute or relative competence, or that the matter is subject to an arbitration agreement \u2014 may result in the claim being declared inadmissible. A claim that is defective in form, such as one suffering from a misjoinder or non-joinder of parties or an obscure formulation (<em>obscuur libel<\/em>), may likewise be declared inadmissible (<em>niet ontvankelijke verklaard<\/em>) without a determination of the merits.<\/p>\n<p>Proceedings may also terminate early where the parties reach a court-annexed settlement during mandatory mediation, which is recorded in a binding deed of settlement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the main types of interim remedies available in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principal interim remedy in Indonesian civil litigation is the conservatory attachment (<em>sita jaminan<\/em> or <em>conservatoir beslag<\/em>). On the application of a claimant, the court may order the attachment of the defendant&#8217;s assets, whether movable or immovable, to secure the eventual satisfaction of a judgment and to prevent the defendant from disposing of or transferring those assets during the proceedings. The attachment is requested as part of, or in the course of, the main claim.<\/p>\n<p>A claimant may also seek a provisional ruling (<em>putusan provisi<\/em>), by which the court orders an interim measure on an urgent matter before the final judgment, where there is a pressing need that cannot await the conclusion of the proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>The bar to obtain interim remedies is high, and it may therefore be difficult to obtain in practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">After a claim has been commenced, what written documents must (or can) the parties submit in your jurisdiction? What is the usual timetable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Following the failure of mandatory mediation, the examination of the merits proceeds through a structured exchange of written submissions. The claimant&#8217;s statement of claim (<em>gugatan<\/em>) has already been filed at the commencement of proceedings. The defendant then submits a response (j<em>awaban<\/em>), which may include both preliminary objections and a defence on the merits, and may be accompanied by a counterclaim.<\/p>\n<p>There follows an exchange of further pleadings: the claimant&#8217;s reply (<em>replik<\/em>), and the defendant&#8217;s rejoinder (<em>duplik<\/em>). Once the pleadings are closed, the parties submit their documentary evidence, after which witnesses, if any, are examined. The proceedings conclude with each party&#8217;s closing submissions (<em>kesimpulan<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>These submissions are exchanged at successive hearings, ordinarily scheduled at weekly or fortnightly intervals, though the timetable depends on the court&#8217;s schedule and the complexity of the matter. As a guideline, the Supreme Court directs that a first-instance civil case should be concluded within five months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the rules for disclosure of documents in your jurisdiction? Are there any exceptions (e.g. on grounds of privilege, confidentiality or public interest)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesia does not have a system of disclosure or discovery comparable to that in common law jurisdictions. There is no general obligation on a party to search for and produce documents relevant to the dispute, including those harmful to its own case, and no pre-trial process for the mutual exchange of documents.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, each party bears the burden of proving its own case and submits the documentary evidence on which it intends to rely. Under the Civil Code, a party who asserts a right or a fact must prove it. A party is therefore not generally required to produce documents that support its opponent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is witness evidence dealt with in your jurisdiction (and in particular, do witnesses give oral and\/or written evidence and what, if any, are the rules on cross-examination)? Are depositions permitted?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Witness evidence in Indonesian civil proceedings is given orally, before the panel of judges, at a hearing. There is no practice of exchanging written witness statements in advance, and a witness is generally expected to give live testimony rather than to submit a written account. A witness is examined under oath.<\/p>\n<p>The examination is conducted primarily by the panel of judges, who put questions to the witness. The parties&#8217; counsel may also put questions, but they do so through or with the leave of the presiding judge, rather than by way of the adversarial cross-examination found in common law systems. The judges retain control of the questioning and assess the credibility and weight of the testimony.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is expert evidence permitted in your jurisdiction? If so, how is it dealt with (and in particular, are experts appointed by the court or the parties, and what duties do they owe)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Expert evidence is permitted in Indonesian civil proceedings. Experts may be appointed by the court, either on its own initiative or at a party\u2019s request, where the court considers expert assistance necessary to clarify technical, scientific, accounting, valuation, foreign law or other specialised issues. In practice, parties may also present their own experts.<\/p>\n<p>Experts may give oral testimony and\/or submit written opinions (affidavits). Court-heard experts will testify under oath. Indonesian civil procedure does not contain a detailed expert evidence regime comparable to common law jurisdictions. Expert evidence is not binding on the court, as the judges retain discretion to determine its relevance, credibility and weight.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can final and interim decisions be appealed in your jurisdiction? If so, to which court(s) and within what timescale?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Final District Court decisions in ordinary civil proceedings may be appealed to the relevant High Court within 14 days after the judgment is pronounced or notified to the relevant party. A High Court decision may generally be challenged by cassation to the Supreme Court, also within 14 days after notification.<\/p>\n<p>After a judgment becomes final and binding, an extraordinary judicial review may be filed to the Supreme Court on limited statutory grounds, such as decisive new evidence, fraud, conflicting judgments or clear judicial error. The general time limit is 180 days from the relevant statutory trigger.<\/p>\n<p>Interim or interlocutory decisions are generally not appealed separately and are usually challenged together with the final judgment. Special proceedings (e.g., labor disputes) may have different routes and shorter timelines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the rules governing enforcement of foreign judgments in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Foreign court judgments are not directly enforceable in Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>A party seeking to rely on a foreign judgment must commence new legal proceedings before the competent Indonesian District Court. The foreign judgment may be submitted as evidence, but the Indonesian court is not formally bound by it and may re-examine the dispute, including jurisdiction, merits, evidence, public order and procedural issues.<\/p>\n<p>This position should be distinguished from foreign arbitral awards, which are subject to a separate recognition and enforcement regime under the Indonesian Arbitration Law and the New York Convention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the costs of litigation (e.g. court costs, as well as the parties\u2019 costs of instructing lawyers, experts and other professionals) be recovered from the other side in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesian courts may order the losing party to pay official court costs, such as filing fees, summons and notification costs, stamp duties and other court administrative expenses.<\/p>\n<p>However, each party generally bears its own lawyers\u2019 fees and professional costs, including expert, consultant and other advisory fees. Indonesian courts do not ordinarily award advocates\u2019 fees as recoverable litigation costs, unless there is a specific contractual basis or the claim is accepted as part of damages. Security for costs is also not a recognised mechanism in ordinary Indonesian civil proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the collective redress (e.g. class action) mechanisms in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesia recognises class actions, which may be brought where there are numerous class members, common facts or events, a common legal basis, similar claims between the representative and class members, and an adequate class representative.<\/p>\n<p>The court will first assess whether the claim satisfies the requirements for a class action. If accepted, notice must be given to class members, and an opt-out mechanism is available. Class actions are commonly used in environmental, consumer protection and mass harm cases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the mechanisms for joining third parties to ongoing proceedings and\/or consolidating two sets of proceedings in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Indonesian civil procedure recognises third-party intervention mechanisms, including (i) voeging, where a third party joins to support one existing party; (ii) tussenkomst, where a third party intervenes to protect its own independent interest; and (iii) vrijwaring, where an existing party seeks to bring in a third party, typically for indemnity or related liability purposes.<\/p>\n<p>The court will decide whether to permit the intervention by interlocutory decision. Indonesia also permits multiple plaintiffs or defendants in one claim where the claims are sufficiently connected.<\/p>\n<p>Indonesia does not have a comprehensive general consolidation regime equivalent to some common law jurisdictions. Related proceedings may be managed through procedural objections, judicial discretion or, where appropriate, collective mechanisms such as class actions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are third parties allowed to fund litigation in your jurisdiction? If so, are there any restrictions on this and can third party funders be made liable for the costs incurred by the other side?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Third-party litigation funding is not specifically regulated in Indonesia. There is no express statutory framework that permits, prohibits or governs third-party funding, and the common law doctrines of maintenance and champerty are not recognised in the same way. As a result, third-party funding remains uncommon and undeveloped in Indonesian court litigation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the main advantage and the main disadvantage of litigating international commercial disputes in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In our view, the main advantage is that Indonesian litigation is often the most direct route where the dispute has a strong Indonesian nexus, particularly where the defendant, relevant assets, project, regulatory issues or enforcement target is located in Indonesia. Official court costs are also relatively low compared with many other jurisdictions.<\/p>\n<p>The main disadvantage is the relative lack of procedural predictability compared with international arbitration or mature common law litigation systems. Proceedings are conducted in Indonesian, discovery is limited, appeals may prolong the process, and enforcement can be procedurally challenging in practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the most likely growth area for commercial disputes in your jurisdiction for the next 5 years?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Technology and data-related disputes are likely to be a major growth area. This includes disputes arising from fintech, digital platforms, e-commerce, cybersecurity incidents, personal data protection, artificial intelligence, electronic contracts and online consumer transactions. The implementation of Indonesia\u2019s Personal Data Protection Law is also likely to increase claims and regulatory-driven disputes involving data controllers, processors and digital businesses.<\/p>\n<p>Commercial disputes connected with restructuring, insolvency, infrastructure, energy transition and natural resources are also expected to remain active, given Indonesia\u2019s economic profile and continuing investment in those sectors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, will be the impact of technology on commercial litigation in your jurisdiction in the next 5 years?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Technology is likely to make commercial litigation more efficient, but not fundamentally change its adversarial structure. Indonesian courts have already adopted electronic case administration and e-litigation systems, including electronic filing, payment, summons, submission of pleadings and certain electronic hearings.<\/p>\n<p>Over the next five years, these systems are likely to become more widely used and more sophisticated. Technology will also increase the importance of electronic evidence, digital signatures, data trails, metadata and cybersecurity issues in commercial disputes. However, the adoption of advanced tools such as AI-assisted case management or virtual hearings is likely to be gradual and subject to court infrastructure, judicial practice and procedural safeguards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">3432<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/145564","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}