{"id":139080,"date":"2026-04-21T12:14:49","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:14:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=139080"},"modified":"2026-04-21T12:27:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T12:27:03","slug":"india-construction","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/india-construction\/","title":{"rendered":"India: Construction"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-139080","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-construction","jurisdictions-india"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas &amp; Co<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/12\/SAMCO-Logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas &amp; Co<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/12\/SAMCO-Logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Construction laws and regulations applicable in India<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your jurisdiction a common law or civil law jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>India is a common law jurisdiction. Central to India&#8217;s common law character is the doctrine of stare decisis, whereby decisions of higher courts, particularly the Supreme Court and High Courts, are binding on lower courts throughout the country. Additionally, much of India&#8217;s foundational legislation reflects common law principles, even as it has been codified.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the key statutory\/legislative obligations relevant to construction and engineering projects?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Construction and engineering projects in India are governed by a comprehensive framework of statutory obligations spanning multiple areas of law. The below is a brief overview of the statutes governing the design, planning and construction of projects.<\/p>\n<p><u>Contractual framework:<\/u> The Indian Contract Act, 1872 forms the foundational legal framework governing contractual relationships between developers, contractors, and other stakeholders.<\/p>\n<p><u>Real estate projects:<\/u> The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) imposes compliance obligations on developers of residential and commercial real estate projects, including mandatory registration requirements and adherence to project timelines. Any real estate project exceeding 500 square metres of land or more than eight apartments, including all phases, must be registered under RERA. In some states, such as Maharashtra and Delhi, projects where the developer is proposing to lease units on a long-term basis must also be registered.<\/p>\n<p><u>Labour-related:<\/u> Obligations are primarily governed by the recently enacted Industrial Relations Code, 2020; Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020;\u00a0 Code on Wages, 2019; and Code on Social Security, 2020.<\/p>\n<p><u>Environmental:<\/u> Environmental compliance is governed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, which may require environmental clearances for certain categories of projects. Additionally, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 impose obligations regarding pollution control and require consent from concerned State Pollution Control Boards.<\/p>\n<p><u>Planning and building:<\/u> Local planning and building regulations, including development control regulations and building bye-laws enacted by municipal authorities, govern construction approvals and compliance with zoning requirements, and this depends on the location of the land\/property. The obligations vary across States, but largely require a sanction of the building plan, commencement approvals, completion approvals and occupancy related approvals. Please refer to the response to query no. 4 below.<\/p>\n<p><u>Land acquisition:<\/u> For large scale projects that require larger extent of land, the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 sets out the procedure of acquisition of land, fair compensation, and rehabilitation. Depending on the nature of the project and its location, there are additional legislations on State levels or enacted for specific governmental organisations, that govern land acquisition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any specific requirements that parties should be aware of in relation to: (a) Health and safety; (b) Environmental; (c) Planning; (d) Employment; and (e) Anti-corruption and bribery.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>(a) The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code) is the principal legislation governing health and safety, having subsumed the BOCW Act, 1996, the Factories Act, 1948, and the Contract Labour Act, 1970. Additionally, construction projects are also require to comply with the fire safety laws enacted in each State and obtain regular renewals of the fire safety\/no-objection certificate.<\/p>\n<p>(b) Prior to undertaking any construction, the developer must obtain an environmental clearance for specified projects under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, read with the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006. The developer must also secure consent to establish and consent to operate from the relevant State Pollution Control Board under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Where the project involves hazardous or other waste, a separate authorisation from the State Pollution Control Board is required under the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016. In certain States, a &#8220;Consolidated Consent and Authorisation&#8221; regime has been introduced, which combines the consent to operate with the authorisation under the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, thereby streamlining the approval process.<\/p>\n<p>(c) States and local planning authorities are responsible for enacting planning related statutes, rules and bye-laws. Land use, zoning and development are governed by the town and country planning laws that are enacted for each State. Additionally, in case the land is granted or leased by a governmental authority, the land use and development is governed by the deed of grant or the lease deed along with the rules and regulations framed by such governmental authority.<\/p>\n<p>(d) Labour laws applicable to construction projects in India are now governed by the four labour codes that came into effect recently and have consolidated 29 central labour statutes into a unified framework. The Code on Wages, 2019 ensures statutory minimum wages for all workers and mandates timely payment of wages. The Code on Social Security, 2020 extends social security benefits including provident fund, ESI, gratuity, and maternity benefits to all workers. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020 regulates trade unions, collective bargaining, layoffs, retrenchments, and dispute resolution, while the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 mandates unified safety standards.<\/p>\n<p>(e) Parties must comply with the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 and its rules, which set out the framework for money laundering and its prosecution and punishment. Further, compliance with the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 is also required.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What permits, licences and\/or other documents do parties need before starting work, during work and after completion? Are there any penalties for non-compliance?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The permits, licences and regulatory approvals that contracting parties must obtain prior to construction, during project execution and upon completion depend on the nature, scale and location of the project. In India, construction activities are governed by a multi-tiered regulatory framework comprising central, state and local governmental authorities.<br \/>\nAlthough, specific permit requirements vary by project, construction projects in India generally require the following licenses, approvals, and permissions:<\/p>\n<p>(a) land use approvals reflecting any change in the designated use of the land, such as conversion from agricultural to non-agricultural use. This is typically required only where the proposed use of the land does not conform to its permitted use, such as if the land is agricultural in nature. Consequences of non-compliance vary across States and include payment of escalated conversion fee, transactions being held void or resumption of land;<\/p>\n<p>(b) pre-construction approvals, such as approved building plans, commencement certificate, height clearance from the Airport Authority of India (where applicable to high-rise structures or projects within aerodrome vicinity), no-objection certificates from the Ministry of Defence (for projects in proximity to defence establishments), no-objection certificates from telecommunications authorities and Indian Railways (where relevant) and so on. The nomenclature and procedure of obtaining differs across States. Additionally, the consequences of non-compliance also vary across States and include payment of fine, demolition of construction, and so on;<\/p>\n<p>(c) completion-related approvals, such as completion certificate, occupancy certificate, and fire no-objection certificate, to confirm lawful construction and occupation. Consequences of non-compliance vary across States and include payment of fine, occupation being construed to be unauthorized, and so on;<\/p>\n<p>(d) certificate of registration of the project issued under RERA (as applicable). Consequences of non-compliance include fine, and imprisonment for continued non-compliance; and<\/p>\n<p>(e) environmental approvals including environmental clearance, consent to establish, and consent to operate, as required by applicable environmental laws. Additionally, depending on the location of the project, no-objection certificates issued under the forest laws, eco-sensitive zones, wildlife conservation zones, coastal regulation zone notifications, and so on are also required.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is tort law or a law of extra-contractual obligations recognised in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, tort law and extra-contractual obligations are recognised in India. These are however not codified in a single comprehensive statute. Instead, Indian tort law has primarily evolved as judge-made law, derived from common law principles. Indian courts have also progressively shaped the jurisprudence according to Indian constitutional principles and socio-economic conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Liability may be imposed outside contract through civil wrongs such as negligence, nuisance, trespass, defamation, doctrines of strict\/absolute liability. The Supreme Court of India has significantly expanded this domain, especially under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.\u00a0 The Supreme Court has also upheld the grant of monetary compensation outside the scope of any contractual obligations under Article 32 and Article 226 of the Constitution of India.<\/p>\n<p>Beyond torts, statutory regimes such as the Industrial Relations Code, 2020; Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020; Code on Wages, 2019; Code on Social Security, 2020, Consumer Protection Act, 2019, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, etc. create structured systems of civil liability independent of contractual relationships, reinforcing the recognition of extra-contractual obligations in Indian law, although statutorily stipulated.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter V of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 also lays down \u201cCertain Relations Resembling Those Created by Contract\u201d or extra-contractual obligations such as a person\u2019s obligation to compensate another when they receive benefits from the former\u2019s non-gratuitous lawful action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who are the typical parties involved in a construction and engineering project?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Construction and engineering projects involve contractual relationships among several key parties, including the employer (also referred to as the owner), the contractor\/developer, subcontractors, lenders, engineers, and original equipment manufacturers. Each party assumes distinct roles and responsibilities under the contractual framework governing construction projects in India.<\/p>\n<p>(a) Employer: The employer is the party that commissions and finances the construction project.<\/p>\n<p>(b) Contractor\/developer: The contractor\/developer is engaged by the employer to execute the construction works in accordance with the contract documents.<\/p>\n<p>(c) Subcontractor: A subcontractor is engaged by the main contractor\/developer to perform a specified portion of the works. The scope of a subcontractor\u2019s works typically does not exceed the scope of the main contract, and their engagement is subject to the employer&#8217;s prior approval.<\/p>\n<p>(d) Original equipment manufacturers: In Indian construction projects, specialised plant, machinery, and equipment are frequently procured from original equipment manufacturers. These manufacturers are responsible for design, fabrication, supply, and installation, and typically assume liability for defects in materials or workmanship.<\/p>\n<p>(e) Engineer: Construction contracts typically provide for the appointment of an engineer who, typically, supervises execution of the works, certifies progress and payments, issues instructions and variations, and may determine certain disputes.<\/p>\n<p>(f) Lenders: Lenders provide financing for construction projects and typically include scheduled commercial banks, development financial institutions, non-banking financial companies, infrastructure finance companies, and multilateral financial institutions. Lenders may be domestic, foreign, or a syndicate of both, and project financing is subject to the regulatory oversight of the Reserve Bank of India.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the most popular methods of procurement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Both private and public procurement are prevalent in India. However, India does not have a single, overarching statute that governs the public procurement of government contracts. Instead, the primary legal framework derives from the Constitution of India, as interpreted by the courts over the years. The Constitution, and in particular Article 14, plays a central role in shaping procurement standards. The courts have interpreted this article as requiring government procurement processes and decisions to be reasonable, rational, and free from arbitrariness or discrimination. Public authorities involved in procurement are subject to scrutiny by two key institutions. The most common methods include open\/advertised tendering, limited tender enquiry, two-stage bidding, single tender enquiry, electronic reverse auctions, and global tenders. These processes are primarily conducted through digital platforms like the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), with bids typically evaluated using the lowest bidder (L1) method.<\/p>\n<p>Private procurement in India operates within a substantially more flexible framework, as it remains largely unregulated beyond the parameters established by internal corporate governance policies and applicable principles of contract law. Negotiated contracts represent a prevalent methodology within this domain, enabling organizations to secure commercially advantageous terms through direct engagement with prospective suppliers.<\/p>\n<p>While public procurement emphasizes accountability and equal opportunity for bidders, private procurement prioritizes speed, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness tailored to organizational needs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the most popular standard forms of contract? Do parties commonly amend these standard forms?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The construction industry in India does not subscribe to a single universally adopted standard form of construction contract; instead, several forms are commonly used depending on the nature of the project, the parties involved, and the source of funding. For public works, most public authorities and public sector enterprises employ their own contracts. Even where, globally recognised standard form contracts such as those prescribed by FIDIC are used as a base, commonly, parties amend these standard forms to reflect project-specific requirements, local laws and prevailing market practices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any restrictions or legislative regimes affecting procurement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no singular legislation that encompasses all aspects of public procurement in India.\u00a0 The primary legal framework governing public procurement in India derives from the Constitution of India, as interpreted by the courts over time. The Constitution, and in particular Article 14, plays a central role in shaping procurement standards. The courts have interpreted this provision as requiring government procurement processes and decisions to be reasonable, rational, and free from arbitrariness or discrimination. Certain aspects of the procurement process are addressed by the general financial rules issued by the Ministries of Finance at both central and state level, which must be observed in all matters involving public finances. In addition, the manuals for the procurement of goods, works, consultancy services, and non-consultancy services provide broad guidelines for the conduct of procurement activities. A number of states have also enacted legislation informed by these constitutional standards and judicial principles in order to streamline public procurement within their jurisdictions. Whether at federal or state level, the cornerstone of public procurement in India remains the principles of fairness, transparency, and non-discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Private sector procurement operates with greater flexibility but remains subject to applicable commercial laws, industry-specific regulations, and international best practices, particularly for large-scale projects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do parties typically engage consultants? What forms are used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Parties in India engage consultants in connection with construction projects. Consultants are typically appointed to perform a range of professional services, including project design, technical advisory, and supervision of construction works. The scope of a consultant&#8217;s responsibilities often extends to monitoring progress, ensuring compliance with specifications, certifying interim payments, and overseeing quality control throughout the project lifecycle.<\/p>\n<p>Consultants are ordinarily engaged by way of a written contract. The terms of engagement may be set out in a bespoke consultancy agreement negotiated between the parties or, alternatively, in a standard form contract.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is subcontracting permitted?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Subcontracting is widely recognised and permitted in India. In the construction sector, it is standard practice for contracts to include provisions authorising the main contractor to subcontract the whole or any portion of the contracted works. There is no direct contractual relationship, or privity of contract, between the employer and any subcontractor. The subcontractor performs its obligations as an agent of the main contractor and, the main contractor is responsible for all acts and omissions of the subcontractor. The subcontractor cannot raise any claims directly against the employer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are projects typically financed?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Construction projects in India are typically financed through a mix of equity contributions from developers and debt financing from banks, non-banking financial companies, and housing finance institutions. Large-scale infrastructure projects often leverage public-private partnerships, government schemes, or funding from development finance institutions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What kind of security is available for employers, e.g. performance bonds, advance payment bonds, parent company guarantees? How long are these typically held for?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In the Indian construction sector, employers have access to several security mechanisms to safeguard their interests against contractor default or non-performance. The most commonly used instruments include performance bank guarantees, advance payment bank guarantees (also referred to as mobilisation guarantees), retention money, and parent company guarantees.<\/p>\n<p>(a) Performance bank guarantees are typically issued by scheduled commercial banks and are irrevocable and unconditional in nature, allowing the employer to invoke them upon contractor default without needing to establish proof of breach.<\/p>\n<p>(b) Advance payment guarantees secure any mobilisation advances paid to contractors for initial setup costs and are progressively reduced as the contractor recovers the advance through running bills.<\/p>\n<p>(c) Retention money, usually ranging from five to ten percent of each interim payment, serves as an additional layer of security and is held back until final completion and defect rectification.<\/p>\n<p>(d) Parent company guarantees are increasingly sought in projects involving special purpose vehicles or subsidiary contractors, ensuring that the parent entity remains liable for the subsidiary&#8217;s performance obligations.<\/p>\n<p>The duration for which these securities are held varies based on the nature of the instrument and the project timeline. Performance bank guarantees are generally maintained for the entire construction period plus the defect liability period, which typically ranges from twelve to twenty-four months post-completion, depending on the contract terms. Advance payment guarantees remain valid until the advance is fully recovered, usually within the first third to half of the project duration. Retention money is typically released in two tranches\u2014fifty percent upon substantial completion and the balance upon expiry of the defect liability period. Parent company guarantees often extend until the final discharge of all contractor obligations, including warranty periods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there any specific legislation relating to payment in the industry?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>India does not have specific standalone legislation governing payment mechanisms in the construction industry.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are pay-when-paid clauses (i.e clauses permitting payment to be made by a contractor only when it has been paid by the employer) permitted? Are they commonly used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Pay-when-paid clauses are generally permissible under Indian law. Such clauses are at times included in construction and infrastructure contracts in India, particularly in subcontracting arrangements, where main contractors seek to align their payment obligations with the receipt of funds from employers or project owners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do your contracts contain retention provisions and, if so, how do they operate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As mentioned above, retention money, typically calculated at five to ten percent of each interim payment, constitutes a form of security under construction contracts governed by Indian law. This sum is withheld by the employer until the contractor achieves final completion and satisfactory rectification of all identified defects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do contracts commonly contain liquidated delay damages provisions and are these upheld by the courts?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>It is common for parties to stipulate liquidated delay damages in the contract as a genuine pre-estimate of the actual loss likely to be suffered by the aggrieved party. These are generally upheld in the manner set forth in Section 74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, whereunder, Courts typically award reasonable compensation, that does not exceed the sum stipulated by the parties in the contract.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are the parties able to exclude or limit liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Liability exclusions and caps, if stipulated in a contract, are enforceable provided that these are clear and reasonable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any restrictions on termination? Can parties terminate for convenience? Force majeure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Typically, contracts set out events of default for either party and termination upon occurrence of such events of default, post expiry of cure periods, is standard. Termination for convenience is generally effective if expressly provided and may be accompanied with a higher notice period.<\/p>\n<p>Force majeure clauses, including the list of events constituting force majeure, are also typically incorporated in contracts and operate as per the contract. In absence of a force majeure clause, Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 governs frustration of contract.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What rights are commonly granted to third parties (e.g. funders, purchasers, renters) and, if so, how is this achieved?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Indian law, the doctrine of privity of contract prevents third parties from enforcing rights under a contract to which they are not a party. However, contracts may provide mechanisms allowing for assignment, step-in, substitution, novation, and so on in favour of third parties upon occurrence of a specified event or fulfilment of specified conditions. Construction contracts in India typically provide substitution rights to the lenders that enable lenders to nominate a replacement entity in the event of a material breach by the contractor.<\/p>\n<p>Specifically for projects registered under RERA, in case of revocation\/lapse of registration, the RERA authority has the power under the statute to nominate a competent authority or a third party developer to step-in and complete the project.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do contracts typically contain strict provisions governing notification of claims for additional time and money which act as conditions precedent to bringing claims? Does your jurisdiction recognise such notices as conditions precedent?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Notice provisions requiring the contractor to submit claims for time extensions or additional costs within specified periods are common in Indian construction contracts and, if drafted as conditions precedent, are generally enforceable provided the language is clear and unambiguous.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What insurances are the parties required to hold? And how long for?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In India, construction contracts typically specify the types of insurance that contractors must obtain, along with the required coverage periods. Standard insurance requirements generally include the following:<\/p>\n<p>(a) Construction All Risks Insurance, covering physical loss or damage to the works, including all materials and goods on site, from project commencement through completion of the defect liability period;<\/p>\n<p>(b) Third-Party Liability Insurance, covering claims arising from bodily injury to persons or damage to property of third parties;<\/p>\n<p>(c) Workers\u2019 Compensation Insurance, covering death or personal injury sustained by workers engaged by the contractor; and<\/p>\n<p>(d) Employer\u2019s Liability Insurance, covering the contractor\u2019s liability for injuries or death sustained by workers arising out of and in the course of their employment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are construction and engineering disputes typically resolved in your jurisdiction (e.g. arbitration, litigation, adjudication)? What alternatives are available?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In India, typically, construction and engineering disputes are resolved through a multi-tiered dispute resolution framework that combines arbitration, litigation, and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms (such as negotiation, mediation, expert determination, dispute resolution boards), with arbitration and mediation emerging as a leading mode in commercial and infrastructure contracts.<\/p>\n<p>Public private partnership infrastructure contracts, particularly those involving government bodies, public sector undertakings, and engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) projects, usually adopt arbitration as the primary dispute resolution mechanism, with conciliation being a pre-arbitral step to the institution of arbitration. Several construction contracts also adopt FIDIC contracts, such as the FIDIC Yellow Book, which provide for two-tiered dispute relation clauses such as DAB etc.<\/p>\n<p>These arbitrations\/mediations are governed by both global institutions such as (SIAC, ICC, LCIA, HKIAC etc) as well as domestic institutions. Some of the most significant domestic ADR organizations include Indian Council of Arbitration, International Centre for Alternative Dispute Resolution, Delhi International Arbitration Centre, Delhi; Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration, Nani Palkhivala Arbitration Centre, Chennai, Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Madras Chamber of Commerce and Industry, International Arbitration &amp; Mediation Centre, Hyderabad to name a few.<\/p>\n<p>India does not have specialist construction courts as established in some jurisdictions.\u00a0 However, litigation remains available through municipal civil and commercial courts under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and Commercial Courts Act, 2015, wherein disputes arising out of \u201cconstruction and infrastructure contracts, including tenders\u201d constitute \u201ccommercial disputes\u201d.\u00a0 Relief under litigation is generally pursued in disputes arising out of contracts, where arbitration clauses are absent, invalid, or where interim relief, enforcement actions arise in relation to arbitrations.<\/p>\n<p>Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms are also increasingly becoming institutionalised. Mediation and conciliation are recognised under the Arbitration &amp; Conciliation Act, 1996, Mediation Act, 2023 and the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 with mandatory pre-institution mediation for commercial disputes (except where urgent interim relief is sought).<\/p>\n<p>In this context, the Mediation Act, 2023 formally recognizes and promotes \u201cinstitutional mediation\u201d, expecting to provide greater efficiency, standardization, and reliability in dispute resolution.\u00a0 While the Mediation Act was enacted on 15 September 2023, it is not in full force yet.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to conciliation and mediation, expert determination and dispute resolution\/adjudication boards (DRBs\/DABs) are contractually adopted specifically in large infrastructure or FIDIC-based contracts, particularly in highway, metro rail, and power sector projects.<\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, construction and engineering disputes in India are typically resolved through arbitration, supported by court-based litigation for enforcement, supervision, and public law issues, and supplemented by mediation, conciliation, expert determination, and dispute boards as alternative or preliminary mechanisms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How supportive are the local courts of arbitration (domestic and international)? How long does it typically take to enforce an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>:<\/strong> Indian courts are quite supportive of arbitration, both domestic and international, which is also supported by legislative reforms and judicial interpretation. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, which aligns with the UNCITRAL Model Law, establishes minimal judicial intervention as a core principle, and this approach has been consistently reinforced by Indian courts.<\/p>\n<p>The intention and mandate of the legislature, as also embodied under Section 5 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, is to minimize judicial intervention in the arbitration process to only those specific instances allowed within the said Act. The principle of minimum judicial interference supplements the autonomy of parties by prohibiting courts from interfering in arbitral proceedings unless expressly mandated by law. The Act has given pre-eminence to party autonomy throughout the arbitral process and Indian courts have increasingly adopted a hands-off approach to support and promote arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism.<\/p>\n<p>Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act empowers courts to support the arbitral process by granting interim relief before or during arbitral proceedings or at any time after the making of the arbitral award but before it is enforced. Courts also provide support in the arbitral process by granting interim relief under Section 9, with limited judicial intervention.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, under Section 27 of the Act, the assistance of the courts may be sought for production of evidence, documents or witnesses. The court\u2019s role is primarily non-adjudicatory and does not extend to determining the admissibility or relevancy of any evidence. Where the arbitral tribunal is unable to make an award within the statutory timeline, upon an application by the parties, courts also provide support by extending the mandate of the arbitral tribunal.<\/p>\n<p>In relation to enforcement of an award, Section 34 of the Act provides for a domestic arbitral award to be set aside only on the limited grounds specified in sub-sections (2) and (3).\u00a0 An application for setting aside has to be made within three months from the date of receipt of the arbitral award or from the date on which that request has been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal in case of a request for correction and interpretation of award or additional award is made. Section 36 governs the enforcement of domestic arbitral awards in India. It mandates that once the time limit to challenge an award under Section 34 has expired, the award is enforced in the same manner as a civil court decree under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of foreign awards, Section 48 outlines the specific, exhaustive circumstances under which an Indian court \u201cmay\u201d refuse to enforce the same where the agreement was invalid or a party lacked capacity, proper notice was not given, the award exceeded the scope of the submission, the tribunal&#8217;s composition or procedure was defective, or the award has been set aside or is not yet binding. Enforcement may also be refused if the dispute is not arbitrable under Indian law or enforcement would be contrary to Indian public policy.<\/p>\n<p>Indian courts have been adopting a pro-enforcement approach. Further, in the international context, Indian courts have shown consistent support for the enforcement of foreign awards under the New York Convention framework, by holding that that refusal of enforcement must be done only in exceptional cases and grounds for resisting foreign enforcement are much narrower than the grounds for challenging a domestic award.\u00a0 The meaning given to \u201cpublic policy in India\u201d in the domestic context by courts is also narrower where there is an objection raised to the enforcement of a foreign award.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, legislative amendments in 2015, 2019, and 2021 have further strengthened court support for arbitration by introducing provisions for fast-track procedures, restricting stays on enforcement of domestic award subject to conditions unless the arbitration agreement\/award was induced by fraud or corruption, and reinforcing time-bound arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>Notably, courts have imposed cost on a party for attempting to re-agitate issues already settled by higher courts at the execution stage being an abuse of process, a calculated attempt to delay enforcement of the arbitral award, and frivolous litigation.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding the timelines for enforcement of a domestic award, once an arbitral award has been granted in favour of a party, it would have to wait for a period of three months (extendable by 30 days) before proceeding with the enforcement and execution of the award.\u00a0 During this period of three (3) months, which is extendable by 30 days, the award may be challenged in terms of Section 34 of the Act. On lapse of the said time and achieving the finality, and in the absence of any stay on execution granted by the court under Section 36(3) of the Indian Arbitration Act, the award holder is entitled to proceed for the execution of the award before the relevant court, as if it was a decree of the court.\u00a0 As such, the Indian Arbitration Act does not stipulate any time-limit in getting a domestic or foreign award executed and enforced.<\/p>\n<p>Uncontested enforcement of a domestic or foreign award may be completed within 6 months. However, where challenges under Section 34, or appellate proceedings under Section 37 of the Indian Arbitration Act, are initiated for domestic awards or under Section 48 of the Indian Arbitration Act for a foreign award, enforcement may be extended by several months. Foreign award enforcement proceedings typically follow similar timelines, with courts increasingly prioritising expeditious disposal in line with pro-enforcement jurisprudence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any limitation periods for commencing disputes in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Indian law recognises clearly defined limitation periods for commencing disputes, governed primarily by the Limitation Act, 1963, which applies to civil and commercial disputes, arbitration proceedings, and other civil proceedings. Certain special enactments and statutes prescribe their own limitation periods. The Schedule to the Limitation Act prescribes the time frame within which civil claims may be raised by a party, along with the time from which the limitation period begins to run for each.<\/p>\n<p>Broadly, limitation periods vary depending on the nature of the claim. For instance, the limitation period for lawsuits pertaining to contracts, accounts, declarations, decrees, movable property, recovery of money etc. is three years from the date of accrual of the cause of action.<\/p>\n<p>The Limitation Act allows for condonation of delay or extension of the prescribed period if the applicant demonstrates \u201csufficient cause\u201d for the delay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How common are multi-party disputes? How is liability apportioned between multiple defendants? Does your jurisdiction recognise net contribution clauses (which limit the liability of a defaulting party to a \u201cfair and reasonable\u201d proportion of the innocent party\u2019s losses), and are these commonly used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Multi-party disputes are fairly common in Indian litigation and arbitration practice, particularly in complex commercial and infrastructure disputes such as large projects and transactions typically involve multiple stakeholders i.e. employers, EPC contractors, subcontractors, engineers, consultants, insurers, financiers, government authorities, and regulators, making multi-party proceedings a usual phenomenon rather than an exception. Similar multi-party disputes are also common in shareholders\/joint venture disputes.<\/p>\n<p>Indian procedural law facilitates such disputes through joinder and impleadment mechanisms under the CPC, which permit the consolidation of multiple defendants and causes of action arising from the same transaction or series of transactions.<\/p>\n<p>Liability apportionment in multi-party cases may vary and may be in the nature of joint liability, joint and several liability, proportionate liability, depending on the nature of the wrong and the governing legal framework. Indian courts traditionally apply the doctrine of joint and several liability, particularly in cases of composite negligence, allowing the claimant to recover full compensation from any one of the wrongdoers.<\/p>\n<p>Under Indian jurisprudence and the Indian Contract Act, parties responsible for the same damage are typically subject to joint and several liability. The enforceability and effectiveness of a net contribution clause would be determined\u2002primarily by the language of the clause and whether it meets the tests under Section 10 and Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act. Any clauses restricting liability of a party are held to be not binding and if there is a public policy or public interest element intrinsic to these clauses then the rights under these sections cannot be waived by any contractual term.\u00a0 Sections 73 and 55 of the Indian Contract Act are the basic foundations, since if any of the parties can break the contract without suffering any liability or if there is no right available to the aggrieved party to ask for the damages then it will defeat the very edifice of the said Act. Therefore, these provisions are considered as a matter of public policy and any contractual clause that goes against the public policy shall be deemed to be void under Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the biggest challenges and opportunities facing the construction sector in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>While the Indian construction sector is navigating challenges common to rapidly developing economies such as evolving skill development needs, fluctuating material costs, competitive bidding environments, and regulatory processes, these are being actively addressed through transformative government initiatives and private sector innovation. The sector is experiencing an unprecedented wave of opportunity driven by visionary programs like the National Infrastructure Pipeline, which is channeling substantial investment into, inter alia, urban infrastructure projects, transport projects, railways, regional connectivity, water infrastructure, renewable energy projects, freight corridoes etc. The nation&#8217;s affordable housing schemes are fulfilling the dreams of millions of families, while the enthusiastic adoption of modern technologies including building information modeling, prefabrication, and modular construction is rapidly closing the gap with global standards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What types of project are currently attracting the most investment in your jurisdiction (e.g. infrastructure, power, commercial property, offshore)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>India is currently witnessing the highest investment activity in infrastructure, energy, and real estate sectors. The Union Budget 2025\u201326 allocated a record amount for infrastructure capital expenditure, with major emphasis on roads, railways, renewable energy, airports, and urban development. Real estate, particularly commercial office space driven by Global Capability Centres (GCCs), industrial and warehousing facilities, and residential developments, continues to attract strong institutional investment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How do you envisage technology affecting the construction and engineering industry in your jurisdiction over the next five years?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Over the next five years, technology is poised to fundamentally reshape India&#8217;s construction and engineering industry through the widespread adoption of digital tools and advanced methodologies. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is expected to become mainstream, enabling real-time coordination, clash detection, and lifecycle management across stakeholders. Digital twins are gaining traction, allowing teams to simulate performance, optimise costs, and plan operations earlier in the project lifecycle. Artificial intelligence and machine learning will increasingly drive scheduling, risk forecasting, and resource optimisation. The integration of IoT sensors, drones, cloud-based platforms, and modular construction techniques will address persistent challenges such as labour shortages, supply chain disruptions, and safety risks. This transformation will also necessitate workforce upskilling in areas such as computational design, BIM coordination, and data analytics. In essence, the convergence of these technologies is set to transform India&#8217;s construction sector from a traditionally fragmented industry into a digitally enabled ecosystem. From a legal and contractual standpoint, these technological shifts will necessitate the evolution of standard-form contracts to address issues such as intellectual property ownership of digital models, cybersecurity obligations, liability allocation for technology failures, and the admissibility of digitally generated records as evidence in dispute resolution proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What do you anticipate to be the impact from ongoing supply chain issues and the escalation of material costs over the coming year?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In India, reliance on imports for certain industrial inputs remain a vulnerability. While government initiatives are progressively encouraging domestic manufacturing, the benefits of import substitution are likely to materialise only over a period of a few years. The supply chain disruptions and escalation in material costs are anticipated to have a material impact on the procurement of goods, operations and financial performance of the construction projects over the coming year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">6089<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/139080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=139080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}