{"id":137786,"date":"2026-04-07T12:07:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T12:07:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=137786"},"modified":"2026-04-07T12:07:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T12:07:11","slug":"peru-doing-business-in","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/peru-doing-business-in\/","title":{"rendered":"Peru: Doing Business In"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-137786","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-doing-business-in","jurisdictions-peru"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Deloitte &amp; Touche S.R.L.<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/04\/Deloitte-Legal-logo-UK.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Deloitte &amp; Touche S.R.L.<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2026\/04\/Deloitte-Legal-logo-UK.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Doing Business In laws and regulations applicable in Peru<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the system of law in your jurisdiction based on civil law, common law or something else?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Civil Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the different types of vehicle \/ legal forms through which people carry on business in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The different type of legal forms are regulated by the Law No. 26887 &#8211; General Corporations Law (\u201cLGS\u201c):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sociedad An\u00f3nima (S.A.) \u2013 ordinary joint- stock company<\/li>\n<li>Sociedad An\u00f3nima Cerrada (S.A.C.) \u2013 closely held, max 20 shareholders<\/li>\n<li>Sociedad An\u00f3nima Abierta (S.A.A.) \u2013 publicly listed<\/li>\n<li>Sociedad Comercial de Responsabilidad Limitada (S.R.L.) \u2013 2\u201320 partners<\/li>\n<li>Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada (E.I.R.L.) \u2013 single owner<\/li>\n<li>Branch (Sucursal) of a foreign company<\/li>\n<li>Permanent Establishment of a foreign company (whose incorporation is not only regulated by the LGS but also by tax regulations)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can non-domestic entities carry on business directly in your jurisdiction, i.e., without having to incorporate or register an entity?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. A foreign entity may operate through a branch or a permanent establishment, which must be registered with SUNARP and obtain a RUC (Taxpayer ID) with SUNAT, but it does not create a separate legal personality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any capital requirements to consider when establishing different entity types?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru does not impose a statutory minimum capital. Companies must subscribe capital and pay at least 25% of each share upon incorporation. Banks may require a practical minimum (e.g., approx. PEN 1,000) to open an account.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the different types of vehicle established in your jurisdiction? And which is the most common entity \/ branch for investors to utilise?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Incorporation requires drafting bylaws, executing a public deed, registering with SUNARP, obtaining a Taxpayer ID (RUC), and legalizing accounting books.<\/p>\n<p>Foreign investors commonly choose S.A.C. or S.R.L. for flexibility and reduced governance requirements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the entity operated and managed, i.e., directors, officers or others? And how do they make decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li>S.A.: Shareholders\u2019 Meeting, Board of Directors, Management.<\/li>\n<li>S.A.C.: Shareholders\u2019 Meeting, Board of Directors is optional; may be managed only by a General Manager.<\/li>\n<li>S.R.L.: Partners\u2019 Meeting and Management. No Board of Directors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Quorum and voting rules follow the LGS.<\/p>\n<p>The Shareholders\u2019 Meeting is the supreme decision- making body. It approves accounts, dividends, director appointments\/removals, and all structural decisions such as amendments to the bylaws, capital changes, mergers, spin- offs, or dissolution.<\/p>\n<p>The Board manages overall strategy and oversight. It adopts resolutions by simple majority of directors attending. The S.A.C. may omit the board entirely.<\/p>\n<p>The General Manager handles day- to- day operations and legal representation of the company toward third parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there general requirements or restrictions relating to the appointment of (a) authorised representatives \/ directors or (b) shareholders, such as a requirement for a certain number, or local residency or nationality?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li>Minimum 2 shareholders<\/li>\n<li>No nationality or residency requirements for directors\/shareholders<\/li>\n<li>A local resident legal representative is mandatory for dealings with government authorities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Apart from the creation of an entity or establishment, what other possibilities are there for expanding business operations in your jurisdiction? Can one work with trade \/commercial agents, resellers and are there any specific rules to be observed?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Foreign businesses may operate via commercial agents, distributors, or franchisees without establishing a legal entity. Contracts rely on civil\/commercial law and sector-\u2011specific licenses may apply (e.g., pharma, mining).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any corporate governance codes or equivalent for privately owned companies or groups of companies? If so, please provide a summary of the main provisions and how they apply.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru has a voluntary Corporate Governance Code applicable mainly to publicly listed companies supervised by the Securities Market authority (SMV) and non-\u2011listed companies may apply it as best practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the options available when looking to provide the entity with working capital? i.e., capital injection, loans etc.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li>Capital contributions (cash or in-\u2011kind)<\/li>\n<li>Shareholder loans<\/li>\n<li>Third&#8211;\u2011party commercial loans<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the processes for returning proceeds from entities? i.e., dividends, returns of capital, loans etc.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li>Dividends require shareholder approval and are subject to a 5% withholding tax for non\u2011residents.<\/li>\n<li>Capital reductions require shareholder approval, publication and registration in the Public Registry (SUNARP).<\/li>\n<li>Intercompany loans must follow transfer&#8211;\u2011pricing rules and applicable withholding taxes, as well as corporate approvals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are specific voting requirements \/ percentages required for specific decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The LGS establishes specific quorums and supermajorities for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amendments to bylaws<\/li>\n<li>Capital increases\/reductions<\/li>\n<li>Mergers, spin&#8211;\u2011offs, transformations<\/li>\n<li>Dissolution<\/li>\n<li>Shareholders may adopt higher thresholds in bylaws.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For ordinary matters, such as approval of accounts, appointment or removal or directors, and other ordinary business:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In 1<sup>st<\/sup> call, shareholders representing more than 50% of the subscribed voting shares must be present or represented.<\/li>\n<li>In 2<sup>nd<\/sup> call, the meeting is valid with the shareholders who attend (no minimum capital threshold).<\/li>\n<li>Voting majority is simple majority of voting shares represented at the meeting, unless the bylaws require a higher majority.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For extraordinary matters, such as amendments to bylaws, capital increases or reductions, issuance of bonds, mergers, transformations, dissolution or liquidation, among others:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In 1<sup>st<\/sup> call, at least 2\/3 of the subscribed voting shares must be present or represented.<\/li>\n<li>In 2<sup>nd<\/sup> call, at least 3\/5 of the subscribed voting shares must be present or represented.<\/li>\n<li>Voting majority is absolute majority of voting shares represented at the meeting, unless the bylaws require a higher majority.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are shareholders authorised to issue binding instructions to the management? Are these rules the same for all entities? What are the consequences and limitations?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Shareholders may set general guidelines via the Shareholders\u2019 Meeting, but they cannot directly interfere with managerial duties. Instructions contrary to law or the corporate interest could trigger liability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the core employment law protection rules in your country (e.g., discrimination, minimum wage, dismissal etc.)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are going to divide the core employment law protection rules into three (3), relating to three different periods of an employment relationship: (i) hiring rules, (ii) during the employment contract, (iii) and when the labor contract ends.<\/p>\n<p>The general labor regime in Peru is regulated by Consolidated Text of Legislative Decree No. 728 (hereinafter, \u201cGeneral Labor Regulation\u201d). This labor regime applies to most employees in the private sector, excluding those who are under special regimes. This regime establishes general rules regarding working conditions, hiring rules or termination causes.<\/p>\n<p>The general rule is that every employee should be hired with an indefinite term labor contract. In this case, a written formality is not required. However, employers can hire with fixed-term labor contracts only if they fulfil the objective cause established by the General Labor Regulation. Fixed-Term labor contracts should be entered with a written formality and Courts and Labor Inspection Authority usually require complementary documents to prove the requirement for the temporary contract depending on the fixed term labor contract modality. For instance, sales register statistics, increase of incomes of a certain activity, among others.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, during the employment contract, employers should follow some rules:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; There is a Minimum Living Wage (RMV), which constitutes a non-waivable limit for any compensation scheme, as it is defined and periodically updated by the State as a matter of labor public policy. Supreme Decree N\u00b0 006-2024-TR has set the RMV at S\/. 1,130.00, effective as of January 1, 2025.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Employees are entitled to receive 2 legal bonuses, Christmas and Independence Day bonus, in July and December, Compensation for Length of Service (Peruvian unemployment insurance), 30 days of paid leave (vacations), among others.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; The maximum workday in Peru is 8 hours or 48 hours per week. Note that a worker will receive the full benefits of the Law, if they work at least 4 hours a day on average. Otherwise, they will be considered as part-time workers, which are only entitled to receive Legal Bonuses and 7 days of vacation.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; There are mandatory contributions to the social security and pension systems: Health insurance contributions to EsSalud (equivalent to 9% of the employee\u2019s salary), funded entirely by the employer; and contributions assumed by the employee, such contributions to either the National Pension System (NPS) or the Private Pension System (PPS), depending on the employee\u2019s affiliation.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; According to Law N\u00b0 30709, Law that bans acts of wage discrimination related to gender reasons, established that policies, agreements or other documents should not put workers on maternity leave or breastfeeding in an unfavorable position to receive variable compensation or salary increases. Also, it is prohibited not to renew fixed term contracts due to maternity or breastfeeding, except with objective and documented evidence to the contrary. Also, according to the General Labor Regulation, any dismissal based on the pregnancy or breastfeeding of a working mother will be considered null and void.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, according to the General Labor Regulation, there are various grounds for termination of an employment contract. The most common are employee&#8217;s resignation, mutual agreement, dismissal for serious misconduct, and expiration of a fixed-term contract. There is special protection against unfair dismissal. The worker can choose between compensatory relief (compensation for unfair dismissal) or reinstatement (reinstatement to the workplace).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">On what basis can an employee be dismissed in your country, what process must be followed and what are the associated costs? Does this differ for collective dismissals and if so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>According to Peruvian law, an employee can be dismissed for committing a serious offense as defined by law. Article 25 of the General Labor Regulation establishes various grounds for dismissal (failure to comply with the Work Regulations, misappropriation of employer goods or services, job abandonment, among others).<\/p>\n<p>The dismissal process begins with a formal letter of charges, in which the employer alleges serious misconduct, supported by facts and evidence. The employee has six calendar days to submit their defence. Following this, the employer decides and notifies the employee whether they will reduce or waive the sanction or proceed with the justified dismissal. The worker can challenge the dismissal in court and has 30 business days to file their legal claim.<\/p>\n<p>The procedure described differs from collective dismissal. According to General Labor Regulation, there are four grounds for opting for collective dismissal:<\/p>\n<p>a) Acts of God and force majeure;<br \/>\nb) Economic, technological, structural, or similar reasons;<br \/>\nc) Dissolution and liquidation of the company, and bankruptcy;<br \/>\nd) Restructuring of assets subject to Legislative Decree No. 845.<\/p>\n<p>Each type of collective termination has its own specific procedure. For example, in cases of collective termination due to economic, technological, structural, or similar reasons, approval from the Ministry of Labor is required to proceed with the collective dismissal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Does your jurisdiction have a system of employee representation \/ participation (e.g., works councils, co-determined supervisory boards, trade unions etc.)? Are there entities which are exempt from the corresponding regulations?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A union can be formed in a company with more than 20 employees. In some sectors like mining, industrial or construction, there are Federations, which involve an aggregation of unions that have a strong presence in labor relations with companies.<\/p>\n<p>The union has the right to collective bargaining, with the aim of signing a collective agreement to regulate wages and\/or working conditions. If the union represents more than one-half of a company\u2019s employees (majority), the collective agreement will apply to all employees of the company, even if they are not members of the union; whereas, if the union represents a minority, it will apply only to its members. It should be noted that this majority can be calculated not only based on the total number of workers on the company&#8217;s payroll but also based on a specific area or category with similar characteristics, for example, the category of blue-collar or white-collar workers, or a specific workplace. The agreement may be reached through direct negotiation, conciliation, mediation, or arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a system governing anti-bribery or anti-corruption or similar? Does this system extend to nondomestic constellations, i.e., have extraterritorial reach?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru imposes administrative liability on legal entities for corruption, collusion, influence peddling, money laundering, and terrorism financing under Law No. 30424, strengthened by Law No. 31740. The regime includes extraterritorial liability for transnational bribery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, are the laws relating to economic crime? If such laws exist, is there an obligation to report economic crimes to the relevant authorities?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li>Money laundering is criminalized under Legislative Decree No. 1106.<\/li>\n<li>There is a specific criminal offence for failing to file suspicious transaction reports by obligated entities. This crime is punishable with imprisonment ranging from 4 to 8 years, a monetary penalty of 120 to 250 \u201cdays-\u2011fine,\u201d and disqualification from 4 to 6 years.<\/li>\n<li>If a company commits an economic crime in the course of its activities, it may be sanctioned with fines ranging from 50 to 300 Tax Units (UIT), temporary closure of its establishments, suspension of its operations for up to 3 years, prohibition from carrying out the activities that led to the commission of the crime, cancellation of licenses, rights, or authorizations, and\/or the dissolution of the legal entity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is money laundering and terrorist financing regulated in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The \u2011UIFPeru operates under the Superintendence of Banking, Insurance and Pension Funds (SBS) and is the central authority responsible for AML\/CFT prevention system. It includes due diligence, rules for suspicious transaction reporting (ROS), asset-\u2011freezing procedures and national policies.<\/p>\n<p>Peruvian AML law imposes due&#8211;\u2011diligence and reporting obligations on a wide range of obligated entities including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Financial institutions,<\/li>\n<li>Notaries,<\/li>\n<li>Casinos and gaming operators,<\/li>\n<li>Real\u2011estate agents,<\/li>\n<li>Companies in vulnerable sectors (e.g., mining, precious metals).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Companies and individuals face significant criminal and administrative sanctions, while the regime includes comprehensive mechanisms for KYC, reporting, asset&#8211;\u2011freezing, transparency (beneficial ownership), and national coordination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there rules regulating compliance in the supply chain (for example comparable to the UK Modern Slavery Act, the Dutch wet kinderarbeid, the French loi de vigilance)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru does not have a mandatory supply&#8211;\u2011chain due&#8211;\u2011diligence or modern&#8211;\u2011slavery law comparable to the UK Modern Slavery Act or the EU due&#8211;\u2011diligence regime. Human&#8211;\u2011rights due diligence is voluntary.<\/p>\n<p>However, several Peruvian laws indirectly impact supply-\u2011chain compliance:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Constitution (Art. 2.24.b) prohibits slavery, servitude, and human trafficking.<\/li>\n<li>The Criminal Code (Art. 129-\u2011O) criminalizes forced labour and aggravated forms of exploitation.<\/li>\n<li>Law No. 31330 and its regulation Supreme Decree No. 005-\u20112022-\u2011TR establish national policies to prevent and eradicate forced labour.<\/li>\n<li>Occupational Safety and Health Law &#8211; Law No. 29783 imposes compliance obligations on employers and contractors, indirectly affecting supply-\u2011chain risk.<\/li>\n<li>Peru\u2019s National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights (2021\u20132025) promotes voluntary due diligence aligned with the UN Guiding Principles, but it does not impose binding obligations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Please describe the requirements to prepare, audit, approve and disclose annual accounts \/ annual financial statements in your jurisdiction.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li>The Annual Shareholders\u2019 Meeting must approve financial statements within 3 months after year-\u2011end.<\/li>\n<li>Listed companies publish\/disclose per SMV rules; non-\u2011listed maintain internal books and file with SUNAT if required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Please detail any corporate \/ company secretarial annual compliance requirements?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Maintaining statutory books, mandatory annual shareholders\u2019 meeting, updating SUNARP registrations for changes in officers\/directors, and full tax compliance (SUNAT).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a requirement for annual meetings of shareholders, or other stakeholders, to be held? If so, what matters need to be considered and approved at the annual shareholder meeting?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, according to the LGS all companies must have a mandatory annual meeting to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Approve financial statements<\/li>\n<li>Decide profit distributions<\/li>\n<li>Elect board members (if applicable)<\/li>\n<li>Appoint auditors (if applicable)<\/li>\n<li>Approve any agenda items required by law\/statutes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any reporting \/ notification \/ disclosure requirements on beneficial ownership \/ ultimate beneficial owners (UBO) of entities? If yes, please briefly describe these requirements.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru mandates UBO reporting to SUNAT under Legislative Decree No. 1372 and SUNAT Resolution No. 185- 2019.<\/p>\n<p>The UBO is considered any natural person owning \u226510% or exercising effective control; if none identified, the most senior managing officer must be declared.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What main taxes are businesses subject to in your jurisdiction, and on what are they levied (usually profits), and at what rate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The main taxes are Corporate Income Tax (CIT), Value Added Tax (VAT), Municipal Taxes and Temporary Net Assets Tax (TNAT).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Companies domiciled in Peru pay CIT on their income from a global source, that is, from Peruvian and foreign sources. Branches, agencies or other permanent establishments of companies incorporated abroad are only taxed on their Peruvian-source income. The applicable rate is 29.5%.<\/li>\n<li>The operations subject to VAT are the following: (i) the sale in the country of movable property; (ii) the provision or use of services in the country; (iii) construction contracts; (iv) the first sale of real estate carried out by the constructors; and (v) the importation of goods. Exports of goods and services are not taxed with VAT. All those who carry out activities subject to the VAT are obliged to pay said tax. The applicable rate is 18% (which includes the Municipal Promotion Tax \u2013 rate of 2.5%).<\/li>\n<li>The Municipal Taxes are composed of property tax and transfer tax (to mention the principal ones). The first tax is levied on the value of urban and rural properties owned by an individual, with the rate applied on a sliding scale based on the total value of property in each district jurisdiction (tax rates range from 0.2% to 1%). On the other hand, the second tax is levied on transfers of ownership of these properties based on the transfer value, by applying the rate of 3% over the transfer price, discounting from said base 10 Tax Units (approximately USD 16K).<\/li>\n<li>The TNAT is levied on the net assets of corporations and is equivalent to 0.4% of the total value of net assets, deducting from said base S\/ 1,000,000 (USD 303K), according to the figures as of December 31 of the previous fiscal year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any particular incentive regimes that make your jurisdiction attractive to businesses from a tax perspective (e.g. tax holidays, incentive regimes, employee schemes, or other?)<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>\u2022 Stability Agreements: Local companies with foreign investment may enter into Stability Agreements. Stability is limited to the income tax regime, including the rate in force at the time of entering into such agreements, except in the case of certain economic sectors, such as mining, oil, and gas, where stability extends to other taxes.<\/p>\n<p>By law, a 2% surcharge is added to the stabilized income tax rate for Stability Agreements. Considering the current income tax rate of 29.5%, the rate would rise to 31.5%.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Investment promotion in the Amazon: Law No. 27037 established regulations aimed at promoting investment in the Amazon region, including tax benefits that will depend on the activities carried out and the geographical location of the beneficiary. Those covered by this regime will enjoy exemption of VAT or the application of a reduced CIT rate of 5% or 10%, depending on their geographical location and the activities carried out.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Double Tax Treaty (DTT): Peru has signed several DTTs, the majority of which follow the OECD model. Tax Treaties generally provide a measure of relief from double taxation by limiting or eliminating the double taxation scenarios. To date, Peru has subscribed Tax Treaties with the following jurisdictions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chile<\/li>\n<li>Canada<\/li>\n<li>Andean Community of Nations (Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador)<\/li>\n<li>Brazil<\/li>\n<li>Mexico<\/li>\n<li>South Korea<\/li>\n<li>Switzerland<\/li>\n<li>Portugal<\/li>\n<li>Japan<\/li>\n<li>United Kingdom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Furthermore, Peru has ratified the Multilateral Instrument (BEPS MLI), which takes effect from January 1, 2026.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 New Agricultural Regime<\/strong>: Law No. 32434 has established a new regulatory framework for the agricultural sector, effective as of January 1, 2026, for tax purposes. This regime applies to:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Small producers and agricultural companies primarily engaged in cultivation or farming activities.<br \/>\n&#8211; Small producers and agro-industrial companies operating outside Lima and Callao that predominantly use agricultural products.<\/p>\n<p>Those covered by this regime will enjoy a reduced CIT rate of 15% and a special rate of depreciation of 20% per year on the number of investments in hydraulic infrastructure works and irrigation works affected by the production of taxable income.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Accelerated depreciation:<\/strong> Corporations of certain industries, such as energy from renewable sources can depreciate assets linked to their projects by using special rates of up to 20%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Balance in favor of the exporter:<\/strong> The amount of VAT paid for the acquisition of goods, services, construction contracts and import policies, generates a tax credit for exporters, also known as the Balance in Favor of the Exporter (BFE). This alternative would be applicable to the Company if it would make exports.<\/p>\n<p>To offset the BFE, the taxpayer must declare it in the monthly tax returns (PDT 621) and comply with certain substantial and formal conditions. In case the VAT output is not enough to fully offset the BFE, this credit can be accumulated to posterior periods.<\/p>\n<p>The BFE can be offset against the output VAT determined in a period, the remaining BFE can be requested as a refund, which has as numerical limit the result of applying the 18% rate on exports made (shipped) in a given period. The BFE that exceeds said limit cannot be requested in refund, but can be carried forward as BFE subject to refund in another period when exports shipped are declared in the PDT 621 (to determine a new limit).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 VAT Early Recovery Regime:<\/strong> Businesses with investment projects whose implementation may take several years (preoperative stage) can request the refund of the VAT paid on purchases and import of goods and services.<\/p>\n<p>For this, (i) the Company must have an investment commitment for the execution of the project that is equal to or greater than USD 5,000,000, without VAT, and (ii) the pre-productive stage must last a period equal to or greater than two years, counted from the date of the beginning of the investment schedule, which is accredited with the first acquisition invoice linked to the project. The admission procedure is carried out before Proinversi\u00f3n (Peruvian public entity). This alternative would be applicable to the Company if it would make new investments complying with the abovementioned conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any impediments \/ tax charges that typically apply to the inflow or outflow of capital to and from your jurisdiction (e.g., withholding taxes, exchange controls, capital controls, etc.)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The individuals or companies that pay income of any kind to non-domiciled beneficiaries qualify as withholding agents, which means that they are responsible for withholding and paying the income tax from Peruvian-source generated by the non-domiciled entities.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of companies, as withholding agents, they must file a monthly tax return detailing the transactions for which the withholding was made. Likewise, the annual income tax return must include details of transactions with non-residents that are not subject to withholding.<\/p>\n<p>Below, we describe the most common withholdings on incomes generated and paid to non-resident beneficiaries:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Dividends:<\/strong> Any distribution of dividends in favor of domiciled or non-domiciled natural persons, as well as non-domiciled legal entities, is taxed at a rate of 5%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Interest:<\/strong> Interest paid to a non-domiciled person, provided that certain requirements are met, is taxed at the rate of 4.99%, otherwise it is 30%. On the other hand, in the case of interest paid to related companies abroad, they are subject to the 30% withholding.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Technical assistance:<\/strong> Technical assistance services are defined as an independent service provided from abroad or from the country, by which the provider undertakes to use its skills, through the application of certain procedures, arts or techniques, in order to provide specialized and non-patentable knowledge, which is necessary in the business activity carried out by the user.<\/p>\n<p>Payments abroad for services that qualify as &#8220;technical assistance&#8221; are subject to a withholding rate of 15%, otherwise, the applicable rate will be 30%.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Digital Services:<\/strong> Digital services are defined as those rendered though the Internet or any similar network, being essentially automatically, with minimum human intervention.<\/p>\n<p>Payments abroad for services that qualify as &#8220;digital service&#8221; are subject to a withholding rate of 30%, regardless of the place of provision of the service, as long as they are used economically in the country.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Royalties:<\/strong> Royalties paid abroad are subject to a 30% tax rate on a definitive basis that must be withheld by the local payer.<\/p>\n<p>It is worth mentioning that if some of these payments abroad are made to companies\u2019 resident in jurisdictions with which there is a DTT, the rates contained in said treaty will be applicable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any significant transfer taxes, stamp duties, etc. to be taken into consideration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>\u2022 Financial Transaction Tax (FTT):<\/strong> The FTT is levied on transactions carried out through any entity of the national financial system, any entry or exit of money in accounts opened in Peruvian banking entities. The rate of FTT is 0.005% of the value of the affected operation, without any deduction. The tax is withheld by the bank, and it can be deducted as expense for income tax purposes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2022 Fair Market Value (FMV):<\/strong> For the purposes of CIT, any type of transaction, whether free of charge or onerous, must be agreed at FMV. If the agreed price differs from the FMV, either due to overvaluation or undervaluation, SUNAT will proceed to adjust it.<\/p>\n<p>In transactions between related parties or carried out from, to or through companies\u2019 resident in tax havens, the FMV must be determined in accordance with the provisions of Transfer Pricing rules.<\/p>\n<p>Taxpayers domiciled in Peru are required to file the corresponding Informative Returns \u2013 Local Report informing about the transactions that generate taxable income and\/or deductible costs or expenses for the determination of the tax, provided that they meet certain requirements.<\/p>\n<p>When services are provided between related parties, the deduction of the costs or expenses incurred is subject to compliance with the Benefit Test. This test evaluates aspects such as supporting documentation of the reliability of the service, applicable mark-up, the economic and\/or commercial value, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any public takeover rules?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Public takeover bids (Ofertas P\u00fablicas de Adquisici\u00f3n \u2013 OPAs) in Peru are subject to a comprehensive regulatory regime designed to ensure market transparency, equal treatment of shareholders, fair pricing, and adequate disclosure. The framework is primarily governed by the Securities Market Law (Texto \u00danico Ordenado de la Ley del Mercado de Valores) and the Tender Offer Regulations issued by the Peruvian securities regulator, the Superintendence of the Securities Market (SMV). The system applies whenever an acquirer seeks to obtain or increase a significant shareholding in a publicly traded company.<\/p>\n<p>The Securities Market Law &#8211; Legislative Decree 861 and Supreme Decree No. 020-2023-EF, provides the overall legal basis for mandatory and voluntary public tender offers in Peru.<\/p>\n<p>We also have the Tender Offer Regulations &#8211; CONASEV Resolution No. 009-\u20112006-\u2011EF\/94.10, which details:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When an OPA is required;<\/li>\n<li>The distinction between prior and subsequent tender offers;<\/li>\n<li>Rules for equal treatment of all shareholders;<\/li>\n<li>Pricing rules and valuation methodologies;<\/li>\n<li>Disclosure obligations and procedural deadlines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Types of Tender Offers in Peru<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mandatory Tender Offers: These occur when a shareholder acquires \u2014 directly or indirectly \u2014 a significant participation that crosses regulated thresholds. In such cases, the acquirer must launch a tender offer to give all shareholders the opportunity to sell their shares on equal terms. Key thresholds and conditions are detailed in the Tender Offer Regulations.<\/li>\n<li>Prior Tender Offer: Required before acquiring a significant stake, especially when the acquisition could grant control over the issuer. The purpose is to provide transparency and prevent acquisitions that harm minority shareholders.<\/li>\n<li>Subsequent Tender Offer: Required after an investor has acquired a significant participation indirectly or through other mechanisms. This ensures that minority shareholders also benefit from the control premium paid in the transaction.<br \/>\nThe SMV has broad authority to:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Review tender offer documentation;<\/li>\n<li>Supervise compliance with pricing and procedural rules;<\/li>\n<li>Assess the fairness of information disclosed to shareholders;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Approve changes to tender offer regulations.<br \/>\nIts goal is to ensure investor protection, adequate market functioning, and fairness in takeover processes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a merger control regime and is it mandatory \/ how does it broadly work?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru has a mandatory pre- merger review under Law No. 31112 (in force since 2021), with the objective to prevent monopolistic positions and ensure free competition, empowering the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi) to evaluate and authorize mergers that exceed certain economic thresholds. Indecopi reviews concentrations in a two- phase system; most transactions are approved without conditions, with occasional structural and behavioral remedies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there an obligation to negotiate in good faith?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Good faith governs all contractual dealings under the Civil Code; failure to negotiate in good faith may lead to pre- contractual liability. Securities markets also impose conduct and transparency obligations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What protections do employees benefit from when their employer is being acquired, for example, are there employee and \/ or employee representatives\u2019 information and consultation or co-determination obligations, and what process must be followed? Do these obligations differ depending on whether an asset or share deal is undertaken?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In a share deal, employment continues unchanged because the employer entity remains the same. In an asset deal, employees do not transfer automatically; their consent (often documented in a tripartite agreement) is required. If employees transfer, all acquired labour rights and seniority must be preserved. Workforce reductions resulting from the transaction must comply with strict Peruvian rules on individual dismissals and the statutory procedure for collective dismissals.<\/p>\n<p>Where an M&amp;A transaction leads to workforce reductions, employers must follow Peru\u2019s collective dismissal procedure. It requires prior approval from the Labour Authority and compliance with statutory grounds.<\/p>\n<p>If a union is present the employer must observe the applicable collective bargaining agreement. Unionized employees may require information or consultation, depending on the terms of the Collective Agreement, although Peruvian law does not impose a statutory consultation regime for M&amp;A.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Please detail any foreign direct investment restrictions, controls or requirements? For example, please detail any limitations, notifications and \/ or approvals required for corporate acquisitions.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The 1993 Constitution of Peru guarantees foreign investors the same rights as nationals, including property rights, freedom of enterprise, and access to the domestic market. Foreigners may undertake economic activities without discrimination, except in specifically restricted areas.<\/p>\n<p>Foreigners may not acquire or possess mines, land, forests, water, fuel or energy sources within 50 kilometres of the Peruvian borders, unless the State issues a Supreme Decree declaring public necessity. This restriction is constitutional and applies irrespective of the investment vehicle.<\/p>\n<p>Legislative Decree No. 662 (Foreign Investment Promotion Law) establishes Peru\u2019s core FDI framework and provides:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Full legal stability and national treatment for qualifying foreign investments;<\/li>\n<li>The right to freely remit profits and capital abroad;<\/li>\n<li>Guarantees protecting foreign investors from adverse legal changes (\u201clegal stability agreements\u201d), provided specific investment thresholds are met;<\/li>\n<li>Equal rights for foreign and national investors, ensuring a non discriminatory business environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These Legal Stability Agreements can cover tax stability, labor regime stability, free transfer of dividends and capital, and non discrimination guarantees. They are typically executed with ProInversi\u00f3n, Peru\u2019s investment promotion agency.<\/p>\n<p>Sector-specific restrictions and approvals may be required for air transport, media, weapons, financial services (banking, insurance), infrastructure, among others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Does your jurisdiction have any exchange control requirements?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Peru has no foreign exchange controls: capital can freely enter or exit the country.<\/p>\n<p>The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) maintains a market- based exchange regime.<\/p>\n<p>The only financial levy applicable is the Financial Transactions Tax (ITF) at 0.005% on bank operations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the most common ways to wind up \/ liquidate \/ dissolve an entity in your jurisdiction? Please provide a brief explanation of the process.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Liquidation process:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Shareholders approve dissolution and appoint a liquidator.<\/li>\n<li>Registration of dissolution and appointment of liquidator in the Public Registry (SUNARP).<\/li>\n<li>Mandatory three public notices in \u201cDiario Oficial El Peruano\u201d and another newspaper of major circulation of the dissolution and liquidation agreement.<\/li>\n<li>Settlement of liabilities and distribution of residual assets.<\/li>\n<li>Mandatory public notices in \u201cDiario Oficial El Peruano\u201d and another newspaper of major circulation of the final liquidation balance.<\/li>\n<li>Registration of extinction in the Public Registry (SUNARP).<\/li>\n<li>Cancellation of tax ID with the Tax Authority (SUNAT).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Grounds include expiry of term, cessation of business, losses, lack of shareholder plurality, insolvency (handled via bankruptcy \/ concursal regime \u2013 Law No. 27809).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">5679<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/137786","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137786"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}