{"id":137358,"date":"2026-04-08T11:29:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-08T11:29:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=137358"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:29:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T11:29:10","slug":"kuwait-mergers-acquisitions","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/kuwait-mergers-acquisitions\/","title":{"rendered":"Kuwait: Mergers &amp; Acquisitions"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-137358","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-mergers-acquisitions","jurisdictions-kuwait"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">ASAR &#8211; Al Ruwayeh &amp; Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/03\/ASAR-Logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">ASAR &#8211; Al Ruwayeh &amp; Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/03\/ASAR-Logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Mergers &amp; Acquisitions laws and regulations applicable in Kuwait<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the key rules\/laws relevant to M&A and who are the key regulatory authorities?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are a number of laws and regulations which would impact on M&amp;A activity.\u00a0 There are also a number of factors that would impact on which laws could apply including the sector in which the target operates, the corporate form of the target (including whether it is listed), the value of the transaction and how the transaction will be structured.<\/p>\n<p>The laws\/regulations that govern M&amp;A activity in Kuwait include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Civil Code, Law 67 of 1980 (as amended) which sets out, amongst other things, the general contractual principals which may apply;<\/li>\n<li>The Commercial Code, Law 68 of 1980 (as amended) which sets out, amongst other things, rules relating to particular transactions and payment methods;<\/li>\n<li>The Companies Law no. 1of 2016 (as amended) which regulates the operation, management and transfer of companies generally in Kuwait;<\/li>\n<li>The Promotion of Direct Investment Law no 116 of 2013 (the DIL) which regulates certain investments from abroad into Kuwait;<\/li>\n<li>The Competition Law 72 of 2020 as well as its executive bylaws which regulate anti-competitive behavior in relation to, amongst other things, the acquisition of an interest in a Kuwaiti company;<\/li>\n<li>The Capital Markets Law no. 7 of 2010 (as amended) (the CML) as well as its executive bylaws (primarily the Capital Markets Handbook issued under Resolution 72 of 2015) (the CML Bylaws) which regulates, amongst other things, the capital markets as well as the restructuring and\/or transfer of shares in certain types of companies;<\/li>\n<li>The Boursa Kuwait Rule Book (as amended) (the Boursa Rule Book) which impacts on the sale and acquisition of listed companies; and<\/li>\n<li>The Tax Law no. 3 of 1955 (as amended) and the Law of Taxation on Multinational Entities no. 157 of 2024 (the latter was issued pursuant to the global \u201c<em>base erosion and profit shifting<\/em>\u201d (BEPS) initiatives and the OECD Pillar II Model Rules) as well as well as their executive bylaws which requires certain actions be taken in relation to and would impact on the structures used in such M&amp;A activity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The regulatory authorities which may be involved would depend on, amongst other things, the corporate form and type of business the parties involved undertake, the extent of the interest being acquired and the value of the transaction involved.\u00a0 Bearing this in mind, the regulatory authorities that we would typically expect to be involved in a transaction include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Ministry of Commerce and Industry (the MOCI), which would typically be involved with licensing and incorporation of an entity as well as the transfer of shares in certain forms of companies;<\/li>\n<li>The Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA) which administers and regulates investments made under the DIL;<\/li>\n<li>The Competition Protection Authority (the CPA) which would have to approve certain transactions under the Competition Law;<\/li>\n<li>The Capital Markets Authority; and<\/li>\n<li>Boursa Kuwait which administers and regulates the stock exchange.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Depending on the business activities which the parties involved may be undertaking, other laws and regulatory bodies may also become relevant such as where the participants operate in the banking, insurance, education, industrial or telecoms sectors<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the current state of the market?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We have seen a sustained increase in M&amp;A activity in Kuwait over recent years, driven both by the release of pent-up demand following COVID-19 and a series of legislative and regulatory reforms aimed at stimulating foreign investment and broader economic diversification.<\/p>\n<p>This has translated into a more active and competitive deal environment, with particularly strong momentum in the oil and gas and utilities sectors, alongside continued resilience in technology, banking, healthcare and aviation. While strategic buyers remain the primary drivers of transactions, there has been a noticeable uptick in activity from financial investors, reflecting growing confidence in the Kuwaiti market and its long-term fundamentals.<\/p>\n<p>Looking ahead, although regional geopolitical tensions may introduce a degree of uncertainty in the short term, they have not, to date, materially dampened deal activity. The pipeline remains robust, with a number of significant transactions progressing and new opportunities continuing to emerge. Overall, the outlook for M&amp;A in Kuwait remains positive, underpinned by government-led investment initiatives and an increasingly investor-friendly regulatory landscape.<\/p>\n<p>In our view, the Kuwaiti M&amp;A market is entering a more mature phase, with investors becoming increasingly sophisticated and selective, placing greater emphasis on deal structuring, risk allocation and post-acquisition value creation. This is expected to drive more complex transactions and a continued evolution in market practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Which market sectors have been particularly active recently?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There has been particularly strong momentum in the oil and gas and utilities sectors, alongside continued resilience in technology, banking, healthcare and aviation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What do you believe will be the three most significant factors influencing M&A activity over the next 2 years?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In our view, three factors are likely to have the most significant influence on M&amp;A activity in Kuwait over the next two years.<\/p>\n<p>First, regional geopolitical tensions will remain a key source of uncertainty. While such risks have historically been viewed as external, recent developments have brought them closer to home. The sustained instability has and will continue to have, a direct impact on oil prices and Kuwait revenues, which remain a central driver of Kuwait\u2019s economy, and in turn influence investor confidence and deal activity.<\/p>\n<p>Second, the acceleration of government-led infrastructure and development projects will be a major catalyst for M&amp;A. A number of large-scale public projects &#8211; particularly in oil and gas, transport infrastructure, ports and digital infrastructure &#8211; are now progressing after previous delays. These initiatives are expected to stimulate broader economic activity and create opportunities for both strategic and financial investors.<\/p>\n<p>Third, we are seeing a shift in investor behaviour, with increasingly sophisticated and opportunistic buyers entering the market. Investors who were previously on the sidelines are now actively seeking to deploy capital, particularly in undervalued or non-core assets. This trend is likely to drive more competitive processes and creative deal structuring, although its pace will remain sensitive to broader market and geopolitical conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Taken together, these factors point to a market that, while not immune to external pressures, is becoming more dynamic and opportunity-driven, with a steadily deepening pool of active participants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the key means of effecting the acquisition of a publicly traded company?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This would have to be done in accordance with the procedures set out in the CML Bylaws and the Boursa Rulebook.\u00a0 In this regard, Module 9 of the CML Bylaws primarily addresses issues in relation to mergers and acquisitions and provides in relation to mergers that this may be done in one of following ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>By \u201cAmalgamation\u201d which is defined to entail the transfer of the entire business of one company (including all its assets and liabilities) to another.<\/li>\n<li>By \u201cConsolidation\u201d which is defined to entail the liquidation of two or more companies and the formation of a new company into which the merged companies assets and liabilities are transferred; and<\/li>\n<li>By \u201cDivision and Amalgamation\u201d which is defined to be the division of a company\u2019s financial assets and liabilities into two parts or more and the transfer of each part into an existing company.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Module 9 also provides for various means of acquiring another company and primarily relates to voluntary and mandatory acquisitions.\u00a0 It is not uncommon for purchasers who are seeking to acquire a Kuwaiti listed company to adopt a creeping strategy until they come into possession of up to 30% of the voting shares of a listed company whereafter mandatory takeover provisions are triggered.\u00a0 While purchasers previously leaned on block trade mechanisms (which raised certain competing bid issues impacting on completion), off-market\/special trade mechanisms (which are now provided for under the Boursa Rule Book) are becoming increasingly popular which allow for a direct purchase of shares in a listed company in a more streamlined manner (although certain restrictions do apply including in relation to the purchase price per share and the total purchase price).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What information relating to a target company is publicly available and to what extent is a target company obliged to disclose diligence related information to a potential acquirer?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The information publicly available on a company is limited. Certain information is accessible from the MOCI (as the relevant governmental authority) but the level of disclosure would depend on the corporate form of the target and is essentially restricted to the company\u2019s name, the corporate form of the company (e.g. With Limited Liability company (WLL), a Joint stock company (KSC), etc.), the company\u2019s registered objects, the company\u2019s registered minimum share capital, whether it is in liquidation and address details. In the case of a WLL, the name(s) of a WLL\u2019s registered manager(s) and the scope of their authority, the names of the shareholders and the extent of their shareholding would also be provided. In relation to a KSC, the names of the board members, the chairman and vice chairman would be provided.<\/p>\n<p>The audited financials of a publicly listed company are commonly uploaded to the websites of the relevant and that of Boursa Kuwait.<\/p>\n<p>There is generally no obligation on the target company, under Kuwaiti law, to disclose diligence related information to a potential purchaser. However, in the context of competing voluntary acquisitions, the board of directors of the target company is required to provide the competing offeror the same information the board made available to the original offeror.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">To what level of detail is due diligence customarily undertaken?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A number of factors would impact on the level of due diligence including the cooperation of the sellers\/target, the value of the transaction, the nature of the business activities being undertaken (including the regulation involved), time constraints and the risk appetite of the purchaser.<\/p>\n<p>Generally speaking, purchasers tend to carry out legal and financial due diligence reviews. While the scope of the legal due diligence review tends to be comprehensive, purchasers typically prefer red flags only due diligence reports. Where the target is particularly complex or where the deal value is substantial, other specialist advisors may be brought in to undertake specialized due diligence reviews.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the key decision-making bodies within a target company and what approval rights do shareholders have?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This would depend on the corporate form involved. We deal with certain of the more common issues involved below:<\/p>\n<p><strong>With Limited Liability Company (WLL)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A WLL is the most common corporate form in Kuwait. Under the Companies Law, existing shareholders have statutory rights of pre-emption in relation to the sale of shares by another shareholder. Furthermore, an extraordinary general meeting (EGM) resolution should be passed by the shareholders approving the transfer of the shares to a third party.<\/p>\n<p>The statutory officers tasked with the day-to-day management of a WLL are its registered managers. However, decisions in respect to the sale of shares are made by the shareholders as noted above.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Closed Shareholding Company (KSCC)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unless otherwise provided in the constitutional documents of a KSCC, shareholders of a KSCC do not have pre-emption rights on transfers of shares . If the shareholders of a KSCC do not have a right pre-emption, a shareholder should be able to sell his\/her shares without consulting other shareholders.<\/p>\n<p>The statutory body tasked with the day-to-day management of a KSCC is its board of directors. While the board is provided with wide powers in relation to the general management of a KSCC, the decision with respect to the sale of shares is usually left to each shareholder. However, the constitutional documents of the KSCC may grant the board powers to approve share transfers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Public Shareholding Company (KSCP)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Similar to a KSCC, the statutory body tasked with the day-to-day management of a KSCP is its board of directors. However, no restrictions on share transfers are permitted with respect to a KSCP. While the board is provided with wide powers in relation to the general management of a KSCP, the decision to accept a takeover offer is for the shareholders themselves.<\/p>\n<p>That said, the board of directors of the target company is obliged to consider the relevant offer and to make a recommendation thereon which is to be shared with the shareholders and the CMA. Such recommendation must also be accompanied by the opinion of an independent investment consultant licensed by the CMA on the proposed bid<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the duties of the directors and controlling shareholders of a target company?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Regarding management generally of WLLs and KSCs, the manager(s) and board are provided with wide authority in the management of the company\u2019s day-to-day affairs in line with the resolutions of the shareholders, the constitutional documents of the company and the law. While there are general obligations imposed on the management of a company to treat shareholders equally (and to implement their resolutions) and not to mismanage the affairs of the companies they manage, directors\/managers of a target are not as a general premise obliged to progress any M&amp;A transaction; this also applies to controlling shareholders of a target.<\/p>\n<p>In relation to listed companies and unless the bidder is acting in concert with a shareholder of the target, the shareholders of a target have no specific obligations. However, certain additional considerations do apply to listed companies which may be of significance. For example, the board of directors is obliged to submit its opinion and that of an investment advisor on the offer to the CMA noting their recommendations to the shareholders.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, if a person has effective control of either the offeror company or a target company or both before the execution of an acquisition, the offer document should include among other things, an opinion of the board of directors of the target on whether the acquisition offer is fair and reasonable for the rest of the shareholders (other than the party with effective control) and a confirmation that board of directors developed its opinion without the involvement of such controlling shareholder. Directors of the target are also obliged to provide its shareholders with all pertinent information and to avoid conflicts. Certain activities are also restricted from being undertaken by the target during the offer period particularly where such actions are out of the ordinary and including the issuing of new shares, granting options and the disposal of assets of a fundamental value.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do employees\/other stakeholders have any specific approval, consultation or other rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under the Labour Law, all existing work contracts remain valid irrespective of a transfer of shares of the employing company. No specific consultation or approval rights are prescribed for employees.<\/p>\n<p>With regard to other stakeholders, where the target is regulated, certain regulatory approvals will likely be required. For example, if an entity is regulated by the Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK), an acquirer is expressly required to obtain the approval of the CBK prior to submitting a voluntary or partial acquisition offer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">To what degree is conditionality an accepted market feature on acquisitions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In relation to M&amp;A transactions involving non-listed targets, conditions precedent (CPs) are rather common and are matters of contract. It is not unusual to include CPs relating to the provision of necessary approvals by the parties respectively as well as from the authorities. Depending on the level of due diligence and possible points of concern, other deal specific CPs may also be required.<\/p>\n<p>Should the target be listed with Boursa Kuwait, and if a shareholder acquires shares triggering the mandatory offer thresholds, such mandatory offer must be unconditional, must embrace all of the target\u2019s issued shares, and the offered settlement needs to be in cash. With a voluntary acquisition offer, there is, however, no general limitation under Kuwaiti law as to which conditions such an offer may contain. It is for example quite usual that a voluntary offer document requires a certain minimum number of acceptances etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What steps can an acquirer of a target company take to secure deal exclusivity?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>When targeting companies that are not listed with Boursa Kuwait, a purchaser often negotiates an exclusivity period (typically in an agreed letter of intent or memorandum of understanding), which prevents the seller from engaging in negotiations with other potentially interested persons for a certain period of time. In certain cases the CML Bylaws expressly provide for making competitive acquisition offers. Any such competitive bid should include a material addition or fundamental modification of the original acquisition offer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other deal protection and costs coverage mechanisms are most frequently used by acquirers?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Termination penalties\/compensation may be agreed between parties but this is rarely done in the context of M&amp;As.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, interest in the use of representation and warranty insurance is also increasing with regard to larger or more complex transactions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Which forms of consideration are most commonly used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The most common form of consideration is cash payment (including using escrow arrangements to help secure payments). Purchase price adjustments are also commonly used. Although less common, we have also seen provision for earn out adjustments.<\/p>\n<p>Where listed companies are the target, voluntary acquisition offers may include cash and\/or non- cash consideration; mandatory acquisition and partial acquisition offers (i.e. for between 30%-50% of a listed company\u2019s shares) may only be in cash.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">At what ownership levels by an acquirer is public disclosure required (whether acquiring a target company as a whole or a minority stake)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Any person acquiring 5% of more of the shares of a listed company will be deemed to be an \u201cInterested Person\u201d and will be required to disclose such interest to the CMA, Boursa Kuwait and the relevant listed company (i.e. the target). Such information will be made publicly available. Once this initial disclosure has been made, each Interested Person will be required to further disclose any change occurring to its interest that exceeds 0.5% of the listed company\u2019s capital, within not more than 10 business days as of the date of the change.<\/p>\n<p>Unless an exception applies, an acquisition of more than 30% of the share capital of a listed company in Kuwait triggers a mandatory takeover and the disclosure requirements that accompany such a transaction. A person obligated to make a mandatory acquisition offer is required to immediately disclose their obligation to submit an acquisition offer document even if they do not have all related information.<\/p>\n<p>Under the Competition Law, persons participating in \u201ceconomic concentrations\u201d are also required to apply to the CPA for approval if certain thresholds are met which are likely to be triggered and apply where there is a merger or proposed acquisition involving a listed company.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">At what stage of negotiation is public disclosure required or customary?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In line with that noted above, the requirements which apply would depend on a number of factors including the parties involved and the nature of the transaction (whether it is a merger or acquisition etc.). In relation to listed companies, disclosures in the context of an acquisition are triggered by the following events:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Where the parties have concluded an initial agreement (i.e. containing the general principles and initial steps to present a voluntary acquisition offer) with a listed company (or control of an unlisted company in relation to a reverse acquisition);<\/li>\n<li>Where a mandatory acquisition offer is to be submitted;<\/li>\n<li>Where the target is notified of a serious intention to submit an unconditional offer;<\/li>\n<li>When the CMA approves the publishing of an offer document;<\/li>\n<li>When the recommendation of the board of the target concerning the submitted offer is made;<\/li>\n<li>On completion of the period for shareholders to participate in the acquisition (i.e. the Collection Period); and<\/li>\n<li>On completion of all the procedures for the execution of the acquisition offer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In relation to a merger involving a listed company, disclosures are triggered by the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When companies reach an initial agreement regarding the merger;<\/li>\n<li>When the CMA approves the draft merger contract;<\/li>\n<li>When the general assembly of each of the parties approve the merger; and<\/li>\n<li>When the merger is officially announced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The CMA may also require that other disclosures be made. The information to be disclosed and the manner of disclosure will depend on the disclosure involved. The above disclosures in relation to a merger are to be announced through Boursa Kuwait and the websites of the parties involved provided that where the CMA has approved the draft merger contract, it should also be announced in two daily newspapers. In the context of an acquisition, the approval of an offer document by the CMA should be announced through Boursa Kuwait, the websites of the parties involved and in two daily newspapers.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the CML Bylaws require publishing any material information as soon as an event triggering a disclosure occurs. While there is no specific requirement for the disclosure of a non-binding offer, the CML Bylaws require a listed company to disclose the entry into of a contract with &#8220;significant effect&#8221;. The approaches in practice differ somewhat, it is not unusual for a disclosure to be made when a preliminary agreement is signed with a supplementary disclosure once definitive agreements are entered into. It should be noted that Boursa Kuwait may require a listed company to make further disclosures (e.g. where there is speculation, leaks of information or where rumors are circulating).<\/p>\n<p>Where disclosure of material information would prejudice the confidentiality of negotiations or preliminary procedures for a transaction involving a listed company, the disclosure may be delayed until a binding agreement is entered into. However, this approach is subject to strict requirements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0the delay should not be intended to mislead;<\/li>\n<li>measures should be taken to ensure confidentiality of the information; and<\/li>\n<li>after subsequent disclosure, the listed company must provide the CMA with justification for the delay and may be subject to disciplinary action if there was no valid justification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>That said, the listed entity may also approach the CMA prior to delaying a disclosure to test the validity of its justification in delaying disclosure<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there any maximum time period for negotiations or due diligence?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no maximum time periods for negotiations or due diligence under Kuwait law which apply generally. However, certain timelines are prescribed for certain actions in the context of the purchase of listed companies (e.g. in the case of competitive bids, if the shareholders have not decided on which bid to accept within a period of 180 days of the original acquisition offer, Boursa Kuwait may hold an auction among the offerors to determine who would be successful). Further, unless an exception applies, a person who acquires, directly or indirectly, more than 30% of the securities admitted to trading of a listed company shall within thirty days from the date of acquisition submit an offer to purchase all the remaining shares traded in the exchange as per the conditions set in the CML Bylaws etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there any maximum time period between announcement of a transaction and completion of a transaction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no express maximum time period prescribed by law between announcement of a transaction and its completion.<\/p>\n<p>Each transaction has unique aspects with different closing conditions and regulatory requirements which may have to be satisfied; as such, the considerations which apply depend on the circumstances of each transaction. With regard to larger private transactions, one may generally expect a transaction timeline of about 10 to 16 weeks from signing. This does not include the pre-signing activities such as preliminary structuring, due diligence and negotiations. This period is largely due to anti-trust\/competition approvals which may be required and when this does apply, this typically takes 8 to 12 weeks to obtain (assuming there are no objections by third parties to the transaction involved).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any circumstances where a minimum price may be set for the shares in a target company?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As a general premise, parties may agree on a purchase price subject to a purchase price adjustment procedure with a minimum. When dealing with a mandatory acquisition of a listed company, the consideration required by the CMA is an unconditional cash offer which is subject to certain minimums (see below). When dealing with a voluntary acquisition, the consideration can be cash and\/or non-cash (bearing in mind that additional qualifications apply when consideration is wholly or partially made up of non-cash consideration) and no minimum is prescribed.<\/p>\n<p>Touched on above, a mandatory acquisition offer shall be a cash offer per share equivalent to the higher of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The weighted average of the daily share price of the target for the six months preceding the date of disclosing the mandatory offer; or<\/li>\n<li>The highest price paid by the offeror (or any of its subsidiaries or of a person with whom they are acting in concert) during the six months preceding the date of disclosing the mandatory offer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it possible for target companies to provide financial assistance?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no law of general application which expressly and specifically restricts financial assistance. However, where applied such financial assistance may be subject to challenge. The risk primarily relates to whether the target obtained any corporate benefit from the transaction and if not, this may be deemed to be a gratuitous act or prejudicial disposal opening it to possible challenge by creditors and other shareholders.<\/p>\n<p>Please also see our comments elsewhere herein in relation to minority shareholder protection where there is a proposed takeover of a listed company and the right of such shareholders to object to the proposed takeover and its terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Which governing law is customarily used on acquisitions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This varies depending on the entity and regulation involved.\u00a0 The predominant practice for local deals is to provide for Kuwaiti law as governing a particular purchase as the target is a Kuwaiti company subject to Kuwaiti regulation.\u00a0 However, it is not uncommon to provide that purchase agreements are subject to foreign law particularly where a party is based abroad, has strong bargaining power and\/or where the transaction has a higher deal value.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What public-facing documentation must a buyer produce in connection with the acquisition of a listed company?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The offeror must provide the recipients of a public offer with an offer document.\u00a0 The offer document is a formal legal document containing detailed information for the shareholders to decide if they would want to sell their shares. The offer document must be prepared in accordance with the CML Bylaws and contain, amongst other things, adequate information about the offeror; details of the target\u2019s shares and any related rights or obligations; the consideration for the shares; a full description of the financing of the offer and the sources thereof (including the names of main lenders or those who make the necessary arrangements for financing); the details of the documents and procedure to be followed should the offer be accepted; and the timeline for the acquisition offer; the offeror\u2019s existing shareholding in the target.<\/p>\n<p>Additional information should also be addressed depending on the circumstances and the CMA may also impose additional disclosure requirements (disclosure of an interest in the members of the board of the target; or ownership of or control by a subsidiary or a person with whom they are acting in concert etc.).<\/p>\n<p>The offeror must publish its offer once approved by the CMA.\u00a0 Publication will have to be made on the website of the bidder and the target as well as a minimum of two daily newspapers.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the parties should also make certain documents available for review which include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Offer document and its attachments;<\/li>\n<li>The recommendations of the board of the target concerning the offer;<\/li>\n<li>The constitutional documents of the parties;<\/li>\n<li>The audited financial statements of the parties for the three years preceding the acquisition;<\/li>\n<li>Any report, letter, evaluation or other document incorporated into or referenced in the offer document; and<\/li>\n<li>Any document tantamount to an irrevocable commitment to accept the offer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The offer documents should clarify the place in which such documents will be available for review and may also include other information as the CMA may deem appropriate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What formalities are required in order to document a transfer of shares, including any local transfer taxes or duties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The transfer of shares of a WLL is typically done by submitting an amendment application to the MOCI along with certain documents. If the MOCI approves the transfer, all the new and existing shareholders should sign a Deed of Amendment before the Notary. Once this is completed, the transfer of shares must be registered with the Commercial Registry. The governmental fees for the transfer of shares are nominal.<\/p>\n<p>The transfer of shares of a KSC is typically done through Boursa Kuwait. Once the transfer is completed, the share ledger of the target company held with the relevant clearing company should be amended to reflect the transfer of shares. The brokerage fees payable are published by Boursa Kuwait.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are hostile acquisitions a common feature?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Hostile acquisitions are rare.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What protections do directors of a target company have against a hostile approach?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Given the low risk of this, there are no express and specific protections on this.\u00a0 Boards are required to maintain neutrality when a public offer is made and must treat all shareholders equally (including in relation to the dissemination of information) and once an offer is announced, they are in principle not allowed to take measures to deprive the shareholders of the opportunity to make a free and informed decision on the bid.\u00a0 The board is also obliged to make a recommendation on the bid and to share this with the CMA and its shareholders.<\/p>\n<p>Having noted the above, a board may seek to organize the company\u2019s organizational\/capital structure in line with a defensive strategy.\u00a0 The target also could look for a \u2018white knight\u2019 investor to fend off unwanted advances.<\/p>\n<p>Staggered terms of office for the two-tier boards (board of directors and supervisory board) cannot hinder a hostile takeover as such, but nevertheless could delay the establishment of complete control of the acquirer of the target.\u00a0 Share buybacks and increased voting approval thresholds could also be considered.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there circumstances where a buyer may have to make a mandatory or compulsory offer for a target company?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In line with that noted above, and subject to certain specified \u00a0exceptions, an acquisition of more than 30% of the share capital of a listed company in Kuwait triggers mandatory acquisition procedures.\u00a0 A person obligated to make a mandatory acquisition offer is required to immediately disclose their obligation to submit an acquisition offer document even if they do not have all related information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">If an acquirer does not obtain full control of a target company, what rights do minority shareholders enjoy?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This would depend on the form of the company, its constitutional documents and the extent of the shareholding involved. There are the usual provisions protecting shareholders in relation to the actions of management for which they may be able to claim directly (including avoiding conflicts, non-compete restrictions, mismanagement and fraudulent actions). Touched on above, shareholders may also have certain rights of preemption, the right to call general meetings of the shareholders to discuss matters (i.e. shareholders holding 25% of the shares of a WLL are entitled to request the manager to call a general assembly meeting of the shareholders; for a KSC, this percentage is 10%) and to be treated equally along with other shareholders.<\/p>\n<p>Certain matters\/resolutions (e.g. amending the Memorandum of Association, increasing the share capital, etc.) can only be taken at an EGM which is subject to increased thresholds. In the case of a WLL and KSC, the quorum for an EGM is 75% of the share capital; EGM resolutions are then passed by a majority of the total shares of the company&#8217;s issued capital. In addition to the above, minority shareholders may practically benefit from the protective provisions included in the company\u2019s constitutional documents (e.g. the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company). For example, it is not uncommon to provide for increased quorum and voting thresholds, particularly on matters of concern.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the Companies Law enables any minority shareholder to challenge board and shareholders\u2019 decisions on grounds of illegality, violation of the constitutional documents or harming the interests of company. Further, minority shareholders holding at least 15% of the issued shares may bring an unfair prejudice claim.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of M&amp;A activity involving a listed company, any shareholder (or number of shareholders) of a listed company which owns between 5% and 30% may submit to the CMA, an objection to a resolution taken at a general meeting of the shareholders. The CMA may request additional information whereafter it will render its decision. Such decision may be subject to appeal to the courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is a mechanism available to compulsorily acquire minority stakes?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no compulsory squeeze out measures under Kuwait laws.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">5695<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/137358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}