{"id":120868,"date":"2025-12-11T11:46:24","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T11:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=120868"},"modified":"2025-12-11T15:19:29","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T15:19:29","slug":"china-real-estate","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/china-real-estate\/","title":{"rendered":"China: Real Estate"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-120868","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-real-estate","jurisdictions-china"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">JunHe LLP<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/08\/JH-logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">JunHe LLP<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/08\/JH-logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Real Estate laws and regulations applicable in China<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Overview<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This guide summarizes and provides a concise overview of China\u2019s real estate legal framework, covering real estate ownership, registration, transfer, leasing, encumbrances and compliance requirements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the main legislation relating to real estate ownership?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The laws promulgated at the national level include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the Civil Code;<\/li>\n<li>the Land Administration Law;<\/li>\n<li>the Urban and Rural Planning Law;<\/li>\n<li>the Urban Real Estate Administration Law;<\/li>\n<li>the Interim Regulations Concerning the Assignment and Transfer of the Right to the Use of State-Owned Land in Urban Areas; and<\/li>\n<li>the Interim Regulation on Real Estate Registration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any significant new laws which materially impact real estate investors and lenders come into force in the past year or are there any major anticipated new laws which are expected to materially impact them in the near future?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Since December 2024, China has introduced multiplepolicies mainly relaxing purchase restrictions and adjusting taxes in the real estate sector. Major cities such as Shanghai and Beijing lifted limits on the number of residential units purchasable outside the Outer Ring Road and Fifth Ring Road respectively from August 2025. Furthermore, from December 2024, the eligible floor area for deed tax relief on owner-occupied housing increased from 90 to 140 square meters; meanwhile, individual sales of residential properties held for two years or more became fully exempt from VAT, targeting at reducing transaction costs and supporting housing demand.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is ownership of real estate proved and are ownership records available for public inspection?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Since 1 March 2015, China has implemented a unified real estate registration system administered by the natural resources authorities, which issue the Real Property Ownership Certificate as the official evidence of ownership or land use rights. The system consolidates registration functions previously handled by separate land and housing authorities.<\/p>\n<p>Public are only allowed limited access to ownership records: owners may access their own records, interested parties may also apply for inspection of relevant information, and state authorities may inspect records under legal procedures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any restrictions on who can own real estate, including ownership by any foreign entities?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Individual property purchases are generally subject to restrictions based on household registration, number of existing properties, and duration of continuous social insurance or individual income tax payments. For corporate purchasers, most localities impose requirements relating to years of incorporation, tax contributions, and employee social insurance records, and typically mandate a minimum holding period before the property may be sold.<\/p>\n<p>Foreign entities or individuals cannot acquire real estate in the PRC for non-personal use unless a foreign-invested enterprise is established or has been established in the PRC to own and operate the real property. The following restrictions also apply to foreign investors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a foreign individual is only allowed to purchase one housing unit (in practice, one title certificate represents one unit of housing) for their own use; and<\/li>\n<li>a branch or representative office of an offshore entity in China is allowed to purchase non-residential real estate for its office use in the city where such branch or representative office is registered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What types of proprietary interests in real estate can be created?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Proprietary interests in real interest generally include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ownership right, the right to possess, use, receive proceeds from and dispose of the properties of the owner. Land may only be owned by the state or collectively owned by farmers.<\/li>\n<li>Usufructuary right, the right to possess, use and receive proceeds from the properties owned by other persons, such as land use rights (leasehold), contracting rights for farmland, farmer\u2019s rights to homestead land, rights of habitation and easement rights.<\/li>\n<li>Mortgage, a security interest in real estate, generally given by a borrower to a lender as a collateral for a loan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is ownership of real estate and the buildings on it separate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As land may only be owned by the state or collectively owned by farmers, so in PR China, real estate owners have the ownership to the buildings and the land use right to the land (leasehold) at the same time.<\/p>\n<p>In the event of assignment, exchange, use as equity contribution, endowment, or mortgage of buildings, the land use right for the land occupied by the buildings thereupon shall be disposed of concurrently.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are common ownership structures for ownership of commercial real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Types of companies include limited liability companies (\u6709\u9650\u8d23\u4efb\u516c\u53f8) and limited companies by shares (\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8). The liability of each shareholder of either a limited liability company or a limited company by shares is limited to its respective subscribed capital contribution to the company. Limited liability companies are the most common choice for owning and acquiring commercial real estate assets among both domestic and offshore investors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the usual legal due diligence process that is undertaken when acquiring commercial real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Asset Deal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The scope for an asset deal focuses more on the property, such as title, existing encumbrances, zoning and licence requirements, environmental compliance, leasing, operation and management status, but also covers verification of key aspects of the seller, which may prevent or materially affect the sale of the property, such as the corporate governance structure and legal capacity of the seller, restrictions under financing obligations, and ongoing or pending material litigation, arbitration and administrative penalties involving the property.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Equity Deal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The scope for an equity deal is generally a comprehensive investigation, subject to the client\u2019s specific instruction, of the target company, in addition to the investigation upon the target property. The investigation of the target company generally covers the corporate history, corporate governance structure, business operation, material contracts (including financing contracts), environmental compliance, material litigation, arbitration and administrative penalty, intellectual property, labour and employment, taxes, subsidiaries and investment into other entities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal issues (if any) are outside the scope of the usual legal due diligence process on an acquisition of real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>See answers under Question 9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the usual process for transfer of real estate, and when does liability pass to the buyer?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>After signing a sale contract, the parties shall complete an online filing, pay relevant taxes, and then go to the real estate registration authority for title transfer registration. If financed, the buyer will have to complete fund supervision, mortgage registration, and other loan-related procedures as required. Upon approval, a new Real Property Ownership Certificate is issued, and ownership transfers on registration. Unless otherwise agreed or required by law, risk passes on physical delivery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it common for real estate transfers to be effected by way of share transfer as well as asset transfer?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>After evaluating seller\u2019s financial situations and creditworthiness and analysing the tax exposures, generally the buyer and the seller will discuss and decide whether to structure the acquisition through an asset deal or an equity deal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">On the sale of freehold interests in land does the benefit of any occupational leases and income derived from such lettings automatically transfer to the buyer?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>[N\/A]<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What common rights, interests and burdens can be created or attach over real estate and how are these protected?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>See answers under Question 6 and 24.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are split legal and beneficial ownership of real estate (i.e. trust structures) recognised?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The duly registered owner is recognized under PRC laws as the legal and legitimate title owner of a real estate, while a beneficiary owner is generally not recognized, except where under certain circumstances the beneficiary owner may claim liquidated damages and refund of purchase price, if applicable, against the registered owner pursuant to the agreement between them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is public disclosure of the ultimate beneficial owners of real estate required?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As beneficial ownership is not generally recognized under PRC laws, public disclosure of the ultimate beneficial owners of real estate is not required. However, in the event of a corporate entity being registered as the title owner of a real estate, under certain circumstance, such as the corporate entity owning the real estate going public, the ultimate controlling shareholder of the corporate entity may be required to be disclosed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the main taxes associated with real estate ownership and transfer of real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4>Taxes Associated with Real Estate Ownership<\/h4>\n<p>An individual or entity owning a real estate is liable to pay property tax and urban and town land use tax.<\/p>\n<p>However, where a real property is leased, the landlord is additionally liable for the<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Individual income tax if owned by an individual or corporate income tax if owned by a corporate entity;<\/li>\n<li>Value-added tax (VAT);<\/li>\n<li>Urban maintenance and construction surcharge;<\/li>\n<li>Educational surcharge; and<\/li>\n<li>Stamp duty.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Taxes Associated with Real Estate Transfer<\/h4>\n<p>In respect of the purchase and sale of real estate, taxes payable may differ depending on the different transaction structures.<\/p>\n<p>In an asset deal, taxes payable include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>enterprise income tax\/individual income tax;<\/li>\n<li>VAT and surcharges; and<\/li>\n<li>land appreciation tax, stamp duty and deed tax.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Of these:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the seller is obliged to pay enterprise income tax\/individual income tax, value added tax and surcharges, land appreciation tax, and stamp duty; and<\/li>\n<li>the buyer is obliged to pay deed tax and stamp duty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In an equity deal (regardless of whether to purchase all or a portion of the equity\/shares), taxes payable include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>enterprise income tax\/individual income tax, which the seller is obliged to pay; and<\/li>\n<li>stamp duty, which the seller and the buyer are both obliged to pay.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are common terms of commercial leases and are there regulatory controls on the terms of leases?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally, the lease term is agreed by the landlord and the tenant but cannot exceed 20 years, with renewal subject to agreement.<\/p>\n<p>PRC law provides that the landlord shall be responsible for the maintenance and repair of the leased premises, unless otherwise agreed. The tenant may require the landlord to maintain and repair the leased premises in a timely manner when necessary. Rent may be reduced or the lease term extended accordingly if repairs affect use.<\/p>\n<p>Rent is paid as agreed\u2014commonly monthly, quarterly, or yearly\u2014and may be adjusted per the lease.<\/p>\n<p>In practice, the lease often restrict use, subleasing, assignment, and fitting-out of the leased premises. Applicable PRC laws also require that use of the leased premises shall be in accordance with the zoned usage, and the tenant shall not change the load-bearing structure or demolish indoor facilities without the landlord\u2019s approval.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What remedies are commonly available for landlords in the event of a tenant breach of a commercial lease?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Common lease termination grounds for termination by the landlord include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>failure by the tenant to pay the rent or other amounts due, and the outstanding amounts remain unpaid for a reasonable period after receipt of notice from the landlord;<\/li>\n<li>insolvency of the tenant;<\/li>\n<li>unauthorised business suspension or closure; and\/or<\/li>\n<li>damage to the main structure or unauthorised fitting-out or improvement of the premises by the tenant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The PRC law also permits termination if the tenant subleases without consent.<\/p>\n<p>If the lease is terminated because of the tenant\u2019s material breach, the tenant must reinstate and return the leased premises in a timely manner. Should the tenant fail to do so, after the lease has been duly terminated, the landlord may cut utilities to enforce eviction.<\/p>\n<p>Landlords may also seek court confirmation of termination and enforce eviction based on a valid judgment. In practice, the period required for a court to make a judgment and complete the enforcement procedure varies in different localities but is usually longer than a year.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the collection from the tenant of outstanding rent and tenant eviction, the parties may agree upon the amount of liquidated damages in the event of a tenant breach and termination of a lease. However, if the amount of the liquidated damages agreed on by the parties exceeds 130% of the losses sustained, the party concerned may apply to the court or arbitration tribunal for an appropriate reduction in liquidated damages.<\/p>\n<p>Absent such agreement on the amount of or the method to calculate the liquidated damages, the non-breaching party may claim against breaching party for actual losses suffered because of the breach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are use, planning and zoning restrictions on real estate regulated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The regulatory authorities may enforce restrictions on the development and designated use of a piece of land in various ways.<\/p>\n<p>If any entity occupies land without due approval or with approval obtained by deception, such entity shall be ordered to return the land, and any building and other structures newly constructed on the land may be ordered to be confiscated or dismantled. In addition, a fine may be imposed concurrently, and the relevant persons responsible for the illegitimate occupation may also be subject to criminal liability.<\/p>\n<p>In the event of any illegitimate land transfer, the income gained by the transferor from such transfer shall be confiscated, and the newly constructed buildings on the land may be ordered to be confiscated or dismantled.<\/p>\n<p>If construction work is carried out without a permit or the approval of the competent authorities (including failure to obtain permission or failure to carry out construction in compliance with the construction works planning permit), the project owner or developer may be ordered to correct the violation and dismantle the building or structures, they may be liable to pay a fine and the illegitimate properties may also be confiscated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who can be liable for environmental contamination on real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The person causing the soil pollution (the \u201ccausing person\u201d) is responsible for managing the soil pollution risks and the remediation of the soil pollution it caused. However, if the causing person cannot be identified, the land use right owner (eventually the buyer, unfortunately) is responsible for managing the soil pollution risks and remediation of the same, even if the land use right owner did not cause the pollution or contamination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are buildings legally required to have their energy performance assessed and in what (if any) situations do minimum energy performance levels need to be met?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Fixed-asset investment projects must obtain an energy-saving review opinion before construction, assessing energy consumption, efficiency, and carbon reduction measures. Projects failing the review may not commence. Before operation or use, compliance with the review opinion and energy-saving measures must be inspected and accepted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is expropriation of real estate possible?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The state may, in the public interest:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>expropriate real estate, including land collectively owned by farmers and buildings or other real estate owned by any entities or individuals, with appropriate compensation; or<\/li>\n<li>temporarily requisition the real estate of any entities and individuals which will be returned to the said entities and individuals after such use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The power of expropriation and temporary requisition must be exercised with due authority and legitimate process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it possible to create mortgages over real estate and how are these protected and enforced?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A mortgage in real estate is generally given by a borrower to a lender as loan collateral.<\/p>\n<p>When a lender enforces its security over real estate against a defaulting borrower, if the mortgage contract provides for notarised enforcement, the lender may apply to court with the duly notarised mortgage contract and the enforcement certificate issued by the notary public\u2019s office. If the lender and the mortgagor have not explicitly agreed to apply the enforcement notarisation approach, the lender may, by agreement with the mortgagor, dispose of the collateral by negotiating a purchase price, by auction or sale of the collateral, and the lender may claim its senior debt against the proceeds from such a negotiated purchase price for auction or sale of the collateral. Failing an agreement between the mortgagor and the mortgagee on the means of disposal of the collateral, the lender may apply to the local court to auction or sell the collateral. In either case, the sale or negotiated purchase price of the collateral shall be based upon market price.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there material registration costs associated with the creation of mortgages over real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If a mortgage is created over real estate, both the mortgagor and the mortgagee are obliged to pay stamp duty for the mortgage contract at a tax rate of 0.05% each of the secured debt. A minimal registration fee for a real estate mortgage is charged by the registration authority and often borne by the mortgagee.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, if the mortgagor and mortgagee agree in the mortgage contract to an enforcement notarisation, a fee for enforcement notarisation may be incurred, which is usually borne by the mortgagor. Such fee is charged by the notary public office at a rate equal to an agreed percentage of the amount of the secured debt, which may vary at different localities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it possible to create a trust structure for mortgage security over real estate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no equivalent of a trust structure for mortgage security over real estate under PRC law context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">2942<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/120868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}