{"id":120150,"date":"2025-11-17T09:06:09","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T09:06:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=120150"},"modified":"2025-11-17T09:21:07","modified_gmt":"2025-11-17T09:21:07","slug":"cyprus-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/cyprus-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Cyprus: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-120150","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-cyprus"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Scordis, Papapetrou &amp; Co LLC<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/scordis.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Scordis, Papapetrou &amp; Co LLC<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/scordis.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Cyprus<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The legislative framework for domestic arbitration in Cyprus is the Arbitration Law, Cap. 4 (\u201cCap. 4\u201d). With respect to international commercial disputes the International Commercial Arbitration Law 101\/1987 (the \u201cICA Law\u201d), effectively transposes the UNCITRAL Model Law of 1985 and the Foreign Courts\u2019 Judgments (Recognition, Registration and Enforcement) Law of 2000 (\u201cLaw 121\/(I)\/2000\u201d) relates to the recognition and enforcement of foreign awards in Cyprus. Cyprus is also a signatory to the New York Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.<\/p>\n<p>The Laws referred to above are mandatory to the extent that they set out the powers of the courts in relation to arbitral proceedings, the grounds on which an arbitral award may be set aside, the formal and substantive requirements that need to be satisfied in order for an arbitral award to be recognised and enforced and the procedure for such recognition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Cyprus is a signatory to the New York Convention, as ratified by Law 84\/1979. Cyprus applies the New York Convention on the basis of reciprocity, i.e., with respect to the recognition and enforcement of awards issued in other signatory states. Moreover, Cyprus applies the Convention only with respect to disputes which are considered as commercial under their national law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Cyprus is a party to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and nationals of other States (the ICSID Convention) and the Energy Charter Treaty and has also signed bilateral investment protection treaties with a number of countries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The ICA Law is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law of 1985. There are no significant differences between the ICA Law and the UNCITRAL Model Law of 1985, apart from the fact that the ICA Law includes a definition as to which arbitral proceedings are considered to be \u201cinternational\u201d and \u201ccommercial\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The ICA Law has been recently amended by the International Commercial Arbitration (Amending) Law of 2024 (Law 11(I)\/2024) (the \u201cAmending Law\u201d). The aim of the Amending Law is to modernize the ICA Law on the basis of the amendments that have been effected to the UNCITRAL Model Law after the introduction of the ICA Law in 1987. In addition, Chapter IV (A) of the Amending Law provides additional provisions empowering arbitral tribunals to order interim measures and the procedure for the recognition and enforcement of such interim measures.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the new Civil Procedure Rules which entered into force in September of 2023 include provisions concerning the procedural framework for court applications in connection with arbitral proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>A draft legislation for the consolidation of Cap. 4 and the ICA Law in one piece of legislation governing all arbitration proceedings in Cyprus (both domestic and international) has been the subject of public consultation and is currently before the House of Representatives for further discussion. The aim of the draft legislation is to introduce a modernized and uniform legislative framework for arbitration in Cyprus. It is expected that the draft legislation will be enacted by the House of Representatives next year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The key arbitral institution is the Cyprus Arbitration and Mediation Centre (CAMC). Other arbitral institutions are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Cyprus Branch of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)<\/li>\n<li>The Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCCI)<\/li>\n<li>The Cyprus Eurasia Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Centre (CEDRAC)<\/li>\n<li>The Cyprus Consumer Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each of the above institutions has its own rules of arbitration. For example, the CIArb follows the CIArb Arbitration Rules 2015 which are based on the 2010 UNCITRAL Rules. Similar rules to the UNCITRAL Rules are also followed by the Cyprus Consumer Center for Alternative Dispute Resolution and the CAMC. The CCCI follows the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Arbitration Rules 2012, with amendments made in 2017 and 2021 addressing complex arbitrations, additional safeguards for parties, the independence and impartiality of arbitrators, hearings being held remotely etc. The CEDRAC follows its own rules of arbitration since 2012 with no reported amendments made.<\/p>\n<p>Some of them are recent bodies, others with longer experience. In terms of international arbitrations their involvement is limited as they have struggled to gain a foothold in the international market.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specialist arbitration court in Cyprus. The Commercial Court which has been recently established by Law 69(\u0399)\/2022), has jurisdiction to determine arbitration related matters. We note however that the Commercial Court is not yet in operation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In order for an arbitration agreement to be valid under Cyprus law, such agreement must be in writing (section 2(1) Cap. 4 and section 7 of the ICA Law).<\/p>\n<p>Pursuant to section 7 of ICA Law, an agreement will be considered to be \u201cin writing\u201d if it is contained in a document signed by the parties or in an exchange of letters, telegrams or other means of telecommunication which provide a record of the agreement, or in an exchange of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by another. The reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement provided that the contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part or the contract.<\/p>\n<p>Although there are no other requirements for an arbitration agreement to be valid under the relevant legislation, case law of the Cypriot courts has established that the terms of an arbitration agreement must be clear and unambiguous and it should only refer to matters which are arbitrable under the laws of Cyprus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, section 16(1) of the ICA Law codifies the doctrine of separability and provides that an arbitration clause forming part of a contract is considered to be separate from the rest of the contract and survives the invalidity or voidance of the contract in which it is contained. This doctrine has been affirmed by the Cypriot courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This issue has not yet been considered by the Cypriot courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Asymmetric arbitration clauses have not yet been tested in the Cypriot courts. It is unclear whether or under what circumstances Cypriot courts would be willing to place limits on the principle of party autonomy, but until the position is clarified such clauses should be treated cautiously as they may be the subject of challenges on the basis of \u201cinequality of arms\u201d or other considerations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In general, Cypriot courts apply the rule of privity, hence third parties or non-signatories to an arbitration agreement are not bound by an arbitration agreement and the arbitration procedure. Therefore, no jurisdiction may be assumed over them by the arbitral tribunal. The only recognised exceptions to the general rule concern assignees and legal successors, where the contracting parties agree for the third party to be included in the arbitration.<br \/>\nThere are no recent court decisions on the matter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any recent court decisions where this matter was considered. Based on common law principles, in the absence of an express choice of the law applicable to the arbitration agreement, the court will examine whether the parties have made an implied choice of law and, if not, the court will apply the law with the \u201cclosest and most real connection\u201d to the arbitration agreement, which will often be the law of the seat of the arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>According to section 28(1) of the ICA Law, the arbitral tribunal shall decide the dispute in accordance with such rules of law as are chosen by the parties as applicable to the substance of the dispute. Any designation of the law or legal system of a given State shall be construed, unless otherwise expressed, as directly referring to the substantive law of that State and not to its conflict of laws rules.<\/p>\n<p>Where the parties have made no such choice, the arbitral tribunal will apply the law determined by the conflict of law rules which it considers applicable. In contractual disputes a tribunal applying the Cypriot conflict of law rules would determine the applicable law by applying the provisions of the Rome I Regulation. Furthermore, Article 28(4) of the ICA Law provides that the tribunal shall take into account the commercial customs relevant to the transaction in question.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in Cyprus concerning the appointment of arbitrators. Pursuant to the ICA Law, the parties are free to determine anyone of any nationality as an arbitrator, the number of arbitrators and the procedure to be followed.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the arbitration clause may in itself provide guidance or restrictions on the appointment of arbitrators (such as qualifications, experience etc.). At the same time, in an arbitration taking place in Cyprus applicable law tends to be Cyprus law, thus it is advisable in such cases to have a Cypriot qualified lawyer as a member of any tribunal to avoid having to draw parallels with foreign law or to apply non-Cypriot law principles to Cypriot law issues or interpretations of Cyprus law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>According to section 10 of Cap. 4, local courts have the power to appoint an arbitrator in the following cases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Where an arbitration agreement provides that the reference shall be to a single arbitrator and all the parties do not concur in the appointment of an arbitrator; or<\/li>\n<li>If an appointed arbitrator refuses to act, or is incapable of acting or dies and the arbitration agreement does not show that it was intended that the vacancy should not be filled and the parties do not fill the vacancy; or<\/li>\n<li>Where the parties or two arbitrators are at liberty to appoint an umpire or third arbitrator or where two arbitrators are required to appoint an umpire and do not appoint one; or<\/li>\n<li>Where an appointed umpire or third arbitrator refuses to act or is incapable of acting or dies, and the arbitration agreement does not show that it was intended that the vacancy should not be supplied and the parties or arbitrators do not supply the vacancy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Moreover, under section 11 of the ICA Law, the courts have the power to intervene in the selection of arbitrators upon request of a party. This power will be exercised if a party to the arbitration agreement fails to act in accordance with the arbitration agreement, or when the parties or the two appointed arbitrators are unable to reach an agreement under the agreed procedure, or when a third natural or legal person, including the arbitral tribunal, fails to act in accordance with the agreed procedure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>According to section 12(2) of the ICA Law, an arbitrator may be challenged only if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to his impartiality or independence, or if an arbitrator does not possess the qualifications agreed to by the parties. The procedure for challenging the appointment of an arbitrator is to be agreed on by the parties. If the parties have not agreed on such procedure, section 13 of the ICA Law provides that the challenge must be submitted tothe arbitral tribunal within 15 days from the day the party making the challenge became aware of the reason for the challenge. If the tribunal rejects the challenge, an application to review the decision may be made to the competent court within 30 days from receival of notice of the decision.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, under section 14 of the ICA Law, the parties can unanimously remove an arbitrator who becomes de jure or de facto unable to perform their functions or if he fails to act without undue delay.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, under section 13 of Cap.4, an arbitrator may be removed by the court on the application of any of the parties if without any reasonable justification he\/she causes a delay in the proceedings or the issuing of the award. Upon such application, the court may appoint a new arbitrator or instruct the termination of the arbitration agreement for the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The duty of independence and impartiality of arbitrators has been long established by case law and international guidelines such as the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration can be invoked.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, pursuant to section 12(1) of the ICA law, appointed arbitrators must disclose any situations that could raise legitimate concerns about their objectivity or independence. Arbitrators are subject to the same obligations upon their appointment and until the conclusion of the arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no legislation in Cyprus which expressly gives arbitrators immunity from liability. There are however common law principles which apply by virtue of provisions of the Courts of Justice Law (Law 14\/1960) which cover quasi-judicial proceedings, such as arbitration, which may render arbitrators immune from failing to act with reasonable care and skill.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principle of competence-competence is addressed by the ICA Law. Pursuant to section 16, arbitrators are allowed to determine their own jurisdiction and examine matters in regards to the validity of the arbitration agreement. Regardless of the absence of the principle in Cap. 4, it will still be applied by the Cypriot courts in matters concerning domestic arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 8 of the ICA Law, provides that where court proceedings have been commenced on a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement, upon an application by either party, the court will refer the proceedings to arbitration. Practically this means that the court will issue an order for the stay and\/or dismissal of the proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, if the court considers the arbitration agreement to be null, void or incapable of being performed, it will not refer the matter to arbitration.<br \/>\nSimilar provisions apply under Section 8 of Cap. 4 for domestic arbitrations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under section 25 of the ICA Law, if the respondent fails to participate in the proceedings by either failing to appear or submit evidence or documents, the procedure will continue and the arbitral tribunal will make a ruling based on the evidence it already has.<\/p>\n<p>There is no provision relating to the ability of Cypriot courts to compel a party to participate in the arbitration procedure. Nonetheless, under section 17 of Cap. 4, by an application of any person who is party to the arbitration, the Court may issue a summons through which any person may be obliged to appear for examination or to present any document during the arbitration proceeding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The legislative framework does not contain any provisions in relation to voluntary joinder of third parties and this issue has not been decided or considered by the Cypriot courts. See also our response to Questions 11 &amp; 12.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 17 of the ICA Law states that unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the tribunal may, at the request of a party, order any party to take such interim protective measures as the tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute. The arbitral tribunal may require any party to provide appropriate security in connection with such measure.<\/p>\n<p>In international arbitrations, the court has the power upon the application by any of the parties to the arbitration pursuant to section 9 of the ICA Law to to order the issuance of protective measures at any time either before the initiation of the arbitration proceedings or in the course of them. Interim measures can also be issued under Article 35 of the Recast Brussels Regulation (EU) 1215 \/2012 in support of the arbitration proceedings, under particular circumstances and requirements.<\/p>\n<p>The interim measures available include all the interim measures which the Cypriot courts have power to grant and include freezing orders, disclosure orders, document preservation orders and search orders. Such interim measures may be granted by the local courts both pending the constitution of the tribunal and after the constitution of the tribunal.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, Cypriot courts have the power to issue anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions. It should be noted that national courts of EU member states are precluded from granting anti-suit injunctions restraining court proceedings commenced in another member state, in breach of an arbitration clause. This has been confirmed in Nori Holdings Ltd v Bank Otkritie Financial Corporation [2018] EWHC 1343 (Comm) where the grant of an anti-suit injunction, which had the aim of restraining the Cypriot court to commence proceedings in breach of an arbitration clause, was refused by the Commercial Court of England and Wales.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, an arbitral tribunal in Cyprus can issue an anti-suit injunction in regards to court procedures which are pending before the courts of non-EU member states. Also, they can issue anti-suit injunctions in order to hinder procedures which are pending before the courts of third countries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>With respect to international arbitration, section 19(2) of the ICA Law states that in the absence of an express agreement of the parties, the arbitral tribunal has discretion to establish the admissibility, submission and relevance of any evidence brought before it.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, under section 26 of the ICA Law, if the parties have not agreed otherwise, the arbitral tribunal may appoint one or more experts to provide their opinion on specific matters raised by the tribunal or to instruct the parties to provide any relevant information or access to any relevant documents.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of the involvement of the Cypriot courts, section 27 of the ICA Law states that they may be of assistance if the arbitral tribunal requests their cooperation in the collection and submission of evidence.<\/p>\n<p>In domestic arbitrations, section 17 of Cap. 4 allows any party to the arbitration agreement to apply to the court to issue summons, requesting third parties to appear for examination or to produce any documents they would normally be asked to produce in a civil case.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>All advocates (including advocates acting as arbitrators) are bound by the Advocates\u2019 Law, Cap. 2 and the Advocates\u2019 Code of Conduct Regulations of 2002 which specify the rules of professional conduct and ethics. These only apply to Cypriot practicing lawyers (advocates) and do not apply to other professionals who would be bound by the rules of conduct and ethics based on their own professional qualifications and memberships. In addition, both Cap. 4 and the ICA Law state that the arbitrator must proceed with speed, remain unbiased and act accordingly throughout the arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>The IBA Guidelines and Conflict of Interest in International Arbitration are a not a binding set of rules, but rather a form of guidance which is also taken into account when trying to resolve challenges associated with arbitral tribunals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no direct reference to the principle of confidentiality in either Cap. 4 or the ICA Law. However protection of confidentiality is normally ensured by the relevant contractual obligations of the parties and applicable common law principles.<\/p>\n<p>The GDPR applies to the collection, retention, processing and security policies of personal data, including during arbitration proceedings. Participants in an arbitration will generally be data controllers, and\/or joint controllers under certain circumstances. For data controllers and joint controllers, data protection obligations typically include ensuring and demonstrating compliance, ensuring the lawfulness of personal data processing and transfers, minimizing the personal data they process, and adopting appropriate data security measures, data breach procedures and data retention policies.<\/p>\n<p>Arbitration practitioners can draw guidance from the ICCA-IBA Roadmap to Data Protection in International Arbitration which aims to assist arbitration professionals in applying data protection and privacy laws during international arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Advocates law and related regulations deal with conflicts of interest and are a very relevant reference point, as well as the equivalent requirement of impartiality per the ICA Law. Perhaps for this reason, application or reliance on the IBA Guidelines or other similar (non-Cypriot) soft law sources is not often resorted to, but such guidelines and precedent can be taken into account in cases involving challenges to the independence or impartiality of international arbitrators.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no provision mentioned in the ICA Law with respect to the estimation and allocation of costs. Such costs are dealt with by the arbitration tribunal at their discretion. As a general rule however, under Cypriot law, the costs are awarded in favor of the winning party.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, pursuant to section 23 of Cap. 4, if no provision is made by an award with respect to the costs of the reference, any party to the reference may, within 14 days of the publication of the award or such further time as a court may direct apply to the arbitrator for an order directing by and to whom such costs shall be paid. Any provision in the arbitration agreement to the effect that the parties or any party thereto shall pay their own costs of the reference or award shall be void.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-award interest may apply if the tribunal, subject to the available evidence, deems it appropriate to do so.<\/p>\n<p>Pursuant to section 22 of Cap.4, and unless otherwise ordered by the tribunal, post-award interest will be applied from the date of issuance of the award. It will be applied at the rate equal to the legal interest applied by the courts.<br \/>\nIn addition, a higher interest may be ordered by way of damages, running from the date of breach. The amount will depend on whether a contractual provision for interest is in place or on proof of special circumstances.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no provision in the ICA Law granting an arbitral tribunal the power to order security for costs. Such an order may, however, be available under the arbitration rules chosen by the parties. In the absence of an express agreement conferring this power, tribunals seated in Cyprus are generally reluctant to grant security for costs.<\/p>\n<p>In domestic arbitrations, unless there is a contrary agreement of the parties, the arbitrator does not have any power to order security for costs. Alternatively, the court has the power to issue interim measures, one of these being, pursuant to Cap. 4, orders for security of costs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The provisions for enforcement and recognition of an arbitral awards are set out in the ICA Law and are of a similar nature to those set out in the UNCITRAL Model Law and Article IV of the New York Convention.<\/p>\n<p>Under section 35(1) of the ICA Law, in order for an award to be recognised and enforced, the party requesting it must make an application to the court. In support of the application, a duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof must be attached, together with an official certified translation of the award if it is not written in the Greek language, and the original or duly certified copy of the arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, section 31 of the ICA Law requires that the arbitral award must be fully reasoned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Cap. 4, the leave of the court is required for the enforcement of a domestic arbitral award. Where leave is granted the award can be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or an order of the court, and in such cases, the judgment may incorporate the terms of the award.<\/p>\n<p>For international awards, recognition and enforcement are governed by the ICA Law and the New York Convention. Pursuant to section 35(1) of the ICA Law, in order for an award to be recognised and enforced, the party requesting it must make an application to the court. In support of the application, a duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof must be attached, together with an official certified translation of the award if it is not written in the Greek language, and the original or duly certified copy of the arbitration agreement. However, the grounds for opposing enforcement of an international award under the ICA Law or the New York Convention are more extensive than those for a domestic award.<\/p>\n<p>The application for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards (both domestic and international) is made by summons.<\/p>\n<p>The Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Laws and Regulations (Law 121(I)\/2000) provides that upon the filing of an application (including an application for recognition and enforcement of an award obtained in arbitration proceedings), a hearing must be fixed within a time period not exceeding four weeks. That being said, given the heavy workload that the Cypriot courts currently face and the significant delays resulting from such workload, the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award varies from 6-12 months, depending on the case, or even longer in certain circumstances.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>With respect to domestic arbitration, under section 20 of Cap.4, the court has the power to annul the arbitral award wherethe arbitrator has displayed misconduct or has mishandled the case, or where the arbitration proceedings were not properly conducted or the award was improperly issued.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to International Commercial Arbitration, section 33 of the ICA Law states that within 30 days from receipt of the award, a party may request its correction. This may be requested as a way for the tribunal to correct any clerical, or typographical errors in the award or to provide additional guidance on a particular point of the arbitral award. In addition, the parties may request the arbitral tribunal to make a supplementary award on claims submitted in the arbitral proceedings but omitted from the arbitral award.<\/p>\n<p>Article 34 of the ICA Law provides that a party may seek the annulment of an award issued under the ICA Law. The court will annul the award if one of the grounds listed in section 34(2) of the ICA Law is satisfied. These are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>when one of the parties to the arbitration agreement was deprived of contractual capacity; or the arbitration agreement is invalid on the basis of the applicable law that the parties chose or in the absence of a chosen applicable law, based on the laws of the Republic of Cyprus;<\/li>\n<li>when the party was not notified in a timely and regular manner of the appointment of the arbitrator or the arbitral proceedings, or has by any other means been deprived of his chance to present his case;<\/li>\n<li>when the arbitral award refers to matters not covered or falling within the terms of the agreement for submission to arbitration or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the arbitration \u2013 if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from the decisions on matters that were not submitted to the arbitration, the arbitration award can then be challenged only to the extent that relates to the matters that were not submitted to the arbitration;<\/li>\n<li>when the composition of the tribunal or arbitration procedure was in breach of the agreement of the parties or contradicts the provisions of the ICA Law;<\/li>\n<li>when the subject matter of the dispute is not arbitrable under Cypriot law; or<\/li>\n<li>when the award is in conflict with the public policy of Cyprus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It should be noted that, the party making the request for annulment of an arbitral award either under Cap. 4 or under the ICA Law, must do so by filing an application to the competent District Court. The time limit to file an application under the ICA Lawis three months from the date of notification of the award.<\/p>\n<p>The ICA Law does not explicitly allow parties to waive their right to challenge an arbitral award.Therefore, any attempt to preclude this right would likely be considered invalid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As stated in our response to Question 12, an arbitral tribunal does not normally have jurisdiction over third parties who are not parties to the arbitration agreement. It follows that third parties and non-signatories (with the exception of assignees and legal successors) will not be bound by an arbitral award.<\/p>\n<p>As a general rule, only the party against whom an arbitral award has been made is entitled to challenge the recognition of the award. However, a third party may apply to intervene in the recognition process and challenge the recognition of an award if such third party can show that such recognition would adversely affect its interests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Cyprus does not have specific legislation governing third-party funding in arbitration proceedings. As a result, third party funding is neither expressly prohibited nor explicitly regulated under Cypriot law.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, Cypriot courts have been more sympathetic to third-party funding, particularly by drawing guidance from developments in other common law jurisdictions. One key ruling in this regard is the district court\u2019s judgement in Kazakhstan Kagazy PLC a.o. v Arip a.o., (General Application: 1\/2020, 31\/1\/2022). In that case, the court considered a request to refuse recognition of a UK judgement on the basis that a third-party funding agreement was in existence. The court rejected the argument, finding among other things that there is no express prohibition on third-party funding in Cyprus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>At present no such relief available under the laws of Cyprus. However, provisions as to emergency arbitrator are included in the impending amendment the ICA Law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Article 42 of the CEDRAC Rules concerning arbitration, grants the parties with the option of having the arbitral proceedings conducted in accordance with an expedited procedure if the parties so agree or if the amount of the claim and the counterclaim does not exceed \u20ac10,000,000. Other than that, arbitration laws in Cyprus do not provide the option of an expedited procedure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>This matter has not concerned the Courts recently.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any recent decisions regarding the issue of corruption in the framework of arbitration proceedings. In civil cases, the standard of proof the \u201cbalance of probabilities\u201d and in criminal cases, the standard of proof is \u201cbeyond reasonable doubt\u201d. In both cases with the party alleging corruption bears the burden of proof of the allegations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>While Cyprus courts have recently considered cases involving enforcement of foreign arbitral awards against states or parties with state connections, these do not necessarily concern intra-European investor\u2013State arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>We are not aware of any pending decisions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As mentioned in our response to Question 46, the pandemic encouraged the use of technology by arbitral institutions to facilitate conducting the arbitration proceedings remotely \/ online. The measures entailed the use of various video-conferencing platforms, such as zoom\/skype\/Webex etc., as well as other \u201cconferencing links\u201d, data rooms or similar which assisted in the arbitration proceedings taking place online, with virtual meetings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Cyprus has implemented and strengthened its sanctions regime, both independently and as part of the EU.<\/p>\n<p>For example, Regulation (EU) 833\/2014 has direct application and in conjunction with the Criminalisation of Violation of Union Restrictive Measures Law of 2025 (Law 149(I)\/2025), contraventions amount to the commission of criminal offences.<\/p>\n<p>There are no specific recent reported decisions concerning the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the context of international arbitration have been implemented in Cyprus. Arbitration practitioners can draw guidance from various sources including the SVAMC Guidelines on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">6265<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/120150","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}